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BULLETIN  99. 


JULY,  1893 


MICHIGAN 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


MICHIGAN  SOILS. 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF 


1.  Wheat  Lands, 

2.  Soils  of  Peach  Belt, 

3.  Potato  District, 

4.  Jack-Pine  Plains, 

5.  Celery  Soils, 

6.  Ceneral  Purpose  Soils. 


IB  IT  IR,.  C.  KEDZIE. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  will  be  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State , 
and  to  such  individuals  int'  l in  farming  as  may  request  it.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary,  ultural  College , Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Postoffice  Address, Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Railroad,  Express  and  Telegraph  Address,  ....  Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board, term  expires  1895 

Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, “ “ 1895 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks, “ “ 1897 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac “ “ 1897 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids, “ “1899 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair “ “1899 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Elba,  Governor  of  the  State, ) „ . 


Hon.  O.  CLUTE,  M.  S.,  Agricultural  College,  President  of  the  College,  . 

STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance,  . . C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 

Farm,  ...  . . Edwin  Phelps. 

Garden,  . . C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 

Buildings, A.  C.  Glidden. 

Employees,  H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden,  O.  Clute. 
Weather,  . . A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment, H.  Chamberlain. 

Veterinary Edwin  Phelps. 

Institutes,  A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield,  O.  Clute. 
Mechanics,  . H.  Chamberlain  C.  W.  Garfield. 

Military, C.  W.  Gar  field. 

Land  Grant,  . Edwin  Phelps,  H.  Chamberlain. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 


O.  Clute,  M.  S. 


Director. 


P.  M.  Harwood,  B.  S., 
L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S., 


Agriculturist.  I Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Chemist. 

Horticulturist.  I Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treas. 


ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  B.  S., 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S. 
W.  L.  Rossman,  B.  S., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  S., 


Assistant  in  Agriculture, 
“ “ Horticulture. 

“ “ Chemistry. 

44  44  44 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S., 
G.  C.  Davis,  M.  S., 
Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B. 
L.  A.  Clinton,  B.  S., 
Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


Consulting  Veterinarian. 

“ Zoologist. 

1.,  “ Botanist. 

. Assistant  to  Director. 
. . . Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 

Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded;  Dr.  O.  Palmer,  Local  Agent. 

8outh  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  President  State 
Horticultural  Society,  Local  Agent. 


THE  SOILS  OE  MICHIGAN. 


No  state  in  the  union  has  suffered  more  in  reputation  from  false  state- 
ments and  ignorant  misrepresentation  than  Michigan.  At  the  time  of  its 
first  settlement,  to  the  popular  apprehension  the  far-off  and  unknown 
Michigan  was  only,  and  would  forever  remain,  the  home  of  the  wolf,  the 
Indian  and  ague.  By  the  white  man  it  was  uninhabited  and  uninhabit- 
able. In  a report  made  to  a religious  body  in  regard  to  the  feasibility  of 
establishing  missionary  stations  in  order  to  christianize  this  heathen  wild, 
It  was  stated  that  the  project  was  impracticable,  “because  only  a narrow 
:,strip  along  the  border  of  the  territory  was  inhabitable,  the  interior  being  a 
" vast  and  impenetrable  swamp.”. 

In  his  address  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  new  capitol  in 
1872.  Hon.  W.  A.  Howard  made  the  following  extract  from  the  report  of 
' the  surveyor  general  of  Ohio,  bearing  date  November  30,  1815:  “The 

cl  country  on  the  Indian  boundary  line,  from  the  mouth  of  the  great 
Auglaize  river  and  running  thence  for  about  fifty  miles  is  ( with  few  excep- 
tions) low,  wet  land,  with  a very  thick  growth  of  underbrush,  intermixed 
with  very  bad  marshes,  but  generally  very  heavily  timbered  with  beech, 
cottonwood,  oak,  etc.;  thence  continuing  north  and  extending  from  the 
Indian  boundary  eastward,  the  number  and  extent  of  the  swamps  increase, 
with  the  addition  of  numbers  of  lakes  from  twenty  chains  to  two  or  three 
miles  across.  Many  of  the  lakes  have  extensive  marshes  adjoining  their 
margins,  sometimes  thickly  covered  with  a species  of  pine  called  tamarack, 
and  other  places  covered  with  a coarse,  high  grass  and  uniformly  covered 
from  six  inches  to  three  feet  (and  more  at  times)  with  water.  The  mar- 
gins of  these  lakes  are  not  the  only  places  where  swamps  are  found,  for 
they  are  interspersed  throughout  the  whole  country,  and  filled  with  water, 
as  above  stated,  and  varying  in  extent.  The  intermediate  space  between 
the  swamps  and  lakes,  which  is  probably  near  one-half  of  the  country,  is 
with  a very  few  exceptions  a poor,  barren,  sandy  land,  on  which  scarcely  any 
vegetation  grows,  except  very  small  scrubby  oaks.  In  many  places  that 
part  which  may  be  called  dry  land  is  compost'd  of  little  short  sand  hills, 
forming  a kind  of  deep  basins,  the  bottoms  of  many  of  which  are  composed 
of  marsh,  similar  to  the  above  described.  The  streams  are  generally 
narrow  and  very  deep,  compared  with  their  width,  the  shores  and  bottoms 
of  which  are  (with  a very  few  exceptions)  swampy  beyond  description; 
and  it  is  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  a place  can  be  found  over  which 
horses  can  be  conveyed. 


4 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


“A  circumstance  peculiar  to  that  country  is  exhibited  in  many  of  the 
marshes  by  their  being  thinly  covered  with  a sward  of  grass,  by  walking 
on  which  evinced  the  existence  of  water  or  a very  thin  mud  immediately 
under  their  covering,  which  sinks  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  from  the 
pressure  of  the  foot  at  every  step  and  at  the  same  time  rising  before  and 
behind  the  person  passing  over.  The  margins  of  many  of  the  lakes  and 
streams  are  in  a simular  situation  and  in  many  places  literally  afloat.  On 
approaching  the  eastern  part  of  the  military  lands  towards  the  private 
claims  on  the  straits  and  lake,  the  country  does  not  contain  so  many 
swamps  and  lakes,  but  the  extreme  sterility  and  barrenness  of  the  soil 
continues  the  same.  Taking  the  country  altogether,  so  far  as  has  been 
explored  and  to  all  appearances,  together  with  the  information  received 
concerning  the  balance,  it  is  so  bad  there  would  not  be  more  than  one 
acre  out  of  one  hundred,  if  there  would  be  one  out  of  one  thousand  that 
would,  in  any  case,  admit  of  cultivation.” 

From  the  number  of  persons  who  have  continued  to  decry  Michigan  in 
whole  or  in  part  it  would  seem  that  the  surveyor  general  of  Ohio  had  a 
large  family.  But  as  settlers  poured  into  the  new  territory  they  were  sur- 
prised and  delighted  to  find,  instead  of  impassable  bogs  and  sterile  sand- 
hills, a region  of  wonderful  beauty  and  fertility.  Thus  one  county  after 
another  was  rescued  from  the  supposed  dominion  of  chimeras  dire,  and 
pronounced  to  be  the  best  farm  lands  on  which  the  sun  shines.  But  who 
shall  say  how  many  persons  have  been  deterred  by  such  ignorant  and  reck- 
less assertions  from  making  their  home  in  the  best  state  in  our  union? 
Sin  drove  the  first  pair  from  the  primal  Eden,  but  ignorance  has  barred 
out  thousands  of  their  children  from  many  an  earthly  paradise. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  POSITION. 

When  we  cast  our  eyes  upon  the  map  of  our  country  we  are  struck  with 
the  unique  position  which  our  peninsula  occupies  in  comparison  with  other 
lands  in  the  same  latitude  and  mark  how  Nature  clasps  with  her  protecting 
arm  of  water  the  “ beautiful  peninsula”  and  pours  out  the  vast  “ unsalted 
seas  ” a rampart  against  the  cold.  Its  geographical  position  and  surround- 
ings point  it  out  as  eminently  fitted  for  productive  industry,  while  its 
easily  available  water  carriage  will  save  it  from  the  blighting  influence  of 
monopoly  in  transportation.  The  watered- stock  of  railways  find  more 
than  a match  in  the  water  ways  of  our  system  of  lakes,  drowning  out 
monopoly  of  transportation.  Michigan  is  planted  on  the  highway  of 
nations — the  highway  of  commerce  that  must  last  “ as  long  as  grass  grows 
and  water  runs.”  Such  a region  must  occupy  a prominent  position  in  the 
world’s  industries  and  commerce,  unless  these  exceptional  advantages  are 
offset  by  unusual  disabilities. 

LUMBERING  VS.  FARMING. 

The  vast  wealth  of  Michigan  in  lumber  has  so  filled  the  public  eye  that 
it  could  not  see  the  greater  wealth  of  its  soil.  Men  seemed  to  assume  that 
tfee  better  it  was  for  lumber  the  worse  it  must  be  for  agriculture— as  if  a 
soil  that  could  sustain  such  a wonderful  forest  growth  must  be  incapable 
of  growing  anything  but  wood.  As  a consequence  men  seeking  for  new 
lands  to  make  new  homes  have  turned  their  back  on  rich  soils,  well  watered 
lands,  ready  markets,  available  transportation,  schools  and  churches, 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


o 


security  and  civilization  to  seek  in  the  far  west  their  resting  place  amid 
the  alternate  parching  heat  and  deadly  cold,  and  the  wild  disorder,  discom- 
fort and  insecurity  of  border  life.  They  reached  for  sunset  and  grasped  a 
shadow.  The  great  mass  of  these  restless  wanderers  have  rejected  Michi- 
gan for  a home  because  they  were  ignorant  of  this  region — of  its  soil,  pro- 
ductions, capabilities  for  cultivation,  and  it  adaptedness  to  make  desirable 
homes. 

ANALYSIS  OF  MICHIGAN  SOILS. 

Desirous  of  obtaining  reliable  data  for  estimating  the  value  of  our  soils, 
I sent  out  a circular  fifteen  years  ago  asking  for  representative  soils  from 
all  the  counties  of  the  State,  for  chemical  analysis,  calling  for  soils  that 
would  be  fairly  representative  of  the  locality,  and  not  soils  of  exceptional 
quality.  In  response  to  this  circular,  thirty-one  samples  of  soil  were 
received,  analyzed  and  the  results  of  analysis  published  in  the  report  of 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  1878.  Some  attention  was  also  directed 
to  the  physical  properties  of  the  soil,  especially  as  related  to  water. 

When  chemistry  was  first  applied  to  agriculture,  it  was  supposed  that 
the  greatest  benefit  which  chemistry  could  confer  upon  agriculture  was  to 
be  derived  from  the  analysis  of  the  soil.  The  striking  results  which  Sir 
Humphrey  Davy  obtained  by  analysis  of  a soil,  barren  from  excess  of  the 
sulphate  of  iron,  and  the  removal  of  the  barrenness  by  adding  lime  to 
decompose  the  sulphate,  confirmed  the  impression  of  the  signal  benefit  to 
be  derived  from  a chemical  analysis  of  the  soil.  It  was  supposed  that  the 
fertility  of  any  soil,  the  kind  of  crop  it  was  fitted  to  raise,  or  the  material 
which  must  be  added  to  the  soil  to  develop  its  greatest  productiveness, 
were  each  and  all  to  be  determined  simply  by  a chemical  analysis  of  the 
soil.  These  extravagant  expectations  have  not  been  realized.  It  was  found 
that  chemical  analysis  will  not  always  distinguish  between  a fruitful  and 
an  unfruitful  soil.  A soil  may  be  unproductive  for  physical  reasons,  though 
it  may  still  contain  all  the  chemical  elements  of  fertility.  The  complete 
failure  of  Liebig’s  mineral  theory  of  manures  when  put  to  the  test  of 
experience  rang  the  knell  of  mere  soil  analysis. 

But  if  chemical  analysis  failed  when  so  much  was  demanded  of  it,  we 
are  not  to  go  to  the  other  extreme  and  conclude  that  because  it  is  not  good 
for  so  many  things  it  is  good  for  nothing.  Chemical  anlysis  of  the  soil 
is  of  value  in  determining  whether  a soil  is  capable  of  fertility  or  the  con- 
trary; also  in  determining  the  measure  of  its  possible  fertility.  There  are 
certain  ash  elements  which  are  absolutely  necessary  for  plant  growth,  in 
the  absence  of  any  one  of  which  vegetable  growth  is  impossible;  if  the 
supply  is  relatively  limited,  plant  growth  will  be  limited  correspondingly. 
If  all  the  ash  elements  are  present  in  sufficient  amount  and  in  available 
form,  such  soil  is  capable  of  fertility.  Hence,  chemical  analysis  of  a soil 
is  of  importance  in  determining  possibility  of  fertility  and  of  the  relative 
fertility  which  may  be  secured  under  favorable  conditions. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  MICHIGAN  SOILS. 

No  minute  and  technical  classification  of  soils  is  attempted.  The  soils 
are  classed  rather  for  their  agricultural  uses  than  their  chemical  composi- 
tion; the  geographical  position  and  climatic  conditions  in  some  cases 
affording  a basis  for  classifying,  e.  g.,  the  peach  lands. 


6 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


A word  of  explanation  in  regard  to  the  meaning  of  the  tables  of  analysis 
may  be  proper.  To  any  one  not  familiar  with  agricultural  chemistry,  such 
tables  will  appear  very  dry  and  uninteresting,  or  even  unintelligible.  In 
these  tables  sand  and  silicates,  alumina  and  oxide  of  iron  make  much  the 
largest  part  of  most  soils.  Everyone  is  familiar  with  sand;  alumina  is  the 
basis  of  clay,  and  oxide  of  iron  gives  the  brownish  color  to  most  soils.  The 
great  bulk  of  nearly  all  soils  is  made  up  of  sand,  clay  and  oxide  of  iron. 
Alumina  is  never  found  in  the  ash  of  cultivated  plants;  a certain  amount 
of  silica  and  oxide  of  iron  is  found  in  the  ash  of  all  plants;  but  the  great 
mass  of  these  materials  as  found  in  the  soil  is  in  large  excess  of  the 
demands  of  the  plant,  and  is  of  no  worth  in  the  chemistry  of  plant  life; 
they  are  the  mechanical  agents  of  the  soil,  and  are  of  worth  mainly  from 
their  relations  to  temperature,  moisture  and  the  mechanical  support  of 
plants;  their  chief  office  in  the  soil  is  physical  and  not  chemical,  rendering 
the  soil  light  or  heavy,  porous  or  retentive.  The  organic  matter  of  the 
soil,  besides  furnishing  a supply  of  combined  nitrogen,  is  valuable  for  its 
physical  relations  to  temperature,  moisture  and  porosity  of  soils,  and 
because  it  is  an  active  agent  in  securing  chemical  changes  in  the  soil, 
bringing  the  reserve  elements  of  plant  growth  into  active  form. 

The  numbers  attached  to  the  following  analyses  refer  to  sample 
bottles  of  soils  placed  in  the  exhibit  of  the  Experiment  Station  of  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College  in  the  World’s  Fair,  and  to  coresponding 
sample  bottles  in  the  Michigan  State  Exhibit  in  Agricultural  Hall  and 
one  other  set  of  such  bottles  at  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College.  By 
referring  to  these  sample  bottles  the  reader  can  find  the  soils  as  well  as 
learn  their  chemical  composition. 

I.  Wheat  Lands.  Nos.  1 to  9. 


A large  part  of  the  soils  of  Michigan  are  well  fitted  for  the  growth  of 
winter  wheat,  and  it  might  seem  invidious  to  select  any  portion  as  wheat 
lands  in  particular,  but  the  four  southern  tiers  of  counties  are  so  specially 
adapted  to  this  crop  that  they  may  be  called  the  wheat  belt. 


No.  1.— River  Basin  Bottoms,  Deerfield , 
Lenawee , County. 

Selected  by  Geo.  H.  Kedzie. 

Forest  Growth:  Ash,  Baswood,  Hickory, 
Black  Walnut,  Oak,  etc. 

Soil  cultivated  forty  years,  without 


manure. 

Sand  and  silicates 58.17 

Alumina 6.48 

Oxide  of  iron 7.62 

Lime 1.98 

Magnesia 1.43 

Potash 1.84 

Soda 1.20 

Sulphuric  acid .32 

Phosphoric  acid .40 

Organic  matter  containing  .42 

Nitrogen 10.97 

Water 9.45 


No.  2. — River  Basin  Bottoms , Deerfield, 
Lenawee  Co. 


Selected  by  Geo  H.  Kedzie. 

Virgin  soil. 

Timber:  Ash,  Basswood,  Black  Walnut, 
Oak,  etc. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .37 

Nitrogen 

Water 


62.42 

10.64 

3.46 

2.10 

1.59 

2.05 

1.19 

.24 

.41 

9.39 

6.08 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  65.60 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  61.20 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


No.  3. — Burr  Oak  Wheat  Lands , Saline, 
Washtenaiv  county. 


Selected  by  J.  S.  Wood. 

Timber:  Burr  Oak. 

Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .11  nitro- 
gen  

Water 


81.00 

5.23 

4.66 

1.28 

.86 

1.18 

.19 

.42 

.40 

2.98 

1.72 


No.  4. — Prairie  Soil , Volinia,  Cass  Co. 


Selected  by  M.  J.  Gard. 

Soil  has  been  pastured  but  never  culti- 


vated. 

Sand  and  silicates 63.77 

Alumina 3.72 

Oxide  of  iron 5.11 

Lime 2.02 


Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .23  nitro- 
gen  

W ater 


.66 

1.18 

.56 

.13 

.44 

12.30 

10.19 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  36.30. 


C apillary  capacity  for  water,  73.20. 


No.  5. — Prairie  Soil,  Volinia , Cass  Co. 


Selected  by  M.  J.  Gard. 

Soil  has  been  cultivated  for  thirty  years, 
has  been  plastered. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .21  nitro- 
gen  

Water 


75.74 

4.20 

5.46 

1.38 

.56 

1.10 

.43 

.18 

.33 


7.50 

3.10 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  50.55. 


No.  6. — Bottom  lands  of  Tittabawassee. 

Selected  by  Geo.  F.  Ball. 

Timber:  Beech,  maple,  oak  and  basswood. 

Sand  and  silicates 67.20 

Alumina 6.31 

Oxide  of  iron 7.91 

Lime 1.64 

Magnesia 1.23 

Potash 1.85 

Soda 1.15 

Sulphuric  acid .30 

Phosphoric  acid .49 

Organic  matter  containing  .22  nitro- 
gen  7.48 

Water 4.00 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  51.40. 


No.  7.—  Garden  Soil , Agricultural  College. 


Shlected  by  R.  C.  Kedzie. 

Timber:  Oak,  beech,  maple,  elm,  cherry 
and  sassafras. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .16  nitro- 
gen  

Water. 


85  37 
4.53 
1.81 
1.22 
.59 
.85 
.37 
.23 
.30 

3.14 

1.55 


No.  8. — Clay  Soil  from  Vineyard  Agri- 
cultural College. 


Selected  by  R.  C.  Kedzie. 

Timber:  Oak,  maple,  beech  and  elm. 

Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .11  nitro- 
gen.  

Water 


65.48 

15.60 

6.40 

1.28 

.89 

2.12 

1.16 

.25 

.41 

4.10 

2.28 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  39.60. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  59.15. 


8 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


No.  9. — Loamy  soil  from  field  No.  8,  Agricultural  College. 


Selected  by  R.  C.  Kedzie. 

Timber:  Oak,  beech  and  maple, 

Sand  and  silicates 74.65 

Alumina 9.66 

Oxide  of  iron 4.18 

Lime 1.46 

Magnesia .43 

Potash 1.97 

Soda 1.13 

Sulphuric  acid .26 

Phosphoric  acid .31 

Organic  matter  containing  .12  nitrogen 4.66 

Water 1.25 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  43,50. 

II.  Peach  Belt 

The  conditions  that  determine  the  successful  cultivation  of  the  peach 
in  our  State  are  climatic  to  a large  extent.  Yet  the  peach  thrives  best, 
and  produces  fruit  of  finest  quality  on  light,  porous  soils  which  are  found 
in  abundance  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  Yet  fruit  of 
good  quality  is  produced  on  some  of  the,  heavy  clay  lands  found  in  this 
belt. 


No.  10. — Peach  belt  soil,  South  Haven  I No.  11. — Soil  from  Chase,  Lake  Co. 

VanBuren  Co.  Selected  by  J.  Brown. 

Selected  by  A.  S.  Dyckman.  Timber:  Maple,  Elm,  Hemlock,  Basswood, 

Timber:  Hemlock.  j etc. 


Sand  and  Silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Phosphoric  Acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .07  nitro- 
gen  

Water 


87.23 

2.87 

1.52 

.51 

.46 

.83 

.34 

.20 

.13 

3.41 

2.23 


Sand  and  Silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Lime - 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Phosphoric  Acaid 

Organic  matter  containing  .12  Nitro- 
gen— 
Water 


87.32 

3.22 

2.10 

.62 

.28 

.90 

.63 

.10 

.23 

3.78 

.55 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  44.70. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  45.55. 


No.  12. — Soil  from  Eden , Mason  Co. 
Selected  by  C.  E.  Resseguie. 

Timber:  Hemlock,  intermixed  with  Hard 
Wood. 


Sand  and  Silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Phosphoric  Acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .03  Nitro- 
gen— 
Water 


92.43 

2.99 

1.23 

.66 

.12 

.65 

.23 

.10 

.22 


.87 

.27 


No.  13. — Sandy  Loam , Eden , Mason  Co, 
Selected  by  C.  E.  Resseguie. 

Timber:  Hardwood,  mixed  with  Hemlock. 

Sand  and  Silicates 75.27 

Alumina 6.93 

Oxide  of  Ironj 6.10 

Lime 1.00 

Magnesia .89 

Potash 2.10 

Soda .90 

Sulphuric  Acid .27 

Phosphoric  Acid .30 

Organic  matter  containing  .09  Nitro- 
gen  3.30 

Water 2.92 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  32.40. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  42.85. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


No.  14. — Soil  From  Evart , Osceola  Co. 
Selected  by  F.  York. 

Timber:  Hardwood,  mixed  with  Pine  and 


Hemlock. 

Sand  and  silicates 83.80 

Alumina 5.10 

Oxide  of  iron l 3.24 

Lime .80 

Magnesia T’ .64 

Potash 1.19 

Soda .52 

Sulphuric  acid .12 

Phosphoric  acid .29 

Organic  matter  containing  .07 

Nitrogen 3.06 

Water 1.24 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  45.80 


No.  15. — Pine  Land , Coif  a x,  Mecosta  Co 


Selected  by  Fitch  Phelps. 

Timber:  Heavy  Pine  Forest. 

Sand  and  Silicates 75.54 

Alumina 10.62 

Oxide  of  iron 3.80 

Lime .94 

Magnesia .48 

Potash 1.96 

Soda 1.25 

Sulphuric  acid .26 

Phosphoric  acid .44 

Organic  matter  csntaining  .12 

Nitrogen 2.97 

Water 1.44 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  45.40 


No.  16. — Hardwood  Lands , Big  Rapids , 
Mecosta  Co. 


Selected  by  G.  W.  Warren. 

Timber:  Beech,  Maple,  Basswood. 

Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda... 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .10  Nitro- 
gen  

Water 


76.00 

10.00 
3.41 
1.14 

.49 

1.80 

1.16 

.24 

.33 

3.18 

1.90 


No.  11. — Hardwood  soil , Sherman , Wex- 
ford Co.  , 

Selected  by  H.  D.  Griswold. 

Timber:  Maple,  Rock-elm,  Beech,  Basswood 
and  a little  Hemlock. 

Sand  and  silicates 86.74 

Alumina 4.32 

Oxide  of  iron 2.10 

Lime .65 

Magnesia .24 

Potash .83 

Soda .34 

Sulphuric  acid .14 

Phosphoric  acid .15 

Organic  matter  containing  .11  Nitro- 
gen  3.26 

Water .86 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  43.80. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  44.00. 


No.  18. — Soil  from  Lake  City , Missaukee  Co. 

Selected  by  L.  A.  Barker. 

Timber:  Beech,  Maple,  Elm  and  some  Pine. 


Sand  and  silicates 69.39 

Alumina 8.35 

Oxide  of  iron 5.80 

Lime 1.15 

Magnesia .98 

Potash 1.95 

Soda... 1.15 

Sulphuric  acid .25 

Phosphoric  acid .28 

Organic  matter,  containing  .11  nitrogen 4.73 

Water 5.38 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  39.10. 


III.  The  Potato  District. 


Numbers  19  to  21  embrace  several  counties  in  the  Traverse  Bay  region, 
where  the  soil  is  a sandy  loam,  rich  in  lime  and  potash.  The  fall  of  snow, 
caused  by  proximity  to  the  lake,  often  comes  before  the  ground  is  frozen, 
2 


10 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


and  root  crops  may  be  left  in  the  ground  all  winter  without  injury.  The 
porous  nature  of  the  soil,  the  abundance  of  lime  and  potash,  and  the 
climatic  conditions  all  contribute  to  the  production  of  potatoes  of  superior 
quality. 


No.  19. — Potato  Soil,  Grand  Traverse. 
Selected  by  C.  F.  Davis, 

Timber:  Beech,  Maple,  Ash  and  Rock  Elm. 

Sand  and  silicates 88.65 

Alumina 2.95 

Oxide  of  iron 2.60 

Lime 1.37 

Magnesia .41 

Potash .89 

Soda .32 

Sulphuric  acid .14 

Phosphoric  acid .13 

Organic  matter  containing  .04  nitro- 
gen   2.05 

Water .49 


No.  20. — Potato  Soil,  Benzonia,  Benzie  Co. 
Selected  by  C.  L.  Northrop. 

Timber:  Beech,  Maple,  Ash,  Elm,  Cherry, 
etc. 

Sand  and  silicates 90.08 

Alumina 2.86 

Oxide  of  iron 1.50 

Lime .55 

Magnesia .27 

Potash 1.10 

Soda .45 

Sulphuric  acid .18 

Phosphoric  acid .21 

Organic  matter  containing  .07  nitro 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  40.20. 


; gen  - 
i Water 


2.45 

.35 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  39.30. 


No.  21.— Potato  Soil , Elk  Rapids,  Antrim  Co. 


Selected  by  Geo.  E.  Steele. 

Timber:  Maple,  Basswood,  Elm,  Beech  and  some  Hemlock. 


Sand  and  silicates 84.68 

Alumina 4.82 

Oxide  of  iron 3.20 

Lime .95 

Magnesia .36 

Potash .98 

Soda .40 

Sulphuric  acid .16 

Phosphoric  acid ^ .18 

Organic  matter  containing  .08  nitrogen. 3.14 

Water .65 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  52.10. 

IY.  Jack-Pine  Plains.  Nos.  22  to  25. 

In  the  northern  central  portion  of  the  lower  peninsula  is  a large  tract  of 
light  sandy  lands  which  have  been  called  jack-pine  lands,  the  barrens,  the 
plains,  etc.  It  is  a light,  sandy  soil,  of  a brownish  color  from  the  presence 
of  oxide  of  iron,  very  porous,  and  little  retentive  power  for  water.  The 
principal  timber  is  pinns  banksiana  (jack-pine),  scarlet  oak,  with  scatter- 
ing trees  of  Norway  pine  and  white  pine.  The  subsoil  seldom  has  any  hard 
pan,  and  the  water  line  in  the  soil  is  usually  from  fifteen  to  thirty  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

The  annual  fires  which  sweep  over  these  plains  burn  up  the  yearly 
accumulation  of  vegetable  matter,  and  the  soil  contains  very  little  humus. 
The  small  lakes  have  an  abundant  deposit  of  marl  of  good  quality. 

Some  experiments  have  been  made  to  ascertain  the  possibility  of  the  use 
of  these  lands  for  agricultural  or  grazing  purposes,  on  the  experimental 
farm  at  Grayling,  Crawford  county.  Three  specimens  of  soil  from  this 
experimental  farm  are  offered  for  inspection  and  one  of  marl  from  a lake 
near  by.  By  comparing  No.  22,  the  soil  in  its  natural  condition,  only  fenced 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


in  and  protected  from  fire  for  three  years,  with  Nos.  23  and  24  which  have 
been  culitvated  and  enriched  by  plowing  under  the  green  crops  raised 
without  manure  (green  manuring,)  the  changes  in  the^  physical  appear- 
ance and  in  chemical  composition  can  be  observed.  The  north  field  (No. 
23)  has  raised  successive  crops  of  spurry,  vetch  and  peas,  which  have  been 
plowed  under.  The  south  field  (No.  24)  has  raised  successive  crops  of 
spurry,  peas  and  red  clover,  all  plowed  under. 


No.  22. — Virgin  soil  from  the  experimental 
farm  at  Grayling. 


Sand  and  Silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .02  Nitro- 
gen.  

Water 


94.97 

1.03 

.86 

.20 

.12 

.20 

.90 

.06 

.05 

1.61 

.23 


No.  23. — North  field  of  the  experimental 
farm  at  Grayling. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .05  Nitro- 
gen  

W ater 


94.30 

.61 

1.17 

.24 

-17 

.33 

.58 

.05 

.04 

2.50 

.20 


No.  24. — South  field  of  the  experimental 
farm  at  Grayling. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .04  nitro- 
gen.  

Water 


95.02 

.49 

.78 

.32 

.15 

.30 

.62 

.05 

,01 


2.25 

.21 


No.  25. — Marl  from  the  lake , Grayling. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Carbonic  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .20  nitro- 
gen— 
Water.  


1.90 

.14 

.10 

45.16 

.32 

.37 

2.65 

.56 

.01 

43.10 

5.69 

.64 


V.  Soils  for  special  crops : Muck  lands  adapted  to  the  growth  of  celery , 
cranberries , peppermint , etc.  Nos.  26  to  28. 


Of  all  our  kinds  of  soil,  swamp  muck  has  been  most  conspicuously  held 
up  to  public  opprobium.  Nothing  good  was  said  about  it;  nothing  too 
bad  could  be  said  against  it.  Ye l for  certain  kinds  of  crops  it  was  found 
the  best  land  in  the  world,  and  the  fame  of  Michigan  celery  has  gone 
into  every  state. 

No  one  who  has  tasted  Kalamazoo  celery  will  forget  its  fine  flavor, 
which  has  established  its  reputation  far  and  wide.  Many  will  look  to  the 
composition  of  the  soil  on  which  it  is  grown  as  the  typical  one  for  raising 
celery. 


12 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


No.  26. — Michigan  celery  soils:  Kalamazoo  celery  soil  from  Kalamazoo,  Michigan. 


Selected  by  J.  Dunlfley. 

Sand  and  silicates 19.16 

Alumina 1.40 

Oxide  of  iron 3.94 

Lime 6.09 

Magnesia .81 

Potash .• .34 

Soda .38 

Sulphuric  acid 1.31 

Phosphoric  acid .88 

Carbonic  acid 1.95 

Organic  matter  containing  2.53  nitrogen 63.76 

Water 6.51 


Grand  Haven  has  also  become  a center  for  the  production  of  this  deli- 
cious and  appetizing  plant.  The  extensive  deposits  of  muck  near  the  mouth 
of  Grand  river  afford  a large  field  for  this  plant. 

No.  27. — Michigan  celery  soils:  Grand  Haven  celery  soil  from  Grand  Haven,  Mich. 


Selected  by  George  Hancock. 

Sand  and  silicates 24.09 

Alumina 1.71 

Oxide  of  iron 3.52 

Lime 5.02 

Magnesia .62 

Potash .20 

Soda .33 

Sulphuric  acid 1.04 

Phosphoric  acid .69 

Carbonic  acid 1.05 

Organic  matter  containing  2.32  nitrogen 61.73 

Water 10.85 


But  celery  soils  are  not  limited  to  the  lower  peninsula.  A choice  speci- 
men of  celery  muck  was  received  from  the  Newberry  Celery  & Improve- 
ment Co.,  at  Newberry,  Luce  county.  Superintendent  H.  L.  Harris  writes: 
“ On  this  soil  we  have  produced  the  finest  celery  grown  in  the  State. 
The  celery  grown  here  has  a fine  nutty  flavor  unknown  to  the  celery 
grown  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The  soil  is  from  sixteen  feet  to 
unknown  depth,  and  there  are  thousands  of  acres  of  the  same  character 
of  soil  in  our  vicinity.  We  would  also  say  that  during  the  eight  years  we 
have  been  growing  celery  here  we  have  not  had  a failure  of  crop.” 

No.  28. — Michigan  celery  soils:  Newberry  celery  soil  from  Newberry , Luce  Co.,  Mich. 

Selected  by  H.  L.  Harris,  superintendent  of  the  Newberry  Celery  and  Improvement 
Company. 


Sand  and  silicates 24.56 

Alumina 2.21 

Oxide  of  iron 1.30 

Lime 4.18 

Magnesia .75 

Potash .42 

Soda .40 

Sulphuric  acid .67 

Phosphoric  acid .46 

Carbonic  acid 1.10 

Organic  matter  containing  1.75  nitrogen 63.75 

Water 7.31 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


A comparison  of  these  celery  soils  brings  out  the  fact  that,  except  in 
the  amount  of  sand  and  silicates,  the  composition  shows  a close  similarity. 
The  common  supposition  that  oxide  of  iron  is  especially  injurious  in  celery 
soils  is  not  borne  out  by  these  analyses.  Sulphate  of  iron  is  very  injuri- 
ous, and  when  more  than  one  per  cent  is  present  no  valuable  crop  will 
grow.  A specimen  of  muck  was  sent  here  from  Decatur  which  was  barren 
from  this  cause. 

PROPERTIES  OF  GOOD  MUCK. 

In  the  moist  condition,  all  these  kinds  of  muck  have  a deep  brown-black 
color,  the  blacker  the  better;  they  are  friable,  easily  breaking  between  the 
fingers,  and  are  free  from  coarse,  fibrous  material ; they  have  a pleasant 
earthy  smell  but  no  acid  odor,  and  are  entirely  free  from  acid  reaction. 
When  moist  muck  of  good  quality  is  pressed  against  blue  litmus  paper  so 
as  to  wet  the  paper,  the  blue  color  remains  and  no  reddening  takes  place. 
Any  muck  that  will  redden  blue  litmus  is  unfit  for  cultivation  while  this 
acid  condition  remains.  Sour  muck  is  sorry  material  for  cultivation.  All 
the  specimens  of  infertile  muck  that  have  been  sent  here  for  analysis — 
muck  that  would  not  grow  weeds  even — have  been  of  this  sour  class  and 
would  turn  blue  litmus  paper  red  very  rapidly.  By  draining  and  weather- 
ing such  soils  by  exposing  to  the  action  of  frost,  and  especially  by  the 
application  of  lime,  wood  ashes,  even  leached  ashes,  the  acid  condition  can 
be  removed  and  these  barren  soils  made  to  produce  abundant  crops  of  a 
certain  class. 

OTHER  MUCK  CROPS. 

Celery  is  not  the  only  plant  that  can  be  profitably  raised  on  muck  lands. 
Cranberry  farms  have  been  made  on  the  mucky  soil  near  St.  Joseph  and 
cranberries  of  superior  quality  produced.  But  success  with  this  crop 
requires  a soil  free  from  acid;  patches  of  sterile  muck  are  often  found  in 
parts  of  cranberry  fields,  but  in  every  instance  the  muck  was  sour. 

Another  crop  distinctive  of  Michigan  cultivation  is  the  peppermint.  The 
center  of  peppermint  farming  and  distilling  the  oil  seems  to  be  in  St. 
Joseph  county.  A request  was  made  for  a specimen  of  the  muck  that  pro- 
duced such  large  crops  of  the  mint  but  none  came.  Another  letter  was 
sent  which  brought  the  following  reply:  “Yours  of  March  11th  received. 

Your  first  communication  was  referred  to , of  this  town,  who 

is  the  largest  mint  raiser  in  the  State,  and  who  promised  me  he  would  for- 
ward the  soil  desired,  but  I saw  him  this  morning  and  he  said  the  ground 
was  so  frozen  that  he  could  not  get  it  without  being  to  greater  expense 
than  he  wished  to  incur.  The  facts  are  that  he  does  not  want  published 
to  the  world  the  benefits  of  reclaiming  marsh  land,  for  that  is  all  there  is 
in  it.  Any  marsh  land  that  can  be  drained  so  that  it  can  be  worked  and 
still  hold  enough  moisture  to  carry  the  crop  through  is  good  enough  mint 
soil.  * * * I could  go  twenty  rods  from  my  store  and  get  marsh 

soil  and  send  you  but  it  would  not  be  essentially  different  from  what  you 
could  get  on  the  Agricultural  farm.” 

My  modest  fiiend,  the  mint  grower,  had  “oil  in  his  vessel,”  but  was 
unwilling  to  “let  his  light  shine  before  men.”  However,  a college  student 
brought  a specimen  of  the  mint  muck,  but  too  late  for  analysis  and  mount- 


14 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


ing  to  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair.  It  does  not  differ  in  appearance  and 
properties  from  the  Kalamazoo  celery  muck,  No.  26. 

VI.  General  Purpose  Soils.  Nos.  29  to  38. 


This  embraces  a number  of  soils  found  in  the  central  and  northern 
counties  of  the  State,  which  are  of  too  miscellaneous  a character  to  be 
placed  in  a more  restricted  classification.  They  are  inserted  to  round  out 
the  list  of  Michigan  soils  that  have  been  analyzed  at  this  college. 


No.  29. — Gilmore,  Isabella  Co. 


No.  30. — Midland , Midland  Co. 


Selected  by  P.  H.  Robins. 

Timber:  Hardwood. 

Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash .. 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .08  nitro- 
gen— 
Water 


88.13 

3.77 

2.40 

.87 

.27 

.86 

.37 

.16 

.19 


2.35 

.52 


Selected  by  Gee.  F.  Ball. 

Timber:  Beech,  maple,  oak  and  basswood. 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron ! 

Lime 

Magnesia : 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .22  nitro- 
gen  

Water 


67.20 

6.31 

7.91 

1.64 

1.23 

1.85 

1.15 

.10 

.49 

5.30 

2.10 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  49.60. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  51.15. 


No.  31. — Sheridan , Clare  Co. 

Selected  by  J.  C.  Rockafellow. 

Timber:  Pine,  hemloch,  birch  and  maple. 


Sand  and  Silicates 93.31 

Alumina 2.03 

Oxide  of  iron 1.40 

Lime .36 

Magnesia .16 

Potasb .54 

Soda .26 

Sulphuric  acid .08 

Phosphoric  acid .15 

Organic  matter  containing  .03  Nitro- 
gen   1.34 

Water .37 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  43.10. 


No.  32. — Grant , Clare  Co. 


Selected  by  J.  C.  Rockafellow. 

Timber:  Maple,  beech,  basswood,  ash,  oak, 


etc. 

Sand  and  silicates 71.45 

Alumina 6.50 

Oxide  of  iron 7.18 

Lime .99 

Magnesia .73 

Potash \ 1.90 

Soda # 1.20 

Sulphuric  acid .19 

Phosphoric  acid .36 


Organic  matter  containing  .16  Nitro- 


gen   5.90 

Water 3.70 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  44.90. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


No.  33. — Webber,  Lake  Co. 


No.  34. — St.  Louis,  Gratiot  Co. 


Selected  by  George  W.  Townsend.  “ The 
Plains.” 


Sand  and  Silicates  

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .04  Nitro- 
gen   

Water 


92.48 

2.22 

1.59 

.35 

.30 

.73 

.32 

.06 

.14 

1.22 

.40 


Selected  by  S.  S.  Hastings. 

Timber:  Pine,  Beech,  Soft  Maple,  Oak  and 
Sassafras. 

Sand  and  silicates 88.54 

Alumina 3.11 

Oxide  of  iron 2.15 

Lime .68 

Magnesia  .30 

Potash .92 

Soda .26 

Sulphuric  acid .15 

Phosphoric  acid .14 

Organic  matter  containing  .06  Nitro- 
gen   2.82 

Water .41 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  35.30. 

No.  35. — Bay  City,  Bay  Co. 

Selected  by  Judge  Marston. 

Timber:  Not  stated. 

82.24 
4.60 
2.42 
1.18 
.46 
1.18 
.54 
.20 
.38 

5.57 
.25 


Sand  and  silicates 

Alumina 

Oxide  of  iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Sulphric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid 

Organic  matter  containing  .17  nitro- 
gen— 
Water 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  47.30. 


No.  37. — Gaylord,  Otsego  Co. 
Selected  by  S.  H.  Crowl. 

Timber:  Maple,  Beech,  Hemlock,  Bass- 


wood, etc. 

Sand  and  silicates 91.92 

Alumina 2.93 

Oxide  of  iron .90 

Lime .40 


Magnesia .13 

Potash , .61 

Soda .28 

Sulphuric  acid .10 

Phosphoric  acid .14 

Organic  matter  containing  .07  nitro- 
gen  2.20 

Water .39 


Capillary  capacity  for  water.  39.60. 


Capillary  capacity  for  water,  38.40. 

No.  36. — Greenville,  Montcalm  C o. 
Timber:  Not  stated. 

Sand  and  silicates 85.40 

Alumina 4.50 

Oxide  of  iron 2.80 

Lime .82 

Magnesia .31 

Potash 1.13 

Soda .45 

Sulphuric  acid .21 

Phosphoric  acid .30 

Organic  matter  containing  .10  nitro- 
gen  2.75 

Water 1.43 

Capillary  capacity  for  water,  37.80. 


No.  38. — Tawas,  Iosco  Co. 

Selected  by  J.  A.  F.  Scheffler. 

Timber:  Hemlock,  Pine,  Beech  and  Maple. 

Sand  and  silicates 80.06 

Alumina 7.15 

Oxide  of  iron 3.53 

Lime .93 

Magnesia .36 

Potash 1.10 

Soda .38 

Sulphuric  acid .19 

Phosphoric  acid .16 

Organic  matter  containing  .09  nitro- 
gen   4.59 

Water .82 

Capillary  capacity  for  water,  63.80. 


E.  C.  KEDZIE, 

Agricultural  College,  Mich.,  ) Chemist  of  Experiment  Station. 
July  2 , 1893.  j 


BULLETIN  100, 


AUGUST,  1893 


MICHIGAN 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

STATE  A6R1CDLTURAL  COLLEGE 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 

EIGHTY  NEW  STRAWBERRIES 


BY  L R.  TAFT  and  H.  P.  GLADDEN 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  will  he  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State9 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  it.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary , Agricultural  College , Michigan. 


Ml6HIGflN  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Postoffice  Address, Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Railroad,  Express  and  Telegraph  Address Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPABTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board, term  expires  1895 

Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, “ “1895 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks, “ “1897 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac *»  “ 1897 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids, “ “1899 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair “ “1899 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Elba,  Governor  of  the  State, £ _ . 


Hon.  O.  CLUTE,  M.  S.,  Agricultural  College,  President  of  the  College,  . 

STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 

Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 
. C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  I.  H.  Butterfield. 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden, 
O.  Clute,  C.  W.  Garfield. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment,  . C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain. 
Veterinary,  . Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F.  Moore. 
Institutes,  A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield,  O.  Clute. 
Mechanics,  . H.  Chamberlain  C.  W.  Garfield. 
Military,  . . C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore. 

Land  Grant,  . Edwin  Phelps,  H.  Chamberlain. 


% 


STATION  COUNCIL. 


O.  Clute,  M.  S., 


Director. 


P.  M.  Harwood,  B.  S., 
L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S., 


Agriculturist.  | Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Chemist. 

Horticulturist.  I Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treas, 


ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  B.  S., 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S. 
W.  L.  Rossman,  B.  S., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  S., 


Assistant  in  Agriculture, 
“ “ Horticulture. 

It  44  44 

“ “ Chemistry. 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  8.,  Consulting  Veterinarian. 


G.  C.  Davis,  M.  S., 

Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B.  S., 
L.  A.  Clinton,  B.  S., 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


“ Zoologist. 

“ Botanist. 

Assistant  to  Director. 
. . . Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 

Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded;  Dr.  O.  Palmer,  Local  Agent. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  President  State 
Horticultural  Society,  Local  Agent. 


EIGHTY  HEW  STRAWBERRIES 


For  several  years  we  have  given  considerable  attention  to  the  testing  of 
varieties,  both  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  we  have  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  varieties  of  strawberries  in  our  test  plots,  besides  a duplicate  col- 
lection at  the  South  Haven  sub-station. 

We  have  had  under  trial,  since  the  spring  of  1892,  some  eighty  new 
varieties,  many  of  which  were  received  from  the  originators  for  trial  previous 
to  dessemination  and  others  were  obtained  from  the  introducers;  very  few 
of  them  have  as  yet  been  generally  introduced. 

When  we  could  obtain  them,  twenty-five  plants  of  a variety  were  grown 
in  narrow  matted  rows  set  three  and  one-half  by  one  and  one-half  feet. 
They  received  clean  cultivation  and  were  mulched  during  the  winter.  The 
soil  upon  which  they  were  grown  was  a sandy  loam  with  a slight  admixture 
of  clay,  well  enriched  with  stable  manure.  The  plants  in  most  cases  made 
a satisfactory  growth,  and  seemed  quite  free  from  disease  until  the  crop 
began  to  ripen,  when  several  varieties  were  attacked  and,  as  noted  below, 
the  crop  was  greatly  shortened. 

In  order  that  the  originators  and  introducers  may  be  informed  of  the 
behavior  of  their  varieties  in  this  section,  and  that  the  public  may  have 
information  to  guide  them  in  the  selection  of  varieties,  the  results  of  this 
season’s  trial  are  given  in  this  preliminary  bulletin.  Later  on  we  shall 
publish  our  regular  strawberry  bulletin  and  the  report  of  the  year’s  work 
at  South  Haven. 

The  letters  after  the  names  of  the  varieties  indicate  the  sex  of  the  plants 
<kB”  standing  for  bi-sexual,  or  perfect  flowering,  and  “P”  for  pistillate. 

Accomack.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son,  Dover,  Delaware.  Plants 
of  rather  weak  growth;  leaf-stalk  medium  to  long;  leaflets,  size,  medium  to 
large;  form,  irregular  ovate;  teeth,  large;  color,  medium  to  light  green. 
Blossomed  full.  Pipe,  June  21.  Plants  bore  fair  amount  of  fruit  for 
strength  of  plant.  Fruit — size,  medium;  form,  long  conical;  color,  dark 
crimson;  quality  9,  firmness  7.  Plants  lack  productiveness  and  vigor  of 
growth.  Considerable  rust. 

Alabama.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son:  Plants  of  rather  weak 

growth;  leaf-stalk,  long,  slender;  leaflets  small  to  medium  size,  narrow 
ovate  form;  teeth,  small,  sharp;  color,  medium  green.  Blossomed  full  but 
did  not  set  much  fruit.  Crop  at  best  June  2G.  Fruit — size,  medium;  form, 
round  conical;  color,  dark  crimson;  productiveness  5,  quality  9,  firmness  9.5. 
Plant  lacks  productiveness  and  vigor  of  growth.  Considerable  rust. 
Probably  of  no  value. 


4 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Afton.  P. — Plants  from  C.  W.  Graham,  Afton,  N.  Y.  Plants  of  medium 
strong  growth;  leaf-stalk,  long,  slender;  leaflets — medium  size,  narrow 
ovate  form;  teeth  medium  size,  sharp;  color,  light  green;  texture,  tough. 
Blossomed  full  and  set  a large  amount  of  fruit.  First  ripe  June  21.  Crop 
at  best  June  24-26.  Fruit,  medium  to  large  in  size;  form,  round  conical 
with  short  neck;  color,  very  dark  crimson;  calyx  persistent  but  berry  picks 
easily;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9.5,  quality  9,  firmness  8.5. 

Fruit  of  handsome  appearance.  One  of  the  most  promising  sorts  at  the 
first  of  the  season.  The  crop  soon  fell  off  rapidly.  The  plants  rusted  but 
little,  but  weakened  in  growth  and  did  not  mature  the  last  fruits.  Regard 
it  as  well  worthy  of  further  trial. 

Beauty.  B. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes,  Delphi,  Ind.  Plants  medium 
strong  in  growth,  leaf-stalk  medium  length,  slender;  leaflets  medium 
size,  round  or  ovate;  teeth  usually  large,  round;  dark  green  color;  thick  in 
texture.  Blossomed  very  full.  First  ripe  June  21.  Large  amount  of 
fruit.  June  28  at  best.  Fruit  stalk  long  and  berries  lie  on  ground.  Fruit 
of  large  size,  bright  dark  scarlet,  round  conical,  or  short,  broad  conical, 
sometimes  quite  irregular  in  form;  productiveness,  9.5;  quality,  8.5; 
firmness,  6;  flesh,  light. 

Crop  held  out  well  in  size  and  yield  to  close  of  season.  Plant  is  pro- 
ductive and  fairly  vigorous,  but  berry  lacks  firmness  and  will  only  do  for 
home  use  or  local  market. 

Belle  of  Lacrosse.  P. — Plants  from  W.  F.  Allen,  Jr.,  Salisbury,  Md. 
Plants  medium  strong  growth,  leaf -stalk  usually  short;  leaflets  medium 
size,  ovate;  teeth  small,  sharp;  light  green  color;  texture,  papery.  Blos- 
somed full.  First  ripe  June  21.  Plants  set  a large  amount  of  fruit. 
Crop  at  best  June 26.  Fruit,  large;  form,  round  conical  or  broad  conical; 
color,  bright  dark  scarlet;  flesh,  medium  dark;  productiveness,  9.5;  quality, 
8;  firmness,  8. 

Crop  held  out  fairly  well  to  the  close  of  the  season,  though  many  of  the 
later  fruits  were  imperfect  in  shape.  The  plants  rusted  badly  and  are  not 
likely  to  make  a good  stand  for  next  season’s  fruiting. 

Beverly.  B. — Plants  from  Hale  Bros.,  South  Glastonbury,  Conn. 
Plants  of  strong  growth,  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  large, 
broad,  ovate;  teeth  irregular;  medium  green  color;  texture,  papery.  Blos- 
somed full.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit, 
large;  round  conical  or  long  conical,  sometimes  slightly  ridged;  dark  crim- 
son color  when  fully  ripe;  productiveness,  8.5;  quality,  9.5;  firmness,  9.5. 

Crop  held  out  well  in  size  and  productiveness.  Plants  rusted  but  little. 
The  fruit  has  the  fault  of  not  ripening  at  the  tip.  A promising  berry  for 
shipping  purposes. 

Bickle.  P. — Plants  from  Prof.  J.  Troop,  Purdue  University,  Ind. 
Plants  are  of  medium  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  short;  leaflets, 
medium  size,  round,  ovate;  teeth,  medium  size,  sharp;  color,  dark  green; 
texture,  tough.  Blossomed  full  and  set  a moderate  amount  of  fruit.  First 
fruits  ripe  June  21.  June  24-26,  crop  at  best.  Fruit  small  to  medium  in 
size;  form,  round  conical;  color,  light  scarlet;  flesh,  light;  productiveness, 
8.5;  quality,  7;  firmness,  7. 

The  berries  are  small,  particularly  after  the  first  picking.  The  plants 
rust  quite  badly,  and  it  seems  to  have  nothing  about  it  to  recommend  it. 

Brunette.  B. — Plants  'from  G.  Cowing,  Muncie,  Ind.  Plants  are  of 
quite  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  usually  stoat;  leaflets  large,  broad, 
irregular  ovate;  teeth,  large;  medium  to  dark  green  in  color.  First  fruits 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT, 


5 


ripe  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruits  large,  round  conical,  regu- 
lar; very  dark  crimson  color;  seeds  sunken;  flesh  dark;  productiveness,  8; 
quality,  9.5;  firmness,  9. 

Berry  very  attractive  in  appearance  and  the  plants  are  strong  and 
healthy.  It  is  scarcely  up  to  the  standard  in  productiveness,  but  its  high 
quality  will  make  it  valuable  for  family  use.  Promising  for  further  trial. 

California.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  are  not  of 
strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  short,  stout;  leaflets,  small  to  medium  size, 
round  ovate;  teeth,  medium  size,  sharp;  color,  medium  green;  texture, 
papery.  First  ripe  fruits  June  24.  Crop  at  best  June  28.  Fruit,  medium 
to  small  in  size;  long  conical,  usually  with  short  neck;  color,  bright  dark 
scarlet;  seeds,  prominent;  flesh,  usually  darkj  productiveness,  4;  quality, 
9.5;  firmness,  9.  % 

Fruits  are  small.  Plants  are  healthy,  but  lack  vigor  of  growth  and  pro- 
ductiveness. Not  worthy  of  a place  on  the  list. 

Cameronian.  B.  Plants  from  J.  W.  Cameron,  East  Rochester,  Ohio. 
Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets,  large,  round 
ovate;  dark  green  color,  tough  in  texture;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First 
ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round 
conical,  regular  in  form,  light  scarlet  color;  flesh,  light;  productiveness, 
8;  quality,  7;  firmness,  7. 

Plants  are  strong  growing,  but  rust  quite  badly.  Fruits  held  out  well 
in  size,  but  are  light  in  color  and  calyx  parts  too  easily.  Scarcely  worthy 
of  a place  among  the  more  promising  sorts. 

Cheyenne.  P. — Plants  from  Stayman  & Black,  Leavenworth,  Kan. 
Plants  are  not  strong  growing;  leaf-stalk  short,  quite  stout;  leaflets  of 
medium  size,  nearly  round;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  papery;  teeth 
small,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of 
medium  size,  long  conical,  bright  scarlet  in  color;  flesh  rather  light;  pro- 
ductiveness, 7;  quality,  7;  firmness,  7. 

Plants  are  fairly  healthy,  and  the  crop  held  out  well.  Many  of  the 
berries  were  imperfect  in  form.  Possesses  points  of  medium  merit  only. 

Clark's  Early.  B. — Plants  from  W.  F.  Allen,  Jr.  Plants  of  medium 
strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  short;  leaflets  large,  ovate  or  broad 
ovate;  medium  green  color;  texture,  papery;  teeth  usually  large.  First 
ripe  fruits  June  19.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  medium  to  large  in 
size;  round  ovate;  dark  crimson  color;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  8.5, 
quality  9.8,  firmness  9. 

Plants  remained  healthy  and  crop  held  out  well  in  size  of  fruit  and 
productiveness.  It  is  early.  The  fruit  is  attractive  in  appearance,  firm, 
and  of  excellent  quality.  A very  promising  variety,  particularly  for 
family  use.  It  will  also  be  a good  market  sort. 

Clark's  Seedling,  B — Plants  from  Cleveland  Nursery  Co.,  Rio  Yista, 
Ya.  Plants  of  medium  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length; 
leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size;  irregular;  broad  ovate;  medium  green 
color;  texture  papery;  teeth  irregular.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop 
at  best  June  26.  Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size;  short,  round  conical 
form;  color,  dark  crimson;  flesh,  dark;  productiveness  3,  quality  9.5, 
firmness  9. 

Fairly  good  in  plant  growth.  Berry  of  good  quality,  firm,  and  an 
excellent  shipper.  Lacks  productiveness. 

Clyde.  B.— Plants  from  Stayman  <fe  Black.  First  received  as  Cycloma. 
Plants  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  usually 


6 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


small,  ovate;  color,  medium  green;  texture,  papery;  teeth  large,  rounded. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24-26.  Fruit  large  to 
medium  in  size,  round  conical,  or  broad  conical,  bright  dark  scarlet 
color,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9.8,  quality  8.5,  firmness  9.2. 

Plants  remained  healthy  and  crop  held  out  well  to  close  of  season.. 
The  plants  are  productive  and  the  berry  firm.  One  of  the  most  prom- 
ising of  the  new  varieties  for  market  purposes. 

Dayton.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford,  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio. 
Plants  strong  growing;  leaf-stalk  medium,  rather  stout;  leaflets  large, 
round  or  ovate,  dark  green  color,  texture  thick;  teeth  large,  irregular. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Fruit  small,  long  conical,  often  with  neck; 
flesh  light  color;  productiveness  8,  quality  9,  firmness  8= 

Plants  healthy  and  of  vigorous  growth,  but  bear  little  fruit.  Owing 
\o  its  lack  of  productiveness  it  is  not  a promising  variety. 

Dr.  Moraire.  B. — Plants  from  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Plants  of  weak  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  small,  narrow 
ovate;  color,  light  greei?;  texture,  tough;  teeth  of  medium  size,  shallow. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  conical; 
color  light  scarlet;  flesh  light;  productiveness  8,  quality  5,  firmness  7. 

Plants  are  weak,  rust  badly  and  bear  but  little  fruit.  Of  no  merit. 

Dutter.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford.  Plants  of  medium  strong 
growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long,  quite  slender;  leaflets  large,  broad  ovate; 
medium  to  dark  green  color;  texture  papery;  teeth  large,  shallow.  First 
fruits  ripe  June  24.  Crop  at  best  June  27.  Fruit  large,  round  conical  or 
long  conical,  somewhat  irregular  and  ridged;  color  bright  scarlet;  flesh 
dark;  productiveness  7.5,  quality  9,  firmness  8.5. 

Crop  ripens  late  and  holds  out  well.  Plants  are  healthy  and  quite  vigor- 
ous, but  scarcely  productive  or  firm  enough  to  be  profitable  as  a market 
variety. 

E.  P.  Roe.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford.  Plants  of  weak  growth ; 
leaf-stalk  medium  length,  slender;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  ovate  or 
obovate;  color,  medium  green ;texture  papery;  teeth  small,  pointed.  Fruit 
large,  broad  conical  or  long  conical,  usually  with  neck;  color,  scarlet;  flesh 
light;  productiveness  5,  quality  8.5,  firmness  8. 

Lacks  vigor  of  plant  and  productiveness. 

Estelle.  B. — Plants  of  very  weak  growth.  Fruit  imperfect.  Seems  to 
be  worthless. 

Fairmount.  B. — Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaf- 
lets medium  in  size,  ovate,  color  medium  green;  texture  papery;  teeth 
irregular.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24-26.  Fruit 
large,  depressed  conical,  slightly  ridged;  color,  dark  crimson;  flesh  dark: 
productiveness  9.5,  quality  9,  firmness  7.5. 

Plants  are  healthy  and  productive.  The  fruit  is  attractive  in  appearance 
and  rather  soft  for  shipment,  but  its  productiveness  and  good  quality 
make  it  valuable  for  home  use. 

Glen  field.  B. — Plants  from  Stayman  & Black.  Plants  strong  growing; 
leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  medium  size,  ovate;  color,  medium  green; 
texture  papery;  teeth  large,  deep  cut,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  long  conical,  usually  with  neck;  color,  dark  crimson; 
flesh  dark;  productiveness  5,  quality  9,  firmness  7. 

The  plants  blossomed  very  full  and  set  a large  amount  of  fruit,  but 
rusted  so  badly  that  the  crop  soon  ran  out.  Its  only  hope  is  in 
thorough  spraying. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


Greenville.  P. — Plants  from  E.  M.  Buechly,  Greenville,  Ohio.  Plants 
of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long,  quite  stout,  but  reclining;  leaf- 
lets usually  large,  round  ovate,  turned  up  at  edge,  dark  green,  texture 
papery;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best 
June  26-28.  Fruit  large,  round  conical  or  depressed  conical,  sometimes 
ridged;  color,  bright  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9.5,  quality  8, 
firmness  7. 

The  plants  are  strong  growing,  healthy  and  productive.  The  crop 
held  out  well  to  close  of  season.  The  fruit  is  lacking  in  firmness,  other- 
wise excellent.  A promising  variety  for  use  in  a local  market. 

Gypsy.  P. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  low  growing  but 
vigorous;  leaf-stalk  short;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  ovate,  dark  green, 
texture  thick  and  tough;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits  June 
21.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  conical;  color, 
dark  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9,  quality  9,  firmness  9. 

Plants  remained  healthy,  but  the  crop  did  not  hold  out  as  well  as  it 
promised  early  in  season.  The  fruit  possesses  excellent  qualities  and 
the  variety  is  well  worthy  of  further  trial. 

Harmon.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  of  strong  growth; 
leaf-stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  usually  broad  ovate,  medium  green 
color,  texture  tough;  teeth  large,  shallow.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Fruit  large,  round  conical,  often  with  short  neck,  color  very  dark,  flesh 
dark;  productiveness  4,  quality  9.5;  firmness  8. 

Plants  vigorous  and  healthy  but  lack  productiveness. 

Hattie  Jones.  P. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes.  Plants  strong;  leaf- 
stalk long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  broad  ovate,  color  medium  green,  texture 
papery.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  medium 
to  large  in  size,  round  conical  or  depressed  conical,  light  scarlet  color, 
flesh  white;  productiveness  9.5,  quality  6,  firmness  7. 

Excellent  in  plant  qualities  and  quite  productive,  but  the  fruit  is 
light  colored  and  lacking  in  flavor  and  firmness. 

Hermit.  B. — Plants  from  F.  L.  Piers,  New  Providence,  Ind.  Plants 
of  strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  large,  ovate;  color  dark 
green;  texture  thick;  teeth  regular.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at 
best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  regular;  bright  crimson  color; 
productiveness  8,  quality  8,  firmness  8. 

Crop  held  out  well  and  plants  remained  healthy  to  close  of  season.  A 
variety  of  medium  merit. 

Huntsman.  P.  B. — Plants  from  W.  A.  Huntsman,  Lawson,  Mo.  Plants 
of  strong,  vigorous  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  broad 
ovate,  color  dark  green,  texture  tough.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop 
at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  regular  in  form;  color  dark 
crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  8.5,  quality  9,  firmness  8. 

Plants  very  strong  and  healthy;  fairly  productive.  Crop  held  out  well. 
Fruit  attractive  in  appearance.  Promising  for  home  use  or  local  market. 

Hyslop.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  of  medium  strong 
growth;  leaf-stalk  very  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets  large,  ovate,  medium 
green  in  color;  texture  papery;  teeth  large.  First  fruits  ripe  June  21. 

Fruit  small,  imperfect.  Plants  are  strong  and  healthy,  but  bear  little 
fruit.  Not  promising. 

Iowa  Beauty.  B. — Plants  from  J.  T.  Lovett  Co.,  Little  Silver,  N.  J. 
Plants  of  medium  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  round  or 
broad  ovate,  color  dark  green,  texture  thick  and  tough;  teeth  large.  First 


8 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical, 
color  bright  crimson,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  7,  quality  10,  firmness  8.5. 

Berry  of  excellent  quality  and  holding  out  well  in  size  to  close  of 
season.  Plants  of  fair  growth  and  healthy,  but  scarcely  productive 
enough.  Of  medium  merit. 

Jones  Seedling.  B. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes.  Plants  of  medium 
strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  short;  leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  round 
ovate,  medium  green  color,  texture  tough;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First 
ripe  fruits  June  21.  Fruit  large,  short,  depressed  conical  form,  color  dark 
crimson,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  8.5,  quality  9,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  are  healthy  and  moderately  vigorous.  Fruit  of  handsome  appear- 
ance and  good  quality.  Holds  out  well.  There  are  several  varieties  in 
the  section.  Possibly  a mistake  made  by  the  sender  of  the  plants,  or  by 
us  in  setting.  The  large  majority  of  the  plants  are  as  above  described. 

Katie.  B. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes.  Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf 
stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  large,  broad  ovate,  medium  to  dark  green 
color;  texture  papery;  teeth  large,  pointed.  First  fruits  ripe  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size,  round  conical  or 
broad  depressed  conical;  dull  crimson  color;  flesh  usually  dark;  product- 
iveness 7,  quality  8.5,  firmness  7.5. 

Plants  strong  and  healthy,  but  not  up  to  standard  in  productiveness. 
Medium  merit. 

Leader.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford.  Plants  of  fair  growth; 
leaf-stalk  of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  nearly  round, 
color  medium  green,  texture  thick.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at 
best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  long  conical,  bright  dark  crimson  color,  flesh 
dark;  productiveness  8.5,  quality  9.5,  firmness  9. 

Fruit  attractive  in  form  and  color  and  firm.  Plants  quite  productive  but 
lack  vigorous  growth. 

Leroy.  P. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes.  Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf- 
stalk of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  medium  size,  narrow  ovate,  color 
dark  green;  texture  papery;  teeth  large,  pointed.  First  ripe  fruits  June 
19.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  depressed  conical,  sometimes 
ridged;  color  dark  crimson;  seeds  prominent;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9; 
quality  8.5;  firmness  8. 

Plants  are  of  vigorous  growth  and  rust  but  little.  The  crop  holds  out 
well  in  size  and  productiveness.  The  fruit  is  not  very  firm  but  the  seeds 
are  prominent,  making  it  a fairly  good  shipper.  Early.  Promising. 

Leviathan.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford.  Plants  of  fair  growth ; 
leaf-stalk  of  medium  length;  leaflets  medium  size,  round  or  ovate;  color 
dark  green;  texture  thick ; teeth  regular,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  broad  depressed;  color,  light  scarlet; 
flesh  light;  productiveness  8.5,  quality  6,  firmness  5. 

Plants  are  healthy  and  crop  holds  out  well  in  size.  Berry  is  light 
colored  and  lacking  in  quality  and  firmness. 

Lillie  Monroe.  B. — Plants  of  moderate  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  stout; 
leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  round  ovate;  color  medium  green;  text- 
ure tough;  teeth  rounded,  shallow.  First  ripe  fruits  June  19.  Crop 
at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  depressed  conical,  ridged,  dull  dark  scarlet 
color,  flesh  light;  productiveness  5,  quality  8,  firmness  7. 

Plants  rusted  badly  at  close  of  season.  Not  productive,  and  rather  soft. 

Lincoln.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  ovate; 
color  dark  green;  texture  tough;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits 
June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  often  with 
short  neck;  light  scarlet  color;  flesh  light;  productiveness  9,  quality  7, 
firmness  5. 

Plants  are  strong,  healthy  and  productive.  Berry  light  in  color  and 
lacks  firmness. 

Magnate.  P. — Plants  from  Stayman  & Black.  Plants  moderately 
strong;  leaf -stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  large,  ovate  or  obovate;  color 
medium  green;  texture  papery;  teeth  large,  pointed.  First  fruits  ripe 
June  22.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long  conical, 
bright  scarlet  color,  flesh  usually  light;  productiveness  6,  quality  8, 
firmness  8.5. 

Crop  holds  out  well.  Plants  are  healthy  but  not  productive. 

Mystic.  B. — Plants  from  J.  N.  Haynes.  Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf- 
stalk medium  to  long,  rather  stout;  leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  ovate, 
dark  green  in  color,  texture  papery;  teeth  small,  pointed.  First  ripe  fruits 
June  26.  Crop  at  best  June  29.  Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size,  round 
conical,  bright  dark  crimson  color,  flesh  usually  light;  productiveness  6, 
quality  9.5,  firmness  9. 

Plant  strong,  vigorous  and  rusts  but  little.  Berry  excellent  in  quality 
and  firm.  Plant  lacks  productiveness. 

Neptune.  P. — Plants  from  Henry  Young,  Ada,  Ohio.  Plants  of  strong- 
growth  ; leaf-stalk  long,  stout ; leaflets  large,  round  or  round  ovate,  color 
dark  green,  texture  tough;  teeth  large.  First  ripe  fruits  June  23.  Crop 
at  best  June  27.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  round  conical  with  short  neck, 
slightly  ridged;  flesh  light;  productiveness  6,  quality  7,  firmness  5. 

Plant  very  vigorous  and  healthy.  Possesses  no  other  points  of 
excellence. 

Nigger.  B. — Plants  from  John  Little.  Plants  of  rather  small  growth; 
leaf-stalk  long;  leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  broad  ovate;  color  medium 
green;  texture  tough;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruit  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  small,  round  conical,  dark  crimson  color; 
flesh  dark;  productiveness  6,  quality  10,  firmness  9. 

Plants  are  of  rather  small  growth,  healthy,  but  not  very  productive. 
Fruit  is  small,  of  high  quality,  dark  color  and  regular  form.  Not  of 
special  merit 

No.  1 {Allen).  P. — Plants  from  W.  F.  Allen.  Plants  of  fair  growth; 
leaf-stalk  medium  to  long,  stout;  leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  ovate; 
color,  dark  green;  texture,  papery;  teeth,  medium  size,  rounded.  First 
ripe  fruits  June  22.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round 
conical  or  long  conical;  bright  crimson  color;  flesh,  dark;  productiveness, 
9;  quality,  9;  firmness,  8. 

Plants  healthy,  moderately  vigorous,  and  productive.  Crop  held  out 
well.  Berry  of  attractive  appearance  and  good  quality.  Promising. 

No.  3 {Allen).  B. — Plants  from  W.  F.  Allen.  Plants  of  strong  growlit; 
leaf-stalk  long;  leaflets  large,  ovate;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  papery; 
teeth,  medium  size,  sharp.  First  fruits  ripe  June  23.  Crop  at  best  June 
29.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  bright  crimson;  productiveness,  7.5; 
quality,  8.5;  firmness,  7. 

Plants  are  strong  and  healthy,  but  do  not  produce  much  fruit. 

No.  3 {Belt).  B.  Plants  from  William  Belt,  Williamsburgh,  Ohio. 
Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  large,  broad  ovate; 

2 


10 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


color,  medium  to  light  green;  texture,  papery.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical  or  broad  conical;  color, 
bright,  light  scarlet;  flesh,  medium  in  color;  productiveness,  9;  quality, 
8;  firmness,  8. 

Promised  well  early  in  season,  but  plants  weakened  and  rusted  badly, 
and  many  berries  did  not  mature. 

No.  1 {Engle).  B. — Plants  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Mich.  Plants 
rather  weak  in  growth.  Fruit  large,  but  irregular  in  shape,  and  produced 
only  in  small  quantities.  Not  promising. 

No.  2.  (Feicht.)  B. — Plants  fron  David  Feicht,  Little  York,  Ohio. 
Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long;  leaflets  of  medium  size, 
ovate;  teeth  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  18.  Crop  at  best  June  24. 
Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size;  round  conical;  crimson  color;  flesh  dark; 
productiveness  9.5,  quality  8,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  strong  and  healthy.  Crop  ripened  early  and  held  out  well.  Its 
productiveness  makes  it  promising  for  home  use  or  local  market. 

No.  3.  {Feicht.)  P. — Plants  from  David  Feicht.  Plants  of  rather  weak 
growth;  leaf-stalk  medium  to  long,  rather  stout;  leaflets  large,  narrow 
ovate,  edge  turned  toward  center,  medium  green  in  color;  texture,  papery. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  irregular, 
ridged,  conical;  color,  light  crimson;  productiveness  8,  quality  7,  firmness 9. 

Plant  rusted  quite  badly  at  close  of  season.  Lacks  vigor  of  plant  growth. 

No.  2.  {Cameron.)  B. — Plants  from  J.  W.  Cameron,  East  Rochester, 
Ohio.  Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  medium  to  long:  leaflets 
medium  to  large,  round  ovate;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  tough.  First 
fruits  ripe  June  20.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long 
conical,  usually  with  neck;  bright  crimson  color;  seeds,  prominent;  flesh, 
dark;  productiveness  8.5,  quality  9,  firmness  8. 

Plants  are  healthy,  strong  growing  and  fairly  productive.  Berry  of  fine 
appearance,  good  quality  and  holds  out  well  to  close  of  season.  Promising. 

No.  6.  {Cameron.)  P.  B. — Plants  from  J.  W.  Cameron.  Plants  of 
medium  strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets  large,  ovate, 
medium  to  light  green  color;  texture,  papery.  First  fruits  ripe  June  22. 
Crop  at  best  June  27.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  conical  or  broad 
conical;  color,  bright  scarlet;  flesh,  dark;  productiveness  4,  quality  8.5, 
firmness  8.5. 

Plants  are  healthy  and  fairly  vigorous,  but  are  not  productive. 

No.  13.  {Cameron.)  P. — Plants  from  J.  W.  Cameron.  Plants  not  strong 
growing;  leaf -stalk  of  medium  length;  leaflets  small  to  medium  in  size, 
round  ovate,  color  medium  green;  texture,  tough;  teeth  small,  sharp.  First 
fruits  ripe  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round 
conical,  usually  ridged;  color,  bright  crimson;  productiveness  8,  quality  8, 
firmness  7.5. 

Crop  held  out  well  in  size  of  fruit  to  close  of  season.  Plants  lack 
vigor  of  growth,  rust  badly  and  do  not  produce  many  runners. 

No.  31  {Haynes).  P. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes.  Plants  of  very 
strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  ovate; 
color,  light  green;  teeth  irregular,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  26  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  conical,  somewhat 
irregular  form,  bright  scarlet  color;  flesh,  light;  productiveness  5,  qual 
ity  6,  firmness  6. 

Plants  rusted  badly  toward  close  of  season.  Crop  did  not  hold  out 
well.  Not  promising. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


No.  18  ( LHtle ).  B. — Plants  from  John  Little,  Granton,  Ontario. 
Plants  are  not  of  strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  medium  to  long;  leaflets 
small,  narrow  ovate;  color,  medium  green;  texture,  tough.  First  ripe 
fruits  June  18.  Crop  at  best  June  24-25.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round 
conical,  bright  dark  crimson  color,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  8.5,  qual- 
ity 8,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  rusted  badly  toward  close  of  season  and  could  not  mature 
crop.  Lacking  in  plant  growth  and  vigor. 

No.  26  (Little).  B. — Plants  from  John  Little.  Plants  of  medium 
growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets  large,  round  ovate;  color, 
medium  green;  texture,  papery;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits 
June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  irregular,  ridged;  color, 
bright  dark  scarlet,  flesh  light;  productiveness  9,  quality  9,  firmness  8. 

Crop  held  out  well  in  size,  though  the  berry  is  irregular  in  shape. 
Plants  are  not  of  strong  growth  and  rust  toward  close  of  season.  Worthy 
of  further  trial. 

No.  42  (Little).  B. — Plants  from  John  Little.  Plants  of  medium 
growth;  leaf-stalk  medium  to  long;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  ovate;  color, 
medium  to  dark  green;  texture  tough;  teeth  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits 
June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24-26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  crim- 
son color,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9,  quality  9,  firmness  8. 

Crop  held  out  fairly  well.  Fruit  attractive  in  appearance  and  of  good 
quality.  Plant  lacking  in  vigor  of  growth;  rusts  considerably.  Of  fair 
promise. 

No.  3 (Stayman).  B. — Plants  from  Stayman  & Black.  Plants  of  very 
strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long,  stout;  leaflets  of  medium  size, 
narrow  ovate;  color  medium  green;  texture  papery;  teeth  sharp.  First 
ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long 
conical;  color  dark  crimson;  flesh  usually  dark;  productiveness  9.5,  qual- 
ity 7,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  are  strong,  healthy  and  productive.  Crop  held  out  well.  The 
fruit  has  a stong  acid  flavor.  Promising. 

No.  2 (J.  S.).  B. — Plants  are  moderately  vigorous  and  healthy.  The 
fruit  is  large  and  of  excellent  quality.  The  plants  are  not  productive. 

No.  4 (J.  S.).  P. — Plants  of  moderately  strong  growth,  healthy  but  not 
productive  enough.  Berry  of  attractive  appearance  and  high  quality. 

No.  6 (J.  S.).  P. — Plants  of  stong  growth;  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length 
and  quite  stout;  leaflets  medium  size,  ovate;  color  light  green;  texture 
tough;  teeth  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26. 
Fruit  large,  round  conical,  ridged;  color  bright  dark  scarlet;  productive- 
ness 9.5,  quality  7,  firmness  6. 

Plants  rusted  badly  toward  close  of  season.  Berry  rather  soft.  The 
plants  are  productive  and  the  berry  is  attractive  in  appearance.  It  would 
be  an  excellent  variety  if  the  plants  did  not  rust. 

No.  34  (Thompson). — Plants  from  Cleveland  Nursery  Co.  The 
plants  are  of  medium  strong  growth.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  coni- 
cal; color  bright  crimson;  productiveness  5,  quality  8,  firmness  8. 

Plants  rust  quite  badly  and  are  not  productive.  Berry  parts  from  calyx 
easily,  making  it  difficult  to  pick. 

No.  77  (Thompson) . B. — Plants  from  Cleveland  Nursery  Co.  Plants 
of  rather  weak  growth;  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length,  slender;  leaflets  small 
to  medium  size,  narrow  ovate;  color  medium  green;  teeth  irregular, 
pointed.  First  fruits  ripe  June  19.  Crop  at  best  June  28.  Fruit  small, 


12 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


long  conical;  color  bright  crimson;  productiveness  9.5,  quality  7,  firm- 
ness, 5. 

Plants  lack  vigor  of  growth;  rusted  badly  at  close  of  season.  The  fruit 
is  small  in  size  and  lacks  quality  and  firmness. 

Odessa.  P. — Plants  from  J.  W.  Cameron.  Plants  of  medium  strong 
growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets  large,  usually  broad  ovate; 
color,  medium  green;  texture,  papery;  teeth  large,  rounded.  Pirst  fruits 
ripe  June  23.  Crop  at  best  June  27.  Fruit  large,  irregular,  ridged, 
bright  scarlet,  flesh  light;  productiveness  5,  quality  7,  firmness  7. 

Plants  of  fair  growth,  rusted  some  toward  close  of  season.  Berry 
irregular  in  shape;  does  not  ripen  at  tip.  Not  productive. 

Ohio  Monarch.  B. — Plants  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  long, 
quite  stout;  leaflets  large,  broad,  ovate,  color  dark  green,  papery  in 
texture;  teeth  large,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  23.  Crop  at  best 
June  27.  Fruit  very  large,  long,  triangular,  conical;  color  bright  scarlet; 
flesh  light. 

Excellent  in  plant  qualities.  Berries  large,  but  few  of  them. 

Pawnee.  B. — Plants  from  Stay  man  & Black.  Plants  of  strong  growth ; 
leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  long,  narrow  ovate; 
color,  medium  green;  texture  tough.  First  ripe  fruits  June  19.  Crop 
ut  best  June  24.  Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size,  round  conical,  usually 
with  short  neck;  color,  dark  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  7.5, 
quality  9.8,  firmness  7. 

Plants  strong  growing,  but  rusted  at  close  of  season.  Berry  attract- 
ive in  appearance,  and  of  high  quality;  not  up  to  standard  in  product- 
iveness, owing  to  the  leaf  rust.  Had  it  not  been  for  this  it  would  have 
been  among  the  best  early  sorts. 

Primate.  B.—  Plants  from  Stayman  & Black.  Plants  of  strong 
growth;  leaf-stalk,  long,  slender;  leaflets  of  medium  size,  ovate;  color, 
medium  green;  texture,  tough;  teeth,  sharp.  First  fruits  ripe  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long  conical,  often  with 
short  neck;  bright  dark  crimson  color;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  6, 
quality  6,  firmness  7. 

Plants  of  strong  growth  but  rusted  quite  badly.  Crop  soon  gone.  A 
large  part  of  the  later  berries  were  small  and  did  not  mature.  Not 
promising. 

Smeltzer's  Early.  B. — Plants  from  Frank  Smeltzer,  Yan  Buren,  Ark. 
Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  very  long,  quite  stout;  leaflets  large, 
ovate;  color,  medium  to  light  green;  texture  tough.  First  ripe  fruits 
June  19.  Crop  at  best  June  23-24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  con- 
ical, or  long  conical;  color,  dark  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  8.5, 
quality  9,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  strong;  a little  rust  at  close  of  season.  One  of  the  earliest 
varieties  to  ripen  the  crop.  Fruit  of  fair  size,  good  quality  and  appear- 
ance. Promising  as  an  early  sort. 

Standard.  B. — Plants  from  G.  H.  & J.  H.  Hale.  Plants  of  very  steady 
growth;  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  large,  broad  ovate, 
color  medium  green,  texture  papery;  teeth  irregular.  First  fruits  ripe 
June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  large,  round  conical,  color  bright 
dark  crimson,  flesh  of  medium  color;  productiveness  9,  quality  9.5,  firm- 
ness 7. 

Plants  weakened  toward  close  of  season  and  some  rust  appeared.  Berry 
of  regular  form,  handsome  appearance  and  good  quality;  lacking  in  firm- 
ness. Productive.  Promising  for  home  use  and  local  market. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


Stevens.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  of  strong  growth; 
leaf- stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  small,  narrow  ovate,  medium  to  light 
green  in  color;  texture  papery;  teeth  small,  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June 
21.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  conical,  dark 
crimson  color;  flesh  dark,  productiveness  9,  quality  9,  firmness  8. 

Crop  held  out  well.  A little  rust  on  plants.  Berry  of  fine  appearance 
and  good  quality.  Promising  for  near-by  markets. 

Southard.  B. — Plants  from  G.  H.  & J.  H.  Hale.  Plants  of  medium 
strong  growth;  leaf -stalk  of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  small  to  medium 
in  size,  narrow  ovate,  color  medium  green;  texture  papery;  teeth  small, 
sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  19.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large, 
round  conical,  bright  scarlet  color;  flesh  light;  productiveness  8,  quality 
7,  firmness  8. 

This  variety  did  not  fulfil  early  promise,  as  the  crop  did  not  hold  out 
well.  Plants  of  fair  growth  and  quite  healthy,  but  many  of  the  berries 
were  small. 

Surprise.  B. — Plants  from  Slaymaker  & Son.  Plants  of  strong  growth; 
leaf-stalk  long,  stout;  leaflets  medium  to  large  in  size,  round  or  broad 
ovate;  color  medium  to  dark  green;  texture  tough.  First  fruits  ripe  June 
21.  Crop  at  best  June  26.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  long  conical,  regular 
form,  bright  scarlet  color;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  6,  quality  8, 
firmness  8. 

Plants  of  good  growth  and  healthy.  Crop  held  out  fairly  well,  but  not 
enough  of  it.  Nothing  special  to  recommend  it. 

Swindle.  P. — Plants  from  G.  H.  & J.  H.  Hale.  Plants  promised  well 
early  in  season.  Blossomed  very  full  and  set  a large  amount  of  fruit. 
Plants  soon  attacked  with  rust  so  badly  that  scarcely  any  fruit  matured. 

It  seems  to  be  of  no  value  here  unless  thoroughly  sprayed,  but  when 
free  from  rust  it  is  an  excellent  shipper. 

Tom  Walker.  P. — Plants  from  Albaugh  Nursery  Co.,  Tadmor,  Ohio. 
Plants  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long,  slender;  leaflets  vary  much; 
teeth  large,  rounded.  First  fruits  ripe  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  26. 
Fruit  large,  round  conical;  color  dark  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness 
9,  quality  8,  firmness  8. 

Plants  strong  and  quite  healthy.  Berry  of  attractive  appearance. 
Productive.  Promising  for  home  market  purposes. 

Westlawn.  P. — Plants  from  C.  P.  Bauer,  Judsonia,  Ark.  Plants  are  of 
medium  strong  growth  and  remained  healthy.  There  were  scarcely  any 
fruits  on  plants,  but  it  should  not  be  condemned  until  after  a second  trial. 

Weston.  P. — Plant  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long;  leaflets  medium 
to  large  in  size,  broad  ovate;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  thin  but  tough. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24-27.  Fruit  large,  broad 
conical,  somewhat  ridged,  bright  scarlet  color;  flesh,  medium  dark;  pro- 
ductiveness, 9.8;  quality,  8;  firmness,  8.5. 

Plants  very  stroug  and  healthy.  Crop  held  out  best  of  any  variety. 
Berry  of  attractive  appearance  and  fair  quality,  seeds  prominent,  making 
it  a good  shipper.  One  of  the  best  varieties  grown  here  this  season. 

Williams.  B. — Plants  from  Matthew  Crawford.  Plants  of  medium 
strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  of  medium  length,  slender;  leaflets  narrow  ovate, 
medium  green  color,  texture  papery;  teeth  irregular,  sharp.  First  ripe 
fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  round  conical  or  broad 
conical,  dark  crimson  color,  flesh  dark,  productiveness  8.5,  quality  8.5, 
firmness  9. 


14 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Plants  rusted  badly  toward  close  of  season,  and  the  crop  did  not  hold 
out  well  on  that  account;  had  it  not  been  for  the  rust  it  would  have  made 
a good  showing  as  a shipping  berry. 

Yankee  Doodle.  P. — Plants  from  Geo.  Q.  Dow,  North  Epping,  N.  H. 
Plants  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  varies  in  length;  leaflets  large, 
broad  ovate;  color  dark  green;  texture  tough.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large  to  medium  in  size,  round  conical  or 
depressed  conical,  bright  scarlet  color,  flesh  light;  productiveness  9,  qual- 
ity 8,  firmness  9. 

Plants  strong,  healthy  and  productive.  Crop  held  out  fairly  well. 
Promising  as  a market  sort. 

In  the  preceding  notes  many  varieties  are  spoken  of  as  promising  except 
that  plants  rust  badly.  The  Bordeaux  mixture  is  an  effectual  remedy  for 
this  disease.  Varieties,  which  under  ordinary  conditions  rusted  so  much 
that  but  a small  portion  of  the  crop  ripened  properly,  were  sprayed  in  the 
fall,  early  in  the  spring  and  again  after  blossoming  and  were  almost  free 
from  rust.  So  the  fact  that  a variety,  otherwise  good,  rusts  badly  is  not 
so  serious  a fault  as  it  would  be  did  we  not  have  so  simple  and  effectual  a 
remedy  available  as  the  Bordeaux  mixture. 

SUMMARY. 

The  following  grouping  shows,  in  a small  space,  our  opinion  of  the 
varieties  tested  here  the  past  season. 

GROUP  i. 


Varieties  possessing  points  of  excellence  superior  to  those  of  the  average 
berry  and  which  seem  deserving  of  a place  among  the  best  sorts. 


Clyde. 

Greenville. 

Leroy. 


No.  1 (Allen).  Weston. 

No.  2 (Feicht).  Yankee  Doodle. 

No.  3 (Stay man). 

GROUP  II. 


Varieties  having  many  points  of  merit 
to  determine  their  place: 


Afton. 

Beauty. 

Belle  of  Lacrosse. 
Beverly. 

Brunette. 

Clark’s  Early. 
Fairmount. 


Gypsy. 

Huntsman. 

Leader. 

No.  3 (Belt). 

No.  2 (Cameron). 
No.  26  (Little). 
No.  6 (J.  S.). 


but  requiring  a further  trial 
Pawnee. 

Smeltzer’s  Early. 
Standard. 

Stevens. 

Swindle. 

Tom  Walker. 

Williams. 


GROUP  in. 


Varieties  possessing  some  good  points,  but  of  medium  merit  only: 

Accomack.  Leviathan.  No.  4 (J.  S. ). 

Alabama.  Lillie  Monroe  No.  34  (Thompson). 

Bickle.  Lincoln.  No.  77  (Thompson). 


BULLETINS  101-102 

1893 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICHIGAN. 


BULLETIN  101 


i.  Composition  of  Wheat  and  Straw. 

2.  Composition  of  Certain  Forage  Plants. 

3.  Adulteration  of  Ground  Feed. 

4.  Mineral  Residues  in  Sprayed  Fruits. 


bulletin  102 


Insects  Injurious  to  Celery. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICII. 

DECEMBER  1,  1893. 


LANSINIi 

ROBERT  SMITH  & (30.,  STATE  PRINTERS  AND  BINDERS 
1893 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State t 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  them.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary,  Agricultural  College,  Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


Postoffice  Address, Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Railroad,  Express  and  Telegraph  Address,  . . . Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  8TATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED' 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board, term  expires  1895 


Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw “ “ 1895 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks “ “1897 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac “ “1897 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids “ “1899 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair “ “1899 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Governor  of  the  State, ) . 

Hon.  LEWIS  G.  GORTON,  President  of  the  College, 'ttLxojjw to. 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 


Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 

C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  F.  Moore. 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden, 
L.  G.  Gorton,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment, 

Veterinary, 

Institutes, 

Mechanics, 

Military, 

I Land  Grant, 


C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain  . 

Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F.  Moore, 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield, 
L.  G.  Gorton. 

H.  Chamberlain  C.  W.  Garfield. 
. C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore, 
Edwin  Phelps,  H.  Chamberlain. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 


Lewis  G.  Gorton, 


Director. 


Clinton  D.  Smith,  M.  S., 
L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S., 


Agriculturist.  Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  . . Chemist. 

Horticulturist.  I Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treas. 

ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  B.  S., 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S. 

W.  L.  Rossman,  B.  S., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  S., 


Assistant  in  Agriculture,  I 

“ “ Horticulture. 

..  ! 

“ “ Chemistry. 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S., 

G.  C.  Davis,  M.  S., 
Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B. 

H.  M.  Howe, 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


Consulting  Veterinarian. 
. “ Zoologist. 

S.,  “ Botanist, 

. Assistant  to  Director. 
. . . . Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 

Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded;  Dr.  O.  Palmer,  Local  Agent. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  President  State 
Horticultural  Society,  Local  Agent. 


BULLETIN  101. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


I.  — Composition  of  wheat  at  different  periods  of  ripening;  of  the 

straw  at  the  same  periods. 

II. — Composition  of  certain  forage  plants:  Spurry:  Lathyrus 

Silvestris:  Mint  hay. 

III.  — Adulteration  of  ground  feed. 

IV.  — Mineral  residues  in  sprayed  fruit. 


I.  COMPOSITION  OF  CLAWSON  WHEAT  AT  DIFFERENT  PERIODS  OF 

RIPENING. 

Thirteen  years  ago  the  chemical  department  of  this  college  made  an 
investigation  to  determine  the  composition  of  wheat  at  successive  stages  of 
ripening,  with  special  reference  to  the  time  at  which  are  developed  the 
greatest  quantity  of  grain  and  the  highest  food  value  of  the  same.  The 
results  were  published  in  the  Report  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for  1881, 
and  were  also  printed  in  the  U.  S.  Census  for  1880.  This  wTas  before  the 
era  of  bulletins  of  experiment  stations,  and  reached  only  a small  part  of 
the  farming  public.  The  subject  is  so  important  and  far-reaching  in  its 
consequences  that  this  experiment  station  decided  to  make  another  and 
more  extended  investigation  on  this  subject.  This  was  made  with  special 
reference  to  the  conditions  and  demands  of  Michigan  farming. 


4 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  experiment  began  by  gathering  a bundle  of  wheat  at  2 P.  M.,  June 
14,  1892,  and  another  similar  bundle  at  the  same  hour  for  45  successive 
days,  ending  on  July  29.  The  bundles  were  gathered  in  a field  of  wheat 
of  very  uniform  appearance  and  quality,  securing  a fair  representative  of 
the  growing  crop.  The  wheat  had  headed  out  and  was  in  blossom,  but  the 
berry  was  still  very  immature.  The  successive  bundles  of  wheat  were 
labeled  and  placed  in  a dry  and  well  ventilated  room  to  secure  what  ripen- 
ing and  development  were  possible  from  the  nutritive  material  in  the 
stalk.  When  thoroughly  dry,  the  grain  was  rubbed  out  by  hand,  screened, 
and  bottled  for  analysis.  The  straw  was  reserved  for  separate  analysis. 
Separate  specimens  of  wheat  from  these  consecutive  cuttings  were 
mounted  in  show  bottles  and  exhibited  at  the  Columbian  Fair  in  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College  exhibit  in  Hall  of  Liberal  Arts,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  Columbian  Fair  will  be  on  exhibition  at  the  chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  Agricultural  College. 

The  cutting  of  the  wheat  was  begun  when  the  grain  was  very  immature, 
the  berry  just  formed,  and  the  development  finally  reached  by  this 
grain  was  mostly  due  to  growth  after  cutting  and  before  drying  of  the 
stalk.  The  cutting  was  begun  at  this  early  date  in  order  to  estimate  the 
value  of  the  straw  for  fodder  at  different  periods.  As  we  have  no  records 
of  the  feeding  value  of  straw  at  different  periods  of  ripening,  it  was 
thought  that  this  subject  demanded  consideration  in  a State  where  the 
value  of  straw  in  stock  feeding  is  recognized. 

RELATIVE  QUANTITY  OF  GRAIN  AT  EACH  TIME  OF  CUTTING. 

The  amount  of  grain  as  influenced  by  the  period  of  cutting  is  a question 
of  practical  importance  to  the  farmer.  In  making  this  estimate  attention 
is  confined  to  the  weight  of  the  dry  berry,  because  variation  in  amount  of 
grain  attendant  upon  changes  during  growth  arises  from  variation  in  the 
size  and  weight  of  the  kernel  and  not  from  any  variation  in  the  number  of 
grains  growing  on  a given  area.  New  kernels  would  not  form  during  the 
period  of  ripening,  and  those  already  formed  would  pass  through  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  development  more  or  less  completely.  In  this  way  several 
sources  of  error  were  eliminated  which  are  incidental  to  measuring  the 
grain  produced  on  a given  area,  such  as  loss  of  grain  by  shelling,  and 
from  incomplete  threshing,  the  varying  productiveness  of  different  plots 
of  soil,  etc.  All  broken  kernels  and  foreign  substances  were  removed,  but 
no  kernels  were  rejected  because  of  incomplete  development.  Ten  grams 
were  weighed  out  on  a delicate  balance  and  the  grains  carefully  counted; 
this  repeated  up  to  ten  times,  and  one-tenth  of  the  sum  of  kernels  in  ten 
times  ten  grams  was  taken  as  the  true  number  of  grains  for  ten  grams. 
The  average  product  of  grain  at  the  several  stages  of  growth  would  be 
directly  as  the  weight  of  the  kernels,  and  inversely  as  the  number  of  ker- 
nels required  to  produce  the  given  weight. 

IRREGULAR  PROGRESS  IN  GROWTH. 

Some  irregularities  appear  in  the  progressive  development  both  of  the 
grain  and  straw.  These  are  partly  to  be  explained  by  the  climatic  condi- 
tions prevailing  during  the  period.  There  were  two  spells  of  cold  and 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


cloudy  weather,  fourth  to  seventh  cutting  (June  17  to  20),  and  again,  the 
nineteenth  to  twenty-fourth  cutting  (July  2 to  7),  when  growth  seemed  to 
be  nearly  arrested  for  a time,  when  the  mean  temperature  of  the  open  air 
and  of  the  soil  at  the  depth  of  three  inches  show  a marked  decline  in 
temperature  for  the  season.  The  pause  in  the  curve  of  summer  growth  in 
all  the  plant  tissues  is  evidence  of  this  control  over  their  development  by 
physical  agencies  even  in  the  heart  of  summer. 

For  purposes  of  comparison,  Table  II  includes  the  mean  daily  temper- 
ature of  the  open  air,  of  the  soil  at  depth  of  three  inches,  the  highest  and 
the  lowest  temperatures  for  each  day,  the  amount  of  cloudiness,  and  the 
rainfall. 


6 

A 

si 

a 

o 

o 

6 

55 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


TABLE  I. 


ison  ivheal  cut  at  intervals  of  24  hours  for  46 
uly  29,  1892.  Results  calculated  for  dry  substance. 


June  14  to 


Crude  fiber. 

N.  free  extract. 

Crude  protein. 

1 

Total 

albuminoids. 

Amides. 

Condition  of  crop  at  time  of  gathering 
specimens. 

4.85 

51.79 

36.22 

27.09 

9.13 

Just  out  of  blossom  ; grain  set. 

4.99 

53.04 

34.88 

26.77 

8.11 

No  apparent  change. 

4.38 

59.61 

29.58 

24.38 

5.20 

Grain  a trifle  larger. 

4.26 

60.16 

29.34 

23.43 

5.91 

Straw  slightly  yellow  at  butt. 

3.86 

61.28 

28.57 

23.85 

4.72 

Grain  full  of  sweet  sap. 

4.15 

65.16 

24.93 

20.18 

4.75 

Grain  about  half  size;  sweeter. 

4.06 

67.48 

22.76 

17.98 

4.78 

Starch  grains  appear. 

3.78 

70.78 

19.91 

15.93 

3.98 

Straw  turning  yellow ; grain  more  yellow. 

3.39 

72.23 

19.10 

14.44 

4.66 

Grain  nearly  full  size. 

3.29 

74.04 

17.72 

14.49 

3.23 

Grain  in  milk;  firmer. 

3.28 

77.14 

15.02 

12.85 

2.17 

Still  in  milk;  firmer. 

2.91 

77.89 

14.69 

12.73 

1.96 

Grain  the  same;  straw  yellower. 

2.77 

78.10 

14.61 

12.17 

2.44 

Same. 

2.57 

78.41 

14.47 

12.58 

1.89 

Grain  in  milk;  leaves  drying  up. 

2.65 

80.78 

12.33 

10.37 

1.96 

Stalks  yellow ; grain  turning  yellow. 

2.48 

80.84 

12.06 

10.33 

1.73 

Grain  not  so  sappy. 

2.34 

81.25 

12.11 

10.41 

1.71 

Grain  still  milky;  leaves  dry;  straw  ripe  at 
base. 

2.28 

81.01 

12.31 

10.83 

1.48 

Some  grains  milky;  others  doughy. 

2.24 

80.81 

12.56 

10.79 

1.77 

Same. 

2.22 

80.62 

12.76 

11.20 

1.56 

No  change ; restrained  by  rain. 

2.13 

81.51 

11.98 

10.72 

1.26 

2.11 

82.02 

11.57 

10.16 

1.41 

Ripening  rapidly;  doughy. 

2.15 

81.88 

11.69 

1030 

1.39 

Grain  quite  yellow. 

2.01 

82.04 

11.81 

10.22 

1.58 

Grain  yellow  and  firmer. 

2.04 

81.89 

11.73 

11.02 

.71 

Field  full  yellow. 

1.87 

82.15 

11.74 

10,53 

1.21 

2.04 

82.06 

11.69 

10.76 

.93 

Grain  getting  hard  and  flinty. 

1.84 

81.77 

11.95 

10.97 

.98 

Ready  to  cut. 

1.93 

81.87 

11.89 

11.03 

.76 

Grain  harder;  head  turning  brown. 

2.04 

81.80 

11.83 

11.03 

.80 

Straw  ripe ; grain  getting  dry. 

1.85 

81.49 

12.38 

11.30 

1.08 

Grain  in  some  heads  quite  floury. 

1.77 

81.61 

12.35 

11.28 

1.07 

Straw  all  yellow;  whole  field  ripe. 

1.89 

81.48 

12.25 

11.60 

.65 

Grain  harder ; shows  more  white  flour. 

1.94 

81.76 

11.95 

11.09 

.86 

Shells  out  badly. 

1.84 

81.56 

12.29 

11.44 

.85 

Grain  plump;  no  shrinkage. 

1.83 

81.83 

12.08 

11.15 

.93 

Some  grains  show  shrinkage. 

1.95 

81.09 

12.63 

12.02 

.61 

Many  kernels  shrunken. 

1.82 

81.40 

12.40 

12.03 

.37 

Straw  getting  broken  and  a little  rusty. 

1.89 

80.36 

13.47 

12.12 

1.35 

1.98 

80.91 

12.88 

11.80 

1.08 

Straw  very  rusty;  grain  hard  enough  to  grind. 

1.93 

80.54 

13.20 

12.99 

.21 

1 

1.97 

81.05 

12.60 

11.86 

.74 

1 

1.96 

80.82 

12.82 

11.80 

1.02 

1 Straw  nearly  all  broken  down;  getting 

1.89 

80.98 

12.84 

11.84 

1.02 

f mouldy;  very  tender. 

1.95 

80.96 

12.84 

11.61 

1.23 

2.01 

80.74 

12.90 

11.90 

1.00 

J 

CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


TABLE  II. 


Analysis  of  wheat  straw  at  46  successive  daily  cuttings,  June  14  to  July  29,  1892. 


No.  of  cutting. 

A 

00 

< 

Ether  extract. 

Crude  fiber. 

N.  free  extract. 

Crude  protein. 

Albuminoids. 

Amides. 

Mean  tempera  Q 

ture  of  open  air.  g-  1 
p 

Highest  tempera-  £ 
ture  for  the  day.  o 

a 

Lowest  tempera-  g 
ture  for  the  day.  ® 
& 

Temperature  of  g- 
soil  three  inches  oq 
deep.  tJ 

Percentage  of  8- 

cloudiness. 

crs 

xowth. 

£ 

■S 

a.  3 

a 

a 

"5 

PS 

1 

6.11 

1.66 

41.08 

48.19 

2.96 

1.94 

1.02 

68  %° 

76° 

58° 

72%° 

40 

2 

6.17 

1.60 

41.11 

48.16 

2.96 

1.94 

1.02 

72  %° 

81° 

65° 

71%° 

20 

3 

6.64 

1.53 

39.87 

49.50 

2.46 

1.88 

.58 

76° 

87° 

62° 

74%° 

70 

* .37 

4 

6.43 

1.46 

40.04 

49.68 

2.39 

1.49 

.90 

72  %° 

81° 

65° 

77%° 

66 

5 

6.14 

1.43 

40.34 

49.77 

2.32 

1.49 

.83 

68%° 

74° 

66° 

73%° 

100 

* .22 

6 

6.34 

1.36 

40.45 

49.47 

2.38 

1.64 

.74 

69%° 

78° 

65° 

70° 

70 

* .33 

7 

6.06 

1.24 

40.20 

50.07 

2.43 

1.62 

.81 

71%° 

81° 

63° 

71%° 

40 

8 

6.46 

1.22 

39.77 

50.12 

2.43 

1.62 

.81 

71%° 

80° 

65° 

70%° 

50 

.03 

9 

5.93 

1.25, 

40.00 

50.42 

2.40 

1.53 

.87 

69° 

78° 

65° 

70° 

100 

* .50 

10 

6.09 

1.17 

41.28 

49.00 

2.46 

1.60 

.86 

70%° 

77° 

61° 

71%° 

90 

11 

5.75 

1.19 

37.97 

52.70 

2.39 

1.65 

.74 

69%° 

77° 

54° 

70%° 

75 

12 

5.59 

1.16 

38.76 

52.11 

2.38 

1.65 

.73 

63° 

71° 

53° 

68° 

30 

13 

5.81 

1.09 

40.17 

50.60 

2.33 

1.60 

.73 

64%° 

74= 

59° 

70° 

70 

* .95 

14 

6.03 

1.06 

41,35 

49.19 

2.37 

1.57 

.80 

59%° 

68° 

52° 

66° 

80 

15 

5.42 

1.11 

37.44 

53.59 

2.44 

1.58 

.86 

62%° 

72° 

55° 

66° 

20 

* .13 

16 

4.89 

1.16 

39.64 

51.94 

2.37 

1.64 

.73 

63° 

70° 

57° 

64° 

35 

17 

6.09 

1.16 

39.47 

50.92 

2.36 

1.87 

.49 

58%° 

69° 

42° 

63%° 

35 

18 

6.09 

1.16 

39.98 

50.40 

2.37 

1.87 

.50 

58%° 

68° 

48° 

63° 

30 

19 

5.83 

1.27 

40.83 

49.68 

2.39 

1.66 

.63 

56° 

61° 

53° 

58%° 

65 

20 

5.67 

1.22 

42.42 

48.38 

2.31 

1.66 

.65 

51%° 

68° 

45° 

60%° 

100 

* .58 

21 

6.11 

1.19 

40.32 

50.08 

2.30 

1.58 

.72 

61%° 

73° 

48° 

62%° 

60 

* .38 

22 

6.39 

1.33 

40.02 

49.94 

2.32 

1.66 

.66 

63%° 

75° 

48° 

68° 

16 

23 

5.76 

1.32 

41.37 

49.25 

2.30 

1.66 

.64 

65%° 

77° 

52° 

69° 

5 

24 

5.49 

1.27 

43.70 

47.29 

2.25 

1.66 

.59 

67° 

79° 

51° 

69%° 

0 

25 

4.99 

1.33 

43.80 

47.84 

2.04 

1.60 

.44 

68° 

81° 

59° 

70° 

6 

26 

5.42 

1.39 

43.67 

47.48 

2.04 

1.60 

.44 

71%° 

83° 

59° 

73° 

30 

27 

6.02 

1.34 

44.26 

46.29 

2.09 

1.58 

.51 

74%° 

83° 

61° 

74%° 

45 

28 

6.21 

1.23 

44.85 

45.80 

1.91 

1.57 

.34 

76° 

84° 

62° 

74%° 

25 

29 

5.63 

1.19 

45.38 

45.96 

1.84 

1.42 

.42 

78%° 

83° 

65° 

74%° 

40 

30 

| 5.15 

1.26 

45.34 

46.48 

1.77 

1.42 

.35 

73%° 

83° 

57° 

74%° 

35 

.03 

31 

5.14 

1.23 

I 45.88 

45.88 

1.87 

1.42 

.45 

71%° 

82° 

64° 

75%° 

30 

32 

5.49 

1.17 

45.60 

45.82 

1.92 

1.40 

.52 

68%° 

85° 

45° 

73%° 

10 

33 

5.55 

1.17 

44.98 

46.51 

1.79 

1.57 

.22 

60%° 

72° 

47° 

71%° 

75 

34 

5.46 

1.17 

45.75 

45.76 

1.86 

1.66 

.20 

66° 

78° 

53° 

71%° 

25 

35 

6.46 

1.22 

45.17 

45.30 

1.85 

1.60 

.25 

67%° 

79° 

63 

73%° 

15 

36 

6.20 

1.20 

45.31 

45.52 

1.77 

1.64 

.13 

72%° 

82° 

62° 

74%° 

55 

.01 

87 

6.19 

1.16 

46.96 

43.97 

1.72 

1.60 

.12 

74° 

86° 

55° 

76° 

15 

38 

5.78 

1.11 

46.75 

44.59 

1.77 

1.60 

.17 

74%° 

86° 

64° 

77%° 

18 

39 

8.17 

1.06 

46.71 

44.21 

1.85 

1.64 

.21 

78° 

90° 

62° 

79%  ' 

20 

40 

6.15 

1.07 

46.30 

44.71 

1.77 

1.65 

.12 

78%° 

92° 

67° 

80%° 

40 

41 

6.39 

1.06 

46.46 

44.32 

1.77 

1.65 

.12 

83° 

92° 

67 

82%° 

30 

42 

6.71 

1.07 

47  08 

43.48 

1.71 

1.58 

.13 

83%° 

93° 

73° 

81% 

15 

43 

6.08 

1.13 

48.08 

42.99 

1.77 

1.64 

.13 

83° 

95° 

71° 

82%° 

20 

44 

6.19 

1.05 

47.22 

43.77 

1.77 

1.64 

.13 

O 

00 

IT- 

91° 

72° 

82° 

50 

45 

5.70 

1.10 

46.27 

45.17 

1.76 

1.64 

.12 

80%° 

90° 

69° 

83° 

25 

* .90 

46 

4.80 

1.12 

48.21 

44.12 

1.75 

1.64 

.11 

64%° 

77° 

52° 

71° 

80 

* .10 

Total  rainfall 

4.53 

Thunder  storms. 


% 


8 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


DiaCRflM  OF  RESULTS  OF  ANALYSIS  OF  WHEAT  STRAW  AT  4b  SUCCESSIVE  CUTTINGS. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


2 


DIAGRAM  OF  RESULTS 'OF  ANALYSIS  OF  WHEATS  GROWN  IN  1871 

CLRWSOM. SflHUMRrHER. 


10 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


In  Tables  I and  II  are  given  the  results  of  analysis,  with  other  data 
bearing  on  the  subject.  The  results  are  calculated  for  dry  substance  in 
both  tables  to  admit  of  more  complete  comparison  in  regard  to  essential 
changes  in  plant  composition.  The  tables  are  on  opposing  faces  of  the 
bulletin  to  facilitate  comparison. 

DIAGRAMS. 

In  order  to  take  in  at  a glance  the  successive  changes  in  the  growth  of 
the  plant,  the  results  are  given  in  diagrams  so  that  the  salient  points  in 
this  investigation  may  be  grasped  without  the  necessity  of  keeping  in  mind 
a long  array  of  tabular  figures. 

I.  The  diagram  of  results  of  analysis  of  Clawson  wheat  at  46  suc- 
cessive cuttings , requires  a few  words  of  explanation.  With  materials 
varying  so  widely  as  “ fat  ” and  “ carbhydrates  ” it  would  be  impossible  to 
get  all  the  materials  on  a diagram  to  one  scale,  and  have  all  equally  visible. 
Three  scales  are  used  for  distinctness:  the  upper  one  for  “ carbhydrates,” 
with  the  percentage  scale  at  the  left — from  51  to  83%,  and  “ash”  with 
scale  at  the  right — from  1 to  5%;  the  middle  one  for  “ crude  protein” 
with  scale  at  the  left — from  11  to  43%  and  “ relative  yield  of  grain  ” — the 
greater  the  yield  for  the  smaller  number  of  kernels  to  weigh  ten  grams; 
in  the  lowest  scale  the  “ crude  fibre  ” and  “ fat  ” are  presented  on  the 
scale  of  1 to  5 % . 

II.  In  the  Diagram  of  results  of  analysis  of  wheat  straw  at  46  suc- 
cessive cuttings , a corresponding  adjustment  of  vertical  space  for  repre- 
sentation of  percentages  is  made  for  each  of  the  leading  components  of 
the  straw,  the  percentage  scale  being  found  at  the  left. 

III.  A third  Diagram  of  results  of  analysis  of  wheats  grown  in  1879 
is  introduced  for  comparison  with  the  results  obtained  from  the  wheat  of 
1892.  In  the  Clawson  and  the  Schumacher  wheats  of  1879,  the  period  of 
development  at  the  beginning  of  the  cuttings  was  much  more  advanced 
than  in  the  Clawson  of  1892,  and  there  was  less  climatic  disturbance  dur- 
ing the  season  of  growth. 


DEFINITION  OF  TERMS. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  discussion  of  the  results  of  analysis  given  in 
the  tables,  it  may  be  proper  to  define  some  of  the  terms  used  in  the  tables. 

Ash  is  the  mineral  matter  remaining  when  the  organic  substance  is 
completely  burned  with  free  access  of  air.  It  is  the  source  of  the  mineral 
matter  for  bones,  etc.,  of  the  animal  system. 

Ether-extract  is  the  material  dissolved  out  of  the  grain  or  straw  by 
common  “ sulphuric  ether.”  It  is  entered  in  the  Diagrams  as  fat.  It  con- 
sists principally  of  fat,  but  contains  a small  amount  of  wax,  coloring 
matter,  etc. 

Crude  fibre  is  the  woody  part  of  the  plant,  insoluble  in  weak  solutions 
of  acids  and  alkalies  at  boiling  heat.  While  a portion  of  crude  fibre  is 
digestible,  it  is  the  least  valuable  part  of  the  plant.  The  crude  fibre  of 
the  older  parts  of  plants  is  nearly  indigestible. 

N-Free  extract  represents  the  carbonaceous  part  of  food  which  is  free 
of  nitrogen.  It  consists  largely  of  starch,  sugar,  gum,  etc.,  and  is  con- 
sidered of  value  equal  to  starch.  It  forms  the  largest  part  of  vegetable 
foods  and  fodders.  It  is  entered  as  carbhydrates  in  the  diagrams 


12 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


Crude  protein.  It  was  formerly  supposed  that  all  the  nitrogen  in  food 
material  existed  in  the  form  of  protein  or  album enoids — substances 
resembling  albumen.  But  it  was  found  that  some  of  the  organic  nitrogen 
existed  in  a less  highly  organized  form  than  the  albumenoids.  Hence  the 
term  crude  protein  was  used  to  include  all  the  unoxidized  nitrogenous 
compounds  of  fodders  and  forage  plants. 

Albuminoids  are  substances  resembling  albumen  in  composition  and  food 
value. 

Amides  are  the  parts  of  crude  protein  which  are  less  organized  than 
albumen,  such  as  asparagin  of  the  asparagus  plant.  The  amides  are  of 
less  value  as  food  than  the  albuminoids,  but  their  value  is  not  definitely 
settled  at  present.  They  seem  to  be  most  abundant  during  the  earlier 
stages  of  plant  growth. 

PROGRESS  IN  GROWTH  OF  THE  WHEAT  BERRY. 

With  these  definitions  in  mind  a glance  at  Diagram  I will  enable  a per- 
son to  see  the  progressive  development  of  the  wheat  grain  from  day  to  day, 
the  relation  of  these  changes  to  greatest  food  value  and  the  time  of  maxi- 
mum yield  of  grain;  also  the  deterioration  of  the  grain  by  overripening. 

COMPOSITION  OF  WHEAT  STRAW. 

Wheat  straw  is  of  so  little  value  in  comparison  with  the  grain  that  no 
consideration  has  been  given  to  the  straw  in  determining  the  best  time  for 
harvesting,  yet  an  examination  of  Table  II  and  Diagram  II  shows  that  in 
the  earlier  stages  of  growth  the  straw  compares  favorably  with  hay;  but  at 
later  stages  of  growth  its  value  diminishes  rapidly,  especially  when  we 
remember  that  the  old  and  consolidated  crude  fibre  is  less  digestible. 

Attention  is  directed  to  the  changes  in  cuttings  1 to  22  as  shown  in 
Table  II  and  Diagram  II.  The  fat  falls  off  one-third  of  a per  cent  (even 
one-half  per  cent  during  the  cold  spell  of  13th  to  18th  cuttings)  the  carbhy- 
drates  increase  nearly  two  per  cent,  the  crude  protein  falling  off  two-thirds 
of  one  per  cent. 

At  the  2'2d  cutting  the  straw  compares  favorably  with  the  earlier  cuttings 
in  food  value  for  stock.  This  is  the  time  when  the  “wheat  is  in  the  dough” 
and  the  grain  ripened  perfectly  after  cutting.  The  grain  is  ripe  at  this 
stage,  or  when  the  kernel  will  “crush  dry5’  and  leave  no  watery  stain  when 
crushed  between  the  thumb  nails.  From  this  period  onward  there  is  a 
progressive  degradation  both  of  the  grain  and  of  the  straw.  There  is  a 
falling  off  in  fat,  carbhydrates  and  protein  in  the  straw  and  an  increase  of 
woody  fibre  wfith  decreasing  digestibility. 

It  is  a matter  of  common  observation  with  farmers  that  stock  would  not 
eat  the  dead  ripe  straw  as  readily  as  they  wTould  the  brighter  straw  of 
earlier  cuttings.  We  see  the  sufficient  reason  for  this  lack  of  relish  in  the 
fact  that  the  straw  is  poor  in  chemical  composition  and  less  easy  of  diges- 
tion. The  interesting  fact  also  appears  that  if  the  crop  is  harvested  as 
soon  as  the  grain  is  fully  matured  there  is  little  loss  of  feeding  value  in  the 
straw.  While  the  grain  gains  nothing  by  dead-ripening,  the  straw  rapidly 
loses  value  by  overripining. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


II.  CERTAIN  FORAGE  PLANTS. 

The  experiment  station  was  established  in  1888.  One  of  the  first  sub- 
jects to  which  attention  was  directed  under  the  able  leadership  of  Director 
Willets  was  the  Jack  Pine  plains  of  the  north-central  part  of  our  penin- 
sula. The  fact  that  the  State  held  some  2,000,000  acres  of  these  appar- 
ently worthless  lands  made  the  subject  one  of  importance  to  our  people, 
and  the  fact  that  the  College  held  some  40,000  acres  of  the  same  lands  as 
part  of  its  endowment  fund,  gave  additional  interest  to  the  problem  of 
the  plains. 

In  the  outset  it  was  proposed  to  find  what  these  lands  were  capable  of 
doing  under  the  influence  of  a large  variety  of  plants.  For  this  purpose  a 
large  number  of  plants  were  sown,  not  with  the  expectation  that  all  of 
them  would  succeed,  but  to  meet  in  advance  the  criticism  of  those  who 
would  object  that  such  and  such  a plant  had  not  been  tried.  To  settle  the 
matter  at  the  outset  that  certain  plants  would  fail  might  save  a large 
amount  of  subsequent  inquiry  and  experimenting.  It  is  not  a valid  critic- 
ism to  say  that  many  plants  were  tried  that  did  not  succeed.  A decisive 
negative  is  often  a valuable  part  of  an  experiment. 

SPURRY. 

Among  the  plants  tried  on  the  experimental  farm  at  Grayling  was 
spurry.  Through  the  house  of  J.  M.  Thorburn  & Co.  of  New  York,  I 
imported  the  seeds  of  spurry  from  Yilmorin  Andrieux  & Co.  of  Paris,  and 
the  first  sowing  of  spurry  in  this  State,  if  not  in  this  country,  was  at 
Grayling. 

In  the  light  sands  of  the  plains  it  has  proved  such  a success  that  it  has 
been  difficult  to  supply  the  demand  for  the  seed  in  the  Jack  Pine  district, 
but  it  is  rapidly  spreading  in  that  region,  and  gives  great  satisfaction 
wherever  tried.  A word  of  caution  is  needed  for  rich  soils,  because  the 
spurry  forms  seeds  so  rapidly  and  scatters  them  so  freely  that  there  is 
danger  of  its  becoming  a troublesome  weed  in  rich  soils.  But  on  light 
sands  where  few  plants  grow  with  vigor,  a thrifty  and  rapidly  growing- 
weed  is  a godsend. 

HOW  TO  GET  SPURRY  SEED. 

To  save  correspondence,  I may  say  that  the  College  has  no  spurry  seed 
to  sell  or  to  give  away.  Some  seed  can  probably  be  obtained  of  Dr. 
Palmer  of  Grayling.  I have  also  made  arrangements  with  J.  M.  Thorburn 
& Co.,  15  John  St.,  New  York,  who  will  send  by  mail  to  any  address  a 
pound  of  spurry  seed  on  receipt  of  28  cents.  A pound  is  enough  for  a 
trial  and  if  it  succeeds  you  can  soon  raise  enough  seed  for  your  own  use. 

The  value  of  some  of  the  grasses  and  of  spurrv  is  set  forth  in  the  fol- 
lowing letter  to  the  Director  of  the  experiment  station  by  Dr.  Palmer  of 
Grayling,  who  has  from  the  first  taken  a lively  and  intelligent  interest  in 
these  experiments: 

Grayling , Mich.,  Sept.  (>,  1893. 
Prest.  L.  G.  Gorton , Director  Experiment  Station: 

Dear  Sir — Your  inquiry  in  regard  to  the  success  of  the  experiment 
station  here  can  not  be  fully  answered  in  a letter,  but  of  the  grasses  which 
have  proved  successful  in  these  light  burned  soils  I mention  Red  Fescue, 


14 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Sheep’s  Fescue,  Tall  Meadow  Oat  Grass  and  Orchard  Grass.  The  Fescues 
are  slow  of  growth  but  make  a very  even  sward,  and  excellent  pasturage 
wThen  established,  and  fill  the  earth  with  roots  which  promise  excellent 
results  as  fertilizers  for  future  crops.  They  do  not  cut  a heavy  growth  of 
hay  and  must  be  cut  early,  or  it  is  woody.  The  Tall  Meadow  Oat  Grass 
must  be  sown  very  thickly  on  this  soil ; it  grows  very  even  over  four  feet 
in  height  and  makes  number  one  hay.  The  Orchard  Grass  is  more  inclined 
to  be  bunchy , but  it  is  a rank  grower,  and  mixed  with  the  Oat  Grass  add-s 
materially  to  the  meadow.  All  these  grasses  were  introduced  here  by  Dr. 
It.  0.  Kedzie,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Agricultural  College,  while  he 
had  charge  of  the  station,  and  no  grass  since  introduced  has  proven  of 
equal  value. 

But  far  beyond  all  of  these,  for  both  forage  and  manurial  value,  is  spurry 
— a plant  also  introduced  by  Dr.  Kedzie,  who  had  known  something  of  its 
value  in  Germany  and  other  parts  of  the  old  world.  He  imported  seed  the 
first  year  of  the  station’s  life,  and  it  has  proved  of  so  great  value  that  its 
use  has  been  continued  by  his  successor,  as  Director  of  the  station.  On 
the  lightest  soil  it  has  given  a uniform,  even  growth,  and  on  a little  better 
soil  has  yielded  a ton  and  a half  of  cured  forage  which  was  greedily  eaten 
by  horses,  cattle  and  sheep  in  preference  to  the  finest  clover  or  timothy 
hay,  while  as  pasturage  it  has  proven  most  valuable  for  milch  cows  and  for 
sheep.  Its  quick  growth,  maturing  in  60  days  with  favorable  showers* 
makes  it  very  desirable,  as  it  can  be  grown  and  plowed  under  for  manure 
for  other  crops  the  same  year,  while  it  stands  drouth  better  than  any  of 
the  grasses,  and  I believe  it  to  be  fully  equal  to  a full  crop  of  clover  which 
would  take  two  years  to  mature.  The  introduction  of  this  plant  by  Prof. 
Kedzie  will  alone  be^of  more  benefit  to  Michigan  in  reclaiming  the  plains 
or  Jack  Pine  lands  than  the  entire  cost  of  the  station  to  this  time. 

I could  “ sing  its  praises  ” all  day,  but  the  above  statements  will  give 
you  an  idea  of  my  opinion,  and  when  we  meet  I’ll  tell  the  rest. 

Very  respectfully, 

O.  Palmer. 

Specimens  of  spurry  were  received  from  Dr.  Palmer  the  first  of  Sep- 
tember for  analysis,  which  were  a foot  high.  The  climatic  conditions 
under  which  it  was  grown  are  briefly  told  in  the  following  extract  from  the 
Avalanche  of  September  7,  1893,  published  at  Grayling. 

RAINFALL. 

One  can  hardly  imagine  the  extent  of  the  drouth  in  this  vicinity  without 
an  exact  knowledge  of  the  amount  of  rainfall,  which  is  given  below,  as 
recorded  by  the  observer  for  the  government:  April,  .92  inches;  May,  1.45: 
June,  .91;  July,  2.07;  August,  .95;  total,  6.30  inches.  Besides  the  lack  of 
rain,  remember  that  it  froze  26  nights  in  April,  and  eight  during  the  first 
half  of  May,  with  very  high  winds  for  both  months,  which  sucked  the 
little  moisture  there  was  from  the  surface,  and  the  only  wonder  is  that 
there  is  any  vegetable  life  left,  yet  corn  is  good  and  potatoes  a fair  crop, 
grain  and  grass  suffering  most  from  the  abnormal  condition. 

Under  such  conditions  of  cold,  drouth,  and  high  winds,  that  a plant 
should  produce  on  a light  soil  and  in  less  than  four  months  a forage  crop 
one  foot  high,  shows  a vigor  of  growth  and  a power  to  withstand  adverse 
influences  quite  remarkable. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


This  spurry  had  matured  a good  crop  of  seeds  which  still  remained  in 
the  boll.  In  the  analysis  to  determine  its  food  value  it  was  considered 
fairest  to  take  the  entire  plant,  the  seed  with  the  stalks.  A parcel  was 
selected  for  this  purpose,  the  roots  cut  away  and  the  balance  of  the  plant 
cut  fine,  dried  and  ground  to  fine  powder  for  analysis.  In  this  way  the 
natural  proportion  of  seeds  and  stalks  was  preserved  in  the  ground  product , 
Analysis  gave  the  following  results: 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPURRY. 

Per  cent. 


Moisture 5.39 

Crude  ash 9.62 

Ether  extract,  fat,  etc. 5.76 

Crude  fibre _ 57.10 

N-free  extract,  starch,  etc 8.57 

Crude  protein 13.56 


100.00 

The  crude  protein  contains  of  albuminoids  10.19  per  cent  and  amide 
compounds  3.37  per  cent.  It  may  be  that  a dry  season  has  secured  a con- 
densation of  the  most  highly  developed  food  materials,  but  the  amount  of 
crude  protein  in  the  entire  plant — about  on  a par  with  the  leading  grains 
used  for  stock  feeding — explains  why  it  is  greedily  “eaten  by  horses,  cattle 
and  sheep  in  preference  to  the  finest  clover  or  timothy  hay,  while  as  pasturage 
it  has  proven  most  valuable  for  milch  cows  and  sheep.”  The  large  amount 
of  albuminoides  required  by  sheep  to  produce  the  growth  of  wool  suggests 
the  great  value  of  spurry  in  sheep  husbandry. 

The  report  comes  from  Newaygo  and  vicinity  that  the  spurry  has  proved 
a great  disappointment,  the  crop  not  growing  according  to  expectations. 
My  information  is  too  limited  to  afford  an  explanation,  but  it  is  probable 
that  the  seed  was  sown  too  early  and  the  young  plants  were  killed  by 
spring  frosts,  as  the  young  plant  is  very  tender  to  frost.  It  should  be 
sown  after  the  time  of  severe  spring  frosts. 

LATHYRUS  SILVESTRIS:  FLAT  PEA. 

The  fiat  pea  was  introduced  into  Michigan  by  the  former  Director  of 
Experiment  Station.  The  history  of  the  plant  and  of  its  introduction  was 
given  in  Bulletin  91  and  need  not  be  repeated. 

This  member  of  the  Vetch  family  gives  promise  of  extraordinary  value 
as  a forage  plant.  It  developes  a large  strong  root,  and  the  nitrogen- 
assimilating  tubercles  are  very  large  and  numerous,  in  excess  of  any  plant 
known  to  me.  The  roots  penetrate  very  deeply  in  porous  soils  and  it 
promises  to  be  a plant  capable  of  withstanding  drouth  when  once  well 
established.  The  seed  is  very  slow  to  germinate  and  as  the  plant  seems  to 
be  little  affected  by  the  frost  it  is  possible  that  very  late  fall  sowing  may 
be  the  best  way  to  get  the  plaDt  started. 

Dr.  Palmer  at  Grayling  writes  that  the  “Lathyrus  has  withstood  the 
drouth  and  made  fine  root  growth  but  small  top.  It  is  entirely  without 
manure  except  a light  dressing  of  leached  ashes  and  not  much  can  be 
expected.” 

On  the  College  experimental  grounds  this  year  the  two  year  old  plants 
have  made  a very  large  growth,  the  stalks  being  three  feet  long  on  July  13 


16 


AGRICULTURAL.  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


A selected  and  measured  square  rod  was  cut  July  12  and  the  green  mass 
weighed,  yielding  at  the  rate  of  16  tons  per  acre;  dried  and  thoroughly 
cured  it  made  4 tons  per  acre  of  hay.  This  is  not  the  most  satisfactory 
way  of  determining  the  hay  making  capacity  of  a crop  but  it  is  submitted 
for  what  it  is  worth. 

Some  of  the  Lathy rus  was  cut  on  July  4 at  which  time  it  was  in  full 
bloom.  The  sample  was  analyzed  and  the  results  are  here  submitted.  The 
analysis  was  conducted  according  to  the  “official  method”  and  was  carried 
on  in  duplicate  giving  concordant  results,  and  the  analysis  has  since  been 
repeated.  The  results  of  analysis  are  surprising  but  no  source  of  error  is 
apparent. 

ANALYSIS  OF  LATHYRUS  SILVESTRIS. 


Per  cent. 


Moisture 7.99 

Crude  ash 8.32 

Ether  extract,  fat,  etc. 2.08 

Crude  fibre,  woody  matter j 26.70 

IS -free  extract,  starch,  sugar,  etc 27.74 

Crude  protein 27.17 


100.00 

Of  the  crude  protein  the  albuminoids  constitute  14.36  per  cent  while  the 
amide  compounds  form  12.81  per  cent. 

Analysis  of  a sample  cut  July  13  gives  25  per  cent  of  crude  protein. 

If  we  fix  our  attention  only  upon  the  true  albuminoids,  showing  more 
than  14  per  cent  in  the  air  dry  hay,  we  recognize  the  remarkable  feec}ing 
qualities  of  this  remarkable  hay. 

Inquiry  has  been  made  for  seeds  of  the  Lathyrus  silvestris.  The  College 
has  none  for  sale.  A letter  from  J.  M.  Thorburn  & Co.,  No.  15  John  St., 
New  York  informs  me  that  they  will  furnish  imported  seed  for  $2.25  a 
pound. 

PEPPERMINT  HAY. 

In  the  southern  part  of  our  State  large  crops  of  peppermint  are  raised 
for  making  peppermint  oil.  The  residue  after  the  oil  is  distilled  is  dried 
and  makes  “ mint  hay,”  which  is  readily  consumed  by  stock.  While  it 
will  not  make  any  large  part  of  the  hay  crop  of  our  State,  its  chemical 
composition  may  be  of  some  interest.  Mr.  C.  C.  Pashby,  a student  from 
St.  Joseph  county,  brought  a sample  of  mint  hay  to  the  college  for  analysis, 
which  gives  the  following  results: 

ANALYSIS  OF  MINT  HAY. 

Per  cent. 


Moisture 11.40 

Crude  ash 6.04 

Ether  extract — fat,  etc. 1.80 

Crude  fibre — woody  matter 35.47 

N-free  extract — starch,  sugar,  etc 36  73 

Crude  protein 9.56 


100.00 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


17 


The  crude  protein  contains  8.12%  of  albumenoids  and  1.44%  amide 
compounds. 

III!  ADULTERATION  OF  GROUND  FEED. 

Complaints  came  to  this  laboratory  from  teamsters  and  draymen,  that 
the  chops  or  ground  feed  did  not  keep  their  horses  in  as  good  condition 
for  work  as  formerly,  and  the  chemical  department  was  asked  to  find  out 
the  cause.  Some  of  the  ground  feed  was  examined  and  appeared  to  be 
very  rich  in  oats  because  of  the  abundance  of  the  oat  hulls  in  the  chops. 
Equal  measures  of  oats  and  corn  were  ground  together  to  make  the  favorite 
mixture,  and  when  this  was  compared  with  commercial  chops,  it  seemed 
deficient  in  the  oat  element,  the  oat  hulls  being  more  abundant  in  the 
commercial  article.  In  reality  the  chops  had  much  less  oats,  the  apparent 
richness  in  oats  being  the  result  of  grinding  a large  amount  of  oat  hulls 
with  corn.  Oat  hulls  accumulate  in  large  quantities  at  the  mills  where 
oat  meal,  rolled  oats,  etc.,  are  prepared,  the  real  grain  being  separated  as 
oat  meal,  etc.,  and  the  chaffy  and  nearly  worthless  hulls  become  an 
incumbrance  until  the  happy  thought  occurred  to  some  feed-mixer  to 
grind  them  up  with  corn  and  make  the  popular  “ oats  and  corn  chops.” 

To  obtain  more  definite  information  on  this  subject,  I wrote  to  a leading 
commission  house  for  grain  and  feed,  and  obtained  the  following  answer: 

“Dear  Doctor 

“ Received  your  favor  of  14th  inst.  and  hasten  to  reply.  Horry  to  learn 
that  you  are  on  the  track  of  millers  who  are  using  oat  hulls  and  corn  hulls 
(or  corn  bran  as  we  term  it),  for  the  road  is  a broad  one,  and  you  will 
have  a large  territory  to  cover,  and  plenty  of  work  to  do  if  you  catch  all 
the  rascals,  as  we  ail  (or  nearly  all)  use  them.  I send  you  a sample  of 
oat  hulls,  such  as  I have  used  and  as  nearly  all  feed  mills  in  the  country 
do  use;  also  sample  of  corn  bran  and  a small  sample  of  gluten  feed.  These 
are  mixed  with  corn,  screenings,  barley,  malt-sprouts  and  various  other  pro- 
ducts that  can  be  used  and  mixed  in  grinding  to  make  chops.  Also  send  you 
a sample  of  chopped  feed  as  being  sold  here.  Prices  of  hulls  vary  accord- 
ing to  demand  of  feed,  from  81.75  per  ton  to  $8.00  per  ton,  F.  O.  B. 
shipping  points,  with  various  rates  to  New  York  and  other  points.  Corn 
bran  is  worth  $18.00  per  ton  at  present,  Boston  points.  Have  bought  it 
from  $5.00  to  $6.00  per  ton  less  during  the  summer. 

“ No  use  to  give  names  of  millers  as  nearly  every  feed  mill  in  the  coun- 
try is  in  the  habit  of  using  them  or  other  cheap  articles  for  grinding. 
Don’t  know  as  you  could  now  call  it  a fraud,  as  it  is  generally  known  that 
such  stock  is  used,  and  purchasers  buying  cheap  grades  of  feed  know  what 
it  is  made  from  as  the  price  gives  it  away. 

“Any  further  information  required  on  your  part  will  be  gladly  furnished 
if  possible,  but  remember  that  I am  getting  bread  and  butter  out  of  oat 
hulls.” 

The  guarantee  of  the  quality  of  the  feed  from  the  price  of  the  retailer 
will  hardly  satisfy  the  teamster,  still  less  the  team.  If  the  horse  only  had 
a vote  on  this  question ! 

3 


18 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


ANALYSIS  OF  ADULTERANTS. 


The  oat  hulls  and  corn  bran  have  been  analyzed  and  the  results  of 
analysis  given.  For  comparison  the  analysis  of  oat  straw  is  placed  side 
by  side  with  oat  hulls: 


Oat 

hulls. 

Oat 

straw. 

Corn 

bran. 

Moisture  _ _ 

6.12 

14.30 

7.70 

4.37 

4.40 

1.55 

Fat 

.54 

2.00 

10.65 

Crude  fibre.  

35.87 

39.70 

14.34 

Carbhydrates 

51.73 

35.60 

57.64 

Crude  protein.. _ ..  

137 

4.00 

8.12 

The  composition  of  oat  straw  is  the  average  of  a number  of  analyses, 
taken  from  Armsby’s  Cattle  Feeding.  From  this  table  it  is  seen  that  the 
oat  hulls,  with  the  exception  of  carbhydrates  (starch,  gum,  etc.),  is  of  less 
value  than  oat  straw , having  only  about  one-quarter  of  the  fat  and  one- 
third  of  the  protein  or  albuminous  materials.  On  the  other  hand  oat  meal 
contains  more  than  17  per  cent  of  protein,  6 per  cent  of  fat,  and  64  per 
cent  of  carbhydrates.  The  meal  contains  all  that  is  of  material  value,  and 
the  chops  where  the  whole  of  the  oats  is  the  oat  hulls  is  poor  fodder  for 
working  horses. 

I have  no  remedy  to  propose  for  excluding  such  chops  from  the  market. 
The  best  remedy  is  an  enlightened  public  opinion,  and  the  best  cure  for  a 
fraud  is  to  show  that  it  is  a fraud.  Specimens  of  these  adulterants  are 
kept  at  the  chemical  laboratory  and  can  be  seen  by  any  one  interested 
in  this  subject. 

GLUTEN  FEED. 

Another  material  which  may  become  important  in  forming  a food  ration 
for  stock  is  “ gluten  feed”  the  albuminous  residue  of  corn  in  making 
starch.  This  is  not  the  “gluten  meal”  so  widely  exploited  in  this  State 
last  spring  by  an  agent  of  the  Buffalo  works.  “Gluten  feed”  is  too  rich 
to  feed  alone,  but  would  make  a valuable  addition  to  fodders  too  poor  in 
fat  and  protein. 


ANALYSIS  OF  GLUTEN  FEED. 


Per  cent. 

Moisture 7.12 

Ash .85 

Fat 6.45 

Crude  fibre .. 1.45 

Carbhydrates 47.67 

Crude  protein. 36.37 


100. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


19 


Almost  the  entire  amount  of  crude  protein  is  in  the  form  of  albuminoid 
— 36  per  cent — while  only  .37  of  one  per  cent  is  in  form  of  amide  com- 
pounds. The  great  value  of  gluten  feed  as  an  ingredient  of  stock  feed  is 
evident  from  an  inspection  of  the  above  table. 


IV.  MINERAL  RESIDUES  IN  SPRAYED  FRUIT. 

The  practice  of  spraying  fruits  with  certain  mineral  compounds  to  destroy 
insects  and  fungi  has  called  out  discussion  in  regard  to  the  ripened  fruit 
after  such  spraying,  and  its  fitness  for  food.  The  subject  has  awakened  an 
earnest  discussion  and  many  wild  statements  have  been  made  on  both  sides 
of  the  subject.  The  first  condition  for  intelligent  discussion  of  any  sub- 
ject is  to  know  the  facts  in  the  case. 

The  Horticultural  department  iu  1892  and  again  in  1893  sent  to  the 
Chemical  department  specimens  of  fruit  for  analysis  which  had  been 
sprayed  during  the  season  of  growth,  with  a careful  statement  of  the  com- 
position of  the  mixture  used  in  spraying,  the  quantity  used  and  the  dates 
of  application. 

Two  kinds  of  spraying  mixtures  were  used.  No.  1 consisted  of  lib  Lon- 
don purple  in  200  gallons  of  water;  and  filb  of  CuS04,  5H20  (crystallized 
sulphate  of  copper)  and  4Eb  of  lime  in  32  gallons  of  water,  the  spraying 
mixture  (unless  otherwise  stated)  consisting  of  equal  measures  of  the  Lon- 
don purple  and  the  Bordeaux  compound.  The  No.  2 spraying  mixture 
differed  only  in  the  use  of  21b  of  the  copper  salt  and  l^lb  of  lime  for  32 
gallons  of  water  with  an  equal  measure  of  the  London  purple  mixture. 

In  stating  the  results  of  analysis  the  calculation  is  made  on  the  basis  of 
one  pound  avoirdupois  of  fruit,  and  the  metals  found  in  a pound  stated 
in  grains;  the  “arsenic”  as  white  arsenic  ( As20;})  and  the  “copper  salt” 
as  blue  vitriol  (CuS04,  5H20). 

RESULTS  IN  1892. 


Strawberries  No.  1.  Sprayed  with  No.  1 mixture  June  18  and  23,  one- 
half  gallon  on  one  rod  of  row.  Picked  June  24.  Fruit  excessively  sprayed, 
the  berries  nearly  covered  with  the  mixture. 

Arsenic  found __  .044  grains 

Copper  salt 4.87  “ 

Strawberries  No.  2.  Sprayed  June  18  and  23  with  No.  2 mixture,  one- 
half  gallon  to  rod  of  row.  Picked  June  24.  Excessively  sprayed. 

Arsenic  found .0298  grains 

Copper  salt 1.821  “ 

Red  Cherries  No.  1.  Sprayed  June  18  and  30  with  No.  I mixture,  one 
gallon  to  a tree.  Picked  July  6. 

Arsenic  found .0882  grains 

Copper  salt .390  “ 

Red  Cherries  No.  2.  Sprayed  June  18  and  30  with  No.  2 mixture,  one 
gallon  to  a tree.  Picked  July  6. 

Arsenic  found * . _ . __  .025  grains 

Copper  salt .252  “ 


White  Cherries.  Sprayed  June  30  with  No.  1 mixture,  one  gallon  to  a 
tree.  Picked  July  1. 

Arsenic  found . ..  .121  grains 

Copper  salt  not  estimated. 


20 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Red  Currants.  Sprayed  with  London  purple  solution  May  25,  June  7, 
18  and  30,  one  gallon  to  one  rod  of  the  row  the  first  and  second  times  and 
three-fourths  of  a gallon  the  third  and  fourth  times.  Picked  July  8. 

Arsenic  found .0503  grains 

Raspberries.  Sprayed  with  No.  2 mixture  June  6 and  28  and  July  8. 
Picked  July  20. 

Arsenic  found .0098  grains 

Copper  salt .028  “ 

Gooseberries  No.  1.  Sprayed  with  No.  1 mixture  June  18  and  29, 
July  8 and  22,  one- half  gallon  to  a row  two  rods  long.  Picked  August  2. 

The  fruit  was  first  washed  with  10  per  cent  Hydrochloric  acid  to  dis- 
solve off  the  visible  remains  of  spraying  and  the  acid  washings  and  washed 
fruit  separately  analyzed. 

Arsenic  in  acid  washings .0186  grains 

Copper  salt *_ .463  “ 

Washed  fruit: 

Arsenic  found .0047  “ 

Copper  salt .138  “ 

Total  residue  found  on  and  within  the  fruit: 

Arsenic .0233  “ 

Copper  salt .601  “ 

Gooseberries  No.  2.  Sprayed  June  18  and  29,  July  8 and  22  with  mixt- 
ure No.  I,  J gallon  to  two  rods  of  row.  Picked  August  2. 

Fruit  washed  with  acid  the  same  as  the  preceding  specimen. 

Arsenic  found  in  acid  washings .0207  grains 

Copper  salt .212  “ 

Washed  fruit: 

Arsenic  found .0165  grains 

Copper  salt .150  “ 

Total  residue  found  on  and  within  the  fruit: 

Arsenic .0372  grains 

Copper  salt .362  “ 

Pears.  Sprayed  June  15,  July  7 and  21,  and  August  7 with  mixture 
No.  I.  Picked  September  6. 

Arsenic  found .0088  grains 

Copper  salt .0738  “ 


RESULTS  IN  lfc93. 

In  the  experiments  with  tree-fruits  this  year  the  Bordeaux  mixture  of 
2 Bbs  copper  salt  and  2 lbs  lime  to  32  gallons  of  water  was  used  for  spray- 
ing the  fruits  on  the  tree.  The  London  purple  was  omitted. 

Pears  were  sprayed  May  15,  June  12,  and  July  10.  One  pound  of  the 
fruit  gave  the  equivalent  of  .100  grains  of  copper  salt. 

Russian  cherries  were  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  May  14,  June  10 
and  18  and  on  July  15  with  modified  eau  celeste. 

One  pound  of  fruit  contained  .147  grains  of  copper  salt. 

Plums  treated  in  the  same  way  as  Russian  cherries,  and  at  the  same 
time,  gave  .2  grain  of  copper  salt  to  a pound  of  fruit. 

In  these  experiments  extending  through  two  years,  the  minerals  used  in 
spraying  the  fruits  were  found  in  appreciable  quantities  in  every  instance, 
though  the  amount  was  small  in  all  cases  except  when  the  spraying  had 
been  purposely  excessive. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


21 


The  inquiry  naturally  arises  whether  these  poisons  merely  adhere  to  the 
surface  or  penetrate  the  substance  of  the  fruit?  The  results  .with  goose- 
berries seem  to  show  that  they  penetrate  the  body  of  the  fruit  to  a limited 
extent.  A test  of  this  question  has  been  made  with  some  of  the  sprayed 
pears.  A pound  of  the  pears  was  selected,  the  skin  carefully  pared  off  and 
burned  by  itself,  and  the  body  of  the  pear  burned  to  ashes  by  itself  and 
each  ash  separately  analyzed.  The  pear  pealings  from  1 pound  of  pears 
gave  .106  grains  of  copper  salt,  and  the  flesh  gave  .071  grains,  showing  that 
while  most  of  the  copper  salt  adheres  to  the  surface,  a portion  finds  way 
into  the  body  of  the  fruits. 

The  copper  salts  adhere  to  vegetable  surfaces  more  persistently  than  is 
commonly  supposed.  A student  in  chemical  analysis  (W.  F.  Wight), 
during  the  first  week  in  May,  1896,  made  some  investigations  on  this  subject. 
The  outside  bark  of  trees  that  had  been  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture 
was  gathered,  burned  to  ash,  which  was  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  and  the 
copper  plated  out  on  a platinum  dish  and  weighed.  The  results  are  cal- 
culated for  100  square  inches  of  bark  surface.  The  bark  of  a tree  that 
was  sprayed  April  18;  1893,  gave  .124  grains  of  metallic  copper.  The  bark 
of  a tree  more  recently  sprayed,  and  on  which  the  spray  was  still  visible, 
gave  grains  of  copper.  The  bark  of  an  apple  tree  sprayed  about  one 
year  before  gave  .05  grains,  and  the  bark  of  a plum  tree  sprayed  about 
J une  1,  1892,  gave  .044  grains  of  copper. 

The  suggestion  has  been  made  that  an  opinion  in  regard  to  the  safety  in 
the  use  of  such  sprayed  fruits  as  food  would  not  be  out  of  place.  The 
condition  where  the  poisons  are  applied  directly  to  the  fruit  a short  time 
before  ripening  is  quite  different  from  that  where  the  poison  is  applied  to 
one  part  of  the  plant  while  an  entirely  different  part  is  used  for  food,  such 
as  the  application  of  Paris  green  to  potato  vines  to  kill  the  Colorado 
beetle.  So  also  the  spraying  of  the  young  apples  with  Paris  green  soon 
after  the  blossoms  have  separated  in  order  to  destroy  the  larva  of  the  cod- 
dling moth  is  quite  different  from  spraying  the  developed  and  ripening 
fruit.  The  persistence  with  which  such  poisons  adhere  to  the  bark  and 
other  surfaces  as  shown  in  preceding  experiments  is  quite  significant. 

The  use  of  poisons  in  horticulture  in  my  opinion  is  largely  in  excess  of 
the  amount  required  for  a fungicide.  One-lialf  or  even  one-third  of  the 
amount  usually  employed  would  probably  give  as  good  results. 

In  the  spraying  of  some  fruits,  such  as  strawberries  in  1892,  the  amount 
was  purposely  used  in  large  excess.  In  one  case  nearly  five  grains  of  blue 
vitriol  were  recovered  from  one  pound  of  fruit  —a  dose  no  sensible  person 
would  want  to  take  in  his  food.  Yet  even  that  dose  would  not  probably  be 
fatal,  though  it  might  cause  vomiting.  Any  of  the  doses  of  arsenic  or  of 
copper  found  in  a pound  of  these  fruits  might  be  swallowed  without 
endangering  life  by  bach  single  dose.  It  is  the  repeated  doses,  day  by 
day,  of  such  poisons  that  might  produce  slow  poisoning  and  the  gradual 
undermining  of  the  health  without  obvious  cause.  It  is  safe  to  refuse  all 
fruits  which  have  been  sprayed  with  these  poisons  (especially  arsenic) 
during  the  period  of  ripening. 

For  a large  part  of  the  analytical  work  which  forms  the  basis  of  this 
bulletin  I am  indebted  to  my  assistants,  W.  L.  Rossman  and  H.  E.  Harri- 
son. I am  fortunate  in  having  such  able  and  faithful  helpers. 

Agricultural  College, 

September,  1H93. 


R.  C.  KEDZIE. 


BULLETIN  102. 


CELERY  INSECTS. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


Michigan  is  peculiarly  a celery  state.  It  no  doubt  has  enough" swamp 
lands,  of  the  peculiar  muck  soil,  so  requisite  to  the  best  success  in  celery 
culture,  to  supply  the  whole  country,  and  certainly  will  make  use  of  them 
largely  for  this  appetizing  plant  in  the  near  future.  Every  year  brings  an 
increased  acreage.  When  celery  was  first  introduced  and  raised  only  in 
limited  areas,  no  insect  attacks  were  ever  reported,  and  probably  none 
occurred,  as  an  introduced  plant  is  seldom  attacked  for  several  years.  As 
several  species  acquired  a liking  for  it,  occasional  reports  of  injury  would 
be  received.  The  past  two  or  three  years,  the  species  that  attack  celery 
have  so  greatly  increased  in  numbers  and  severity  that  the  calls  demanded 
a more  extended  knowledge  which  would  assist  both  professional  and  amateur 
celery  growers  to  keep  these  little  depredators  in  check  by  means  of  the  best 
remedies  that  could  be  suggested.  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  only  two 
species  have  been  reported  in  economic  literature  as  celery  insects. 

But  little  celery  is  grown  at  the  college,  and  what  has  been  learned  has 
been  largely  by  frequent  visits  to  the  extensive  fields  at  Kalamazoo, 
Tecumseh,  and  Jackson,  and  through  correspondence  with  some  of  the  most 
intelligent  growers  at  these  places.  More  might  have  been  learned  could 
the  fields  and  myself  have  been  in  closer  proximity,  but  the  most  destruc- 
tive species  are  briefly  described,  illustrated,  and  remedies  given.  Many 
are  spoken  of  that  are  not  numerous  at  present  but  may  be  in  the  seasons 
following. 

I wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  the  members  of  the  Board  and  the 
Directors  of  the  station  for  their  generosity  and  assistance  in  making  this 
bulletin  what  it  is,  and  to  Mr.  Russell  of  Tecumseh,  and  Mr.  Wilson  of 
Kalamazoo,  and  the  many  other  colery  growers  at  the  various  places 
visited,  for  their  ever  ready  assistance  in  the  field  work.  I am  also  very 


24 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


grateful  to  Mr.  VanDuzee,  Prof.  Fernald,  Prof.  Osboru,  Prof.  Williams,  the 
department  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Profs.  Cook  and  Wheeler  of  this 
college,  and  others  who  have  so  kindly  assisted  me  in  determining  the 
various  material  gathered. 

LOCUSTS  AND  GRASSHOPPERS* 

Owing  to  favorable  seasons  last  year  and  this  for  grasshoppers  and 
locusts,  they  have  been  very  numerous  and  made  their  work  felt  on  various 
plants — celery  being  one  of  the  number.  Those  celery  fields  that  have 
been  surrounded  mostly  by  high  meadows,  grain  fields,  forest  or  pasture 
lands,  have  suffered  the  most  severely.  It  is  on  the  drier,  more  sandy  land 
that  they  are  the  most  numerous  early  in  the  season,  and  then,  as  vegeta- 
tion in  these  places  becomes  dry  and  partly  dead,  they  avail  themselves  of 
the  fresh  and  green  fields  of  celery  in  the  low  lands.  They  will  never  be 
found  on  the  low  lands  in  numbers  except  in  dry  weather  when  they  are 
driven  from  the  uplands  by  a scarcity  of  food.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  sandy 
knolls  or  the  mellower  parts  of  the  uplands,  and  here  the  young  hatch  and 
attain  considerable  of  their  growth  before  they  travel  any  distance. 

If  the  fields  where  the  hoppers  breed  could  be  plowed  and  thoroughly 
rolled  in  the  fall,  and  kept  under  cultivation  the  following  season,  the 
hoppers  would  probably  be  considerably  reduced  in  numbers.  The  roller 
is  especially  important  as  it  is  found  that  rolling  crushes  so  many  of  the 
frail  egg  cases. 


THE  MOST  DESTRUCTIVE  SPECIES. 


Fig.  1.  The  red-legged  locnst,  Melan 
oplus  femur-rub  rum— (alter  Riley.) 


Fig.  2.  The  two-stripped  locnst.  Melanoplus  femor- 
atus—  (after  Riley.) 


The  species  most  frequently  found  and  found  in  the  greatest  numbers 
was  the  common  red-legged  locust,  Melcmoplus  femur-rubrum  (Fig.  1). 
While  no  special  study  of  the  species  on  celery  was  made,  it  was  evident 
that  those  common  in  meadow  and  pasture  lands  were  proportionately 
common  in  celery  fields.  They  stripped  the  celery  of  its  leaves  along  the 
border  as  readily  as  that  of  any  forage  plant.  Some  of  the  species 
besides  the  red-legged  locust  that  were  common  are  the  two-striped  locust, 
Melanoplus  femoratus  ( Fig.  2),  and  Dissosteria  Carolina.  Of  the  common 
meadow  grasshoppers,  Orchelimum  vulgare , Xiphidiumfasciatum  and  X. 
strictum , and  the  katydid,  Scudderia  furculala  (?)  were  plentiful. 


REMEDIES. 

A very  good  preventive,  in  one  instance  at  least,  that  came  under  my 
observation  while  in  one  of  the  fields,  was  to  leave  a strip  of  land  about 

* The  term  Ibcust  is  applied  in  its  more  restricted  sense  to  the  brown  hoppers  with  short  horn-like 
antennae,  or  feelers,  and  grasshopper,  to  the  green  hoppers  with  long  thread-like  antennae,  and  will  bs  so 
need  in  this  bailetin. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


25 


four  rods  wide  without  plant  growth.  The  instance  cited  was  a strip  used 
in  the  spring  for  a plant  bed.  It  was  along  the  end  of  a field  next  to  a 
pasture  field.  The  plants  had  all  been  taken  up  and  transplanted  in  other 
parts  of  the  field  and  the  strip  left  idle  until  used  for  a late  crop  of  celery. 
The  locusts  were  plentiful  along  the  border,  but  only  a few  wandered  in 
far  enough  to  reach  the  celery,  while  the  other  borders  were  suffering  from 
locust  invasions.  The  disuse  of  so  large  a strip  of  land  makes  this  method 
of  prevention  rather  expensive  unless  the  surrounding  land  is  of  little 
value.  The  surrounding  of  the  fields  with  ditches  partly  filled  with  water, 
although  reported  as  effectual,  is  also  quite  an  expensive  outlay. 

At  my  suggestion,  Mr.  Slater  of  Tipton  tried  sweetened  bran  with  Paris 
green  added,  as  suggested  on  page  4 in  bulletin  98.  He  reports  that  he 
had  no  trouble  in  getting  the  hoppers  to  eat  it,  but  was  unable  to  tell 
whether  it  killed  them  or  not.  From  some  experiments  conducted  by  my- 
self there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  bat  that  they  are  killed  and  quite  quickly. 
The  locusts  were  placed  in  three  lots  of  which  one  was  fed  on  molasses  and 
bran  with  enough  Paris  green  added  to  give  it  a green  tinge,  another  the 
same  with  strychnine  instead  and  the  third  without  poison.  Inside  of 
twenty-four  hours  those  fed  on  the  Paris  green  were  all  dead.  At  the  same 
time  only  one  of  those  given  strychnine  was  dead,  and  all  were  lively  and 
active  in  the  unpoisoned  case.  It  is  quite  probable  that  Paris  green  used 
in  this  way  will  prove  very  helpful  in  keeping  the  number  of  locusts 
diminished,  but  care  must  be  taken  that  it:  is  not  used  where  fowls  or  stock 
can  get  at  it. 

What  at  present  seems  to  be  the  most  effectual  means  of  thinning  the 
numbers  is  a modification  of  the  “hopper  dozer”  spoken  of  and  illus- 
trated in  bulletin  98.  This  modification  was  devised  and  used  by  Mr.  C. 
H.  Hardy  of  Tipton  and,  from  his  trial  of  various  remedies  through  the 
season,  he  feels  that  this  method  is  superior  to  all  others.  He  bought  large 
flocks  of  turkeys  and  chickens  hoping  they  would  keep  the  locusts  in  check, 
but  they  trampled  the  plants  and  ate  the  plume  of  the  older  ones  and  did 
not  diminish  the  number  of  locusts  as  much  in  a day  as  two  men  would 
in  a few  hours  with  his  hopper  collector.  The  accompanying  cut  shows 


the  outline  plan.  The  pan  is  made  of  sheet  iron  and  is  about  12  or  15  feet 
long  by  4 to  6 wide.  Then  with  a high  fender  on  three  sides  and  project- 
ing wings  from  these  and  a whiffletree  attachment  at  one  end  as  at  a,  the 
mechanism  is  complete.  The  horse  draws  the  pan  to  where  it  is  to  be  set 

4 


26 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


on  the  grass  at  the  border  of  the  celery,  then  two  men  go  into  the  celery 
and  drive  the  locusts  toward  the  pan.  The  two  wings  aid  in  crowding  them 
into  the  center,  and  soon  a large  number  of  the  hoppers  are  on  the  tar 
which  has  been  previously  coated  over  the  inside  of  the  pan.  The  collector 
is  then  driven  up  another  space  and  the  same  operation  repeated.  Mr. 
Hardy  used  an  old  sugar  pan  with  one  side  cut  off  and  wings  added.  It  is 
easier  to  collect  the  hoppers  before  their  wings  are  fully  developed,  or  in 
the  cooler  part  of  the  day  when  they  do  not  fly  so  readily.  The  regular 
hopper  dozer  is  not  practical  in  the  celery  fields  as  it  must  be  raised  so 
high  to  run  over  the  plants  without  injuring  them  that  the  hoppers  mostly 
go  under  the  pan. 


THE  TRUE  BUGS — ORDER  HEMIPTERA. 


This  order  of  insects  furnishes  nearly  one- 
half  of  the  celery  pests,  and  several  of  the  most 
injurious  ones  that  we  have.  They  do  not  bite 
or  chew,  but  puncture  the  plant  and  draw  the 
sap  through  the  puncture.  They  are  all  charac- 
terized by  having  a beak.  In  the  accompanying 
cut,  the  head  and  beak  of  the  tarnished  plant  bug 
are  shown.  The  four  needle-like  parts  work 
together  in  the  groove  inside  the  beak,  and, 
after  they  have  pierced  the  plant,  the  sap  is 
sncked  up  through  this  groove  into  the  stomach. 
The  beak  does  not  enter  the  plant,  but  only 
presses  against  it.  In  the  very  young  stage  of 
this  tarnished  plant  bug,  the  whole  operation 
showed  more  plainly  than  any  before  observed. 
The  piercing  needles  entered  the  plant  as 
rapidly  and  apparently  as  easily  as  one  could 
push  a pin  into  a cushion.  As  the  needles 
passed  on  through  the  stalk,  the  jointed  beak 
became  telescoped  till  it  was  all  in  two  joints 
and  scarcely  half  the  length  it  was  at  first.  It 
is  thought  by  many  that  these  bugs  injure  the  plants  by  secreting  a poison 
when  the  sap  is  drawn.  It  is  quite  probable  this  may  be  so  for  the  pur- 
pose of  increasing  the  flow  of  sap.  We  all  know  of  the  mosquito  poisoning 
for  a similar  purpose  the  puncture  it  makes. 


Fig.  4.— Head  of  the  tarnished  plant 
bug,  shcwiDgthe  jointed  bpak,  or 
rostrum,  a,  and  the  four  neeille- 
like  mouth  parts,  6,  used  in  pierc- 
ing plants— (original). 


LEAF  HOPPERS. 


All  through  the  season,  leaf  hoppers  were  common  on  the  celery.  Early 
in  the  season  they  were  especially  abundant,  usually  flying  ahead  of  one 
like  a swarm  of  flies,  as  he  passed  through  the  field.  When  the  plants  are 
small,  these  leaf  hoppers  do  a great  deal  of  injury  by  sucking  the  sap 
from  the  plant  through  the  thousands  of  little  punctures  that  they  make 
with  their  pointed,  beak-like  mouth  parts  (see  4a,  plale  I).  While  the 
plants,  for  the  first  few  weeks  after  transplanting,  are  having  their  hardest 
struggle  for  existence,  the  little  leaf  hopper’s  work  is  the*most  destructive. 
This  season  many  fields  of  celery  were  retarded  in  growth  at  this  period. 
This  is  a part  of  the  season  when  the  celery  grower  can  the  least  afford  to 
allow  any  interruption  in  the  growth  of  his  plants. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


27 


Platk  I. — Fig.  ],  Cicarlula  4- 1 in  cat  a ; 2.  Emporium  mali ; 8,  Platymetopivn  a cut  us ; 4,  Athysnmis 
inutubiliH  n.  Bp.;  «,  front  view  of  the  head  showing  clypeiiH.  lora,  cheek*  and  front;  f>,  Megarnelus  piceus 
n.  ap.;  a,  complete  wing  of  macropterous  form.  All  drawn  ten  times  the  natural  size. 


28 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


SPECIES  THAT  WERE  MOST  NUMEROUS. 

1.  Cicadula  4-lineata  Forbes  (Fig.  1 of  plate  I)  was  the  most  common 
species  everywhere.  At  the  college  and  where  the  mack  had  considerable 
clay  in  it,  they  could  be  taken  by  the  hundred  at  almost  any  time  in  the 
season.  The  species  is  greenish  brown,  with  yellow  scutellum,  and  head 
spotted  as  shown  in  the  figure. 

2.  Empoascci  mali  Le  B.  (Fig.  2 of  plate  I).  This  is  a pretty  little 
yellow  species  with  transparent  greenish  wing  covers  and  green  legs.  It 
was  very  common  through  the  season  after  July.  At  Kalamazoo  many 
were  found  down  in  near  the  heart  on  blanching  celery.  It  is  probable 
that  they  help  spot  the  white  stalks.  They  breed  on  the  plants. 

3.  Platymetopius  acutus  Say  (Fig.  3 of  plate  I)  was  common  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  season.  The  young  were  found  on  the  plants  early  this 
fall.  The  soecies  probably  does  little  harm  as  it  prefers  to  be  high  up  on 
the  leaves  instead  of  on  the  stems.  To  the  naked  eye  it  is  a dark  brown 
and  can  be  easily  told  by  the  acute  projection  of  the  head. 

4.  Athysanus  instabilis*  n.  sp.,  Van  Duzee  (Fig.  4 and  4 a of  plate  I). 

Form  of  Deltocephalus  inimicus  Say.  Black,  dotted  and  marked  with  fulvous  as  fol- 
lows: hind  edge  of  the  vertex,  a dot,  sometimes  wanting,  touching  this  either  side  of 
the  middle,  another  near  each  eye,  two  marks  on  the  disc,  a line  before  each  of  these, 
an  angular  mark  at  apex  including  a short  longitudinal  dash,  a dot  on  the  temples,  six 
or  eight  arcs  and  the  central  line  on  the  front,  the  latter  expanded  on  the  clypeal 
suture,  two  dots  on  the  base  of  the  clypeus,  another  on  each  lora,  a spot  on  the  cheeks 
and  their  slender  outer  edge,  the  irrorations  of  the  pronotum  and  a few  large  spots  on 
its  anterior  edge,  six  spots  on  the  scutellum— four  marginal  and  two  discal — and  its 
median  line,  knees,  a transverse  band  on  the  femora  and  the  slender  hind  edge  of  the 
abdominal  segments.  Posterior  legs  pale,  more  or  less  clouded  with  fuscous,  with  the 
inner  face  of  the  flattened  tibia  black.  Elytra  pale,  slightly  clouded  at  apex,  the  are- 
oles  broadly  margined  with  fuscous,  nervures  whitish.  Last  ventral  segment  of  the 
female  long,  feebly  arquated  either  side  of  the  middle,  with  the  lateral  angles  promi- 
nent. Valve  of  the  male  short,  plates  triangular  subacute.  Length  4-434  m-  m- 

Quite  common  at  the  college  through  August  and  September.  Mr.  Van 
Duzee  has  the  specimens  of  the  same  species  from  Colorado  also. 

5.  Megamelus  piceus  n.  sp.,  Van  Duzee  (Fig.  5 and  5a  plate  I). 

Piceous-black;  base  of  the  vertex,  keels  and  narrow  hind  edge  of  the  pronotum,  disc 
of  the  mesonotum,  or  at  least  its  carinae,  disc  of  the  tergum,  especially  towards  its  base 
and  apex,  and  the  edge  of  the  dorsal  keel;  the  genital  segments  and  sometimes  the  base 
of  the  venter,  brownish  yellow.  Face  pale  shaded  to  brown  above,  clypeus  deep  black. 
Antennae,  rostrum,  tylus,  and  legs  pale,  soiled  yellow,  the  latter  lineate  with  brown. 
Elytra  reaching  to  the  second  abdominal  segment  in  the  branchypterous  form,  with 
the  apex  truncated,  piceous-brown,  or  even  black,  with  the  apical  edge  white  more  or 
less  broadly  interrupted  with  black  at  the  middle;  nervures  strong,  granulated.  In  the 
macropterous  form  the  elytra  extend  considerably  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  about 
as  in  Liburina  pellucida ; they  are  smoky  with  pale  granulated  nervures,  the  exterior 
and  interior  of  which  are  forked  at  about  three-fourths  their  length.  Pygafers  of  the 
male  cylindrical,  on  their  ventral  aspect  cut  out  for  about  one-half  their  length  and 
carrying  on  the  broad  base  of  this  incisure  a broad  and  short  projection  extended  into 
a short  conical  divergent  tooth  at  each  angle,  beyond  this  are  the  incurved  spine-like 
stylets  included  between  the  long  slender  ventral  projections  of  the  plates.  Length, 
234  to  3 m.  m. 

New  York  and  Michigan.  Described  from  many  examples  of  both  sexes  taken  in 
western  New  York  on  grass  in  low  swampy  meadows  in  August  and  September,  and 
one  female  taken  on  celery  at  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  August  26,  1893,  by  Mr.  G.  O.  Davis. 

In  this  species  the  vertex  is  shorter  and  broader,  the  pronotum  shorter  and  the  meso- 

* This  and  the  following  species  were  found  to  be  new  to  science  and  Mr.  E.  P.  Van  Dnzee.  a specialist 
on  Jassid®,  to  whom  they  were  sent,  has  kindly  consented  to  describe  them.  His  same  descriptions  will 
also  appear  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


29 


notum  longer  with  more  divergent  carinas  than  in  M.  notulus.  The  yellowish  markings 
above  vary  much  in  extent,  some  specimens  being  almost  entirely  of  a dull  piceous- 
black  while  some  are  pitchy  brown  with  the  pale  markings  much  extended.  The 
characters  of  the  bead,  the  pale  face  and  the  black  vertex  and  clypeus  seem  quite  con- 
stant as  does  also  the  color  of  the  tylus,  rostrum,  legs  and  elytra. 

Of  the  other  species  Phelpsinns  irrorciius  Say  and  Agallia  sanguineolenta 
were  quite  often  taken:  Teiticjonianoveboracerisis,  Thawnoteitix  clUellaria 
Deliocephalns  melsheimeri  Fitch  and  D.  inimicus  Say,  occasionally  taken. 
No  extensive  collecting  was  done  in  getting  this  material.  To  secure 
specimens  of  those  most  common  on  celery  rather  than  a complete  list  was 
the  object. 


REMEDY. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  leaf  hoppers  do  not  feed  by  chewing  the  plant, 
but  live  on  sap  taken  from  the  inside  of  the  stem  or  leaf,  most  of  our 
insecticides  are  of  little  avail.  This  being  the  condition  and  the  hoppers 
so  injurious  to  the  joung  plants,  another  method  was  devised  that  has 


Fio.  5.— The  hopperette  lined  in  collecting  leaf  hoppers,  flea  beetles  and  many  of 
the  celery  bugs,  a , string—  (original ) . 


succeeded  even  better  than  my  first  anticipation  had  predicted.  It  is  by 
means  of  a small  tarred  pan  attached  to  a hand  wheel  hoe  as  in  Fig.  5.  The 
pan  is  made  of  sheet  iron.  The  bottom  is  lfix20  inches  with  a notch 


30 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


six  inches  deep  by  four  wide  cut  in  the  center  of  the  front  edge. 
On  the  two  sides  and  back  is  an  upright  sheet  about  four  inches 
high  to  prevent  the  leaf  hoppers  jumping  over.  The  edges  of  the  front 
side  and  notch  are  rolled  up  merely  sufficiently  to  prevent  the  tar  on  the 
bottom  from  running  off;  one-eighth  of  an  inch  is  ample.  The  hopperette, 
as  we  will  designate  this  collecting  pan,  is  attached  to  the  wheel  hoe  by 
two  strips  of  strap  iron  fastened  under  the  pan  as  a support  and  at  the 
other  end  bolted  to  the  frame  of  the  hoe  or  fastened  in  any  way  that  will 
make  it  solid.  The  shaping  of  these  braces  and  the  lowering  of  the  pan 
depends  entirely  upon  the  make  of  carriage  used.  The  one  used  in  my  own 
experiments  was  a two  wheeled  hoe  sold  by  D.  M.  Ferry  & Co.  under  the 
title  “Planet  Jr.5’  With  this  machine  the  pan  was  lowered  five  inches 
below  the  axle,  which  brought  it  very  close*  to  the  ground  and  still  kept  it 
level.  When  placed  entirely  in  front  the  pan  can  be  raised  or  lowered 
considerably  to  conform  to  the  uneven  surfaces  on  the  ground.  The  notch 
cut  in  the  bottom  is  a great  aid  as  it  permits  the  plant  to  be  nearly  sur- 
rounded before  it  is  disturbed  and  all  insects  are  caught  that  jump  to  the 
sides  as  well  as  back.  Another  feature  that  added  considerably  to 
the  efficiency  of  the  hopperette  was  a strong  twine  string  stretched  across 
the  notch  about  four  inches  in  from  the  edge,  as  at  a.  This  not  only  pro- 
tects the  plants  from  the  sharp  edges,  but  causes  the  hoppers  to  leap  at 
the  right  time.  If  the  holes  punched  for  the  string  cut  it,  eyelets  may  be 
used  or  a wire  about  the  same  size  may  be  used. 

GOST  OF  HOPPERETTE. 

The  first  cost  for  collecting  leaf  hoppers  in  this  way  is  very  slight  and 
it  takes  comparatively  little  time  in  collecting,  as  a man  can  pass  over  a con- 
siderable area  in  a day.  The  pan  made  of  sheet  iron  cost  $1.25.  There  is  no 
patent  on  this  or  the  collector  spoken  of  under  locusts  and  they  may  be 
made  by  any  tinner.  The  coal  tar  used  in  coating  the  pan  is  very  cheap. 
Enough  of  the  tar  should  be  kept  in  the  pan  to  occasionally  run  over  the 
bottom  and  recoat  it,  and  by  this  means  cover  over  refuse  material  and 
insects  that  have  accumulated.  Those  who  may  wish  to  purchase  a 
“Planet  Jr.”  for  use  in  the  celery  fields  and  for  leaf  hoppers  too  will  find 
it  listed  in  D.  M.  Ferry  & Co’s  catalogue  at  $1.00.  With  an  outlay  of  not 
over  $6.00,  and  a few  hours  work,  many  times  that  amount  wili  be  saved  in 
the  celery  crop  where  the  little  leaf  hoppers  are  at  all  thick.  One  may  not 
realize  how  many  there  are  of  them  till  he  stirs  the  plants  and  watches  the 
number  hop  away.  In  my  first  trial  of  the  hopperette,  the  hoppers  were 
not  as  common  as  a week  or  two  earlier,  but  on  a row  five  rods  long' at 
least  two  hundred  were  caught. 

THE  TARNISHED  PLANT  BUG  (Lygus  pratentis  Linn). 

Order  HEMIPTEtiA.  Family  CAPSID2E. 

A brown  bug  that  is  the  cause  of  the  rusty,  dead  spots  and  streaks  on  celery  known  among  growers  as 
one  form  of  “sun  scald,”  but  different  from  the  disease  known  as  leaf  spot,  which  will  be  treated  of 
Jater. 

Although  not  found  in  such  great  numbers  as  some  other  pests,  the  tar- 
nished plant  bug  is  one  of  the  worst  with  which  the  celery  grower  has  yet 
had  to  contend.  It  goes  directly  to  the  teuder  stalks  of  the  plant  that  are 
blanching  and  by  means  of  its  beak  draws  the  sap  from  the  stem,  and 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


31 


leaves  a large  brown  wilted  spot  which  greatly  mars  the  attractive  appear- 
ance on  the  market  and  lowers  the  price  accordingly.  I do  not  remember 
of  talking  with  a celery  grower  this  season,  who  knew  the  real  cause  of 
these  brown  spots  on  celery.  The  most  general  belief  was  that  it  was 
caused  by  “sun  scald,”  or  perhaps  bruised  in  blanching.  This  is  not  at 
all  surprising  as  the  bug  is  so  shy  and  retiring,  when  one  is  near,  that  it  is 
only  by  quiet  and  careful  watching  that  it  is  seen  feeding.  Then,  too,  it 


Fig.  6.— The  tarnished  plant,  bog,  showing  the  various  stages  of  growth.  A,  very  young  bug;  B,  second 
stage;  (',  the  fourth  stage;  D,  the  matured,  winged  form.  The  line  at  the  right  shows  the  natural  size 
—(original). 


is’almost  always  well  in  toward  the  center  of  the  plant  and  is  protected  largely 
from  view.  Very  often  when  disturbed,  or  even  on  the  approach  of  possible 
danger,  the  mature  form  will  take  wing  and  fly  away,  and  the  younger 
ones  not  having  wings  will  drop  to  the  ground  and  seek  protection  there, 

LITERATURE. 

The  tarnished  plant  bug  is  a native  of  nearly  all  parts  of  our  country. 
For  this  reason,  coupled  with  its  general  destructiveness,  it  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  many  articles.  Nearly  all  are  brief  notices  of  injury  done. 
The  only  really  extensive  or  exhaustive  article  on  the  species  is  by  Prof. 
Forbes  in  the  13th  Illinois  Entomological  Report,  1883,  pp.  115-135  (111.). 
All  of  the  more  important  literature  is  referred  to  here.  The  work  treats 
of  the  bug  as  a strawberry  insect,  causing  the  berries  to  shrivel  by  suck- 
ing the  juice  from  them.  Pyrethrum  is  the  remedy  recommended.  In 
the  following  year,  report  14,  pp.  79-80,  additions  to  the  previous  report 
are  given  in  which  Prof.  Forbes  describes  the  egg  of  the  bug  and  records 
an  experiment  with  pyrethrum  not  working  as  well  as  expected. 

Several  other  authors  have  before  and  since  written  short  accounts  of  it 
as  a strawberry  bug. 

The  earliest  important  article  was  by  Dr.  Harris  in  “Insects  Injurious 
to  Vegetation,”  pp.  199-203.  Under  the  name  of  Phyfocoris  lineolaris , he 
treats  of  it  as  injurious  to  flowering  plants  and  potato  vines,  and  recom- 
mends simple  but  as  inefficient  remedies. 


32 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


THE  DIFFERENT  STAGES  OF  GROWTH. 

As  a usual  thing  it  is  only  the  larger  winged  form  that  we  notice,  the 
young  forms  remaining  concealed  in  the  denser  part  of  the  plant.  The 
common  name,  tarnished  plant  bug,  is  a very  appropriate  one  for  the  adult 
as  it  has  a stained  or  tarnished  appearance,  though  still  retaining  a pol- 
ished surface.  It  is  a very  variable  species  in  its  markings,  and  has  until 
recently  been  considered  as  several  distinct  species.  The  females,  as  in  the 
figure,  are  quite  a light  brown  with  yellowish  white  markings;  the  males, 
a dark  reddish  brown  with  scarcely  a light  marking.  Intermediate  mark- 
ings, ranging  between  the  two  extremes,  may  also  be  found.  There  are 
four  distinct  stages  of  growth  between  the  egg  and  the  mature  form;  the 
first,  second  and  fourth  of  which  are  illustrated  in  the  accompanying 
figure.  The  small  line  at  the  side  shows  the  natural  size.  The  first  two 
stages  are  entirely  wingless,  and  in  color  are  a light  green.  They  resem- 
ble the  plant  very  closely,  and  this  affords  them  a means  of  protection 
which  they  often  make  use  of  by  keeping  very  quiet  on  the  stalk  of  like 
color  and  so  are  easily  overlooked.  The  next  two  stages  begin  to  show 
evidences  of  the  wings,  quite  small  in  the  first  but  very  distinct  in 
the  next.  They  are  still  green  with  a very  few  dark  markings,  but  the 
color  does  not  seem  to  be  used  much  as  a protection  in  these  two  stages. 

THE  LIFE  HISTORY. 

Early  in  the  spring  the  first  insects  to  make  their  appearance  on  early 
vegetation  are  the  imagos  (adults)  of  the  tarnished  plant  bug.  They 
have  lived  through  the  winter  in  this  form,  under  boards,  bunches  of  dead 
leaves,  grass,  rubbish,  or  anything  that  they  can  find  which  will  give  them 
shelter.  They  are  very  general  feeders  as  will  be  readily  seen  in  looking 
for  them  on  the  plants  in  one’s  immediate  vicinity.  They  feed  on  all  the 
common  weeds  as  well  as  grass,  clover,  and  plants  raised  for  their  flowers. 
The  fruit,  blossoms  and  foliage  of  the  pear,  apple,  quince,  strawberry  and 
grape  suffer  alike  from  their  piercing  beaks.  Our  vegetables  suffer  in  the 
same  way.  They  not  only  feed  on  these  plants  but  breed  on  them  also. 
Early  in  the  season  the  eggs,  described  by  Prof.  Forbes  as  minute,  white, 
smooth,  slender,  oblong  ova,  are  deposited  on  the  plant.  From  these  the 
young  soon  hatch.  They  are  at  first  very  slender  for  their  size,  but,  as 
they  grow  older,  the  imbibing  of  so  much  sap  tends  to  expand  the  body 
much  faster  than  it  lengthens.  From  the  first  part  of  June  through  the 
remainder  of  the  season,  all  stages  from  the  youngest  up  could  be  found 
on  the  celery  though  at  times  certain  stages  were  more  common  than 
others.  Before  the  cold  autumn  weather  becomes  severe,  the  adults  are 
again  in  winter  quarters. 

BEST  MEANS  OF  FIGHTING  THE  BUG. 

A great  many  insecticides  have  been  tested  only  to  find  them  ineffectual 
and  unsatisfactory.  Owing  to  the  bug  sucking  its  food  from  the  inside  of 
the  plant,  no  remedies  affect  it  except  those  that  kill  by  contact.  Of  these, 
the  kerosene  emulsion,  so  often  recommended  in  our  previous  bulletins,  is 
probably  the  best,  but  as  the  bugs  are  so  shy  and  hide,  or  take  flight  so 
readily,  a large  per  cent  of  them  escape  even  with  the  most  thorough 
work.  It  was  noticed  that  in  collecting  leaf  hoppers  with  the  hopperette, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


33 


quite  a number  of  tarnished  plant  bugs  were  also  collected  and  it  seems 
probable  that  this  is  a quicker  and  cheaper  means  of  fighting  them  than 
is  any  insecticide. 

As  prevention  is  better  than  cure  in  disease,  so  it  is  with  this  bug,  and 
we  must  look  largely  to  this  means  in  keeping  it  in  check.  The  relation 
between  the  number  of  bugs  and  the  manner  in  which  the  celery  fields  and 
surrounding  borders  were  kept,  was  very  noticeable  in  every  celery  field 
visited  this  season.  If  long  grass,  weeds,  loose  sods,  or  boards  were  left 
scattered  along  the  border  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  field,  the  bugs  were 
sure  to  be  there  in  greater  numbers  than  where  everything  was  kept  picked 
up  and  cleaned  up  so  that  the  bugs  could  find  no  protecting  shelter  in 
which  to  hibernate.  This  is  the  reason  certain  localities  suffered  so  much 
more  than  others.  Occasional  exceptions  in  locality  were  seen,  but  where 
such  occurred  the  bugs  were  scarce  in  proportion  to  the  care  used  in  keep- 
ing rubbish  cleared  from  the  fields. 

The  loss  produced  by  the  bug  is  impossible  to  estimate  as  it  is  not  a 
total  loss  of  celery,  but  only  a decrease  in  the  market  price.  The  loss  in 
this  way  is  a serious  one  as  every  celery  grower  who  has  a poor  article  to 
put  on  the  market  well  knows;  and  when  it  can  be  avoided,  at  least  the 
most  of  it,  by  a little  care  and  tidiness,  it  is  well  that  all  such  precaution 
be  taken.  « 

THE  LITTLE  NEGRO  BUG  ( Corimelaena  pulicaria,  Germ). 

Order  JHEMIPTERA.  Family  CORIMELAENID2B. 

The  little  black  bug  which  appeared  so  suddenly  and  in  such  great  numbers  on  celery  this  season.  It 
kills  the  leaves  and  dwarfs  the  plant.  By  the  remedies  suggested  it  is  thought  it  can  be  controlled. 


Fig.  7.— The  little  negro  bug.  A,  upper  side  much  enlarged,  a,  natural  size;  B,  under  side  of  the  same 
showing  the  beak  ; C,  section  of  a leaf  with  bugs  at  work— (original). 

No  celery  insect  up  to  the  present  time  has  caused  more  alarm  over  the 
State  than  this  species  did  the  past  season.  It  came  so  suddenly 
and  in  such  great  numbers  at  Tecumseh  that  for  a time  it  appeared  as 
5 


34 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


though  many  fields  would  be  cut  to  the  ground  in  a few  days.  The  attack 
was  quite  general  all  over  the  celery-growing  portions  of  the  State,  but  not 
as  severe  as  at  Tecumseh  and  vicinity.  The  fields  at  Jackson  suffered 
slightly,  and  one  field  at  Kalamazoo  was  quite  badly  injured.  The  bugs 
appeared  on  the  college  celery  but  did  no  harm. 

On  the  22d  of  July  letters  from  Tecumseh  and  vicinity  began  coming 
in,  asking  for  information  and  help.  The  following  may  be  taken  as  a 
sample  of  those  received. 

“Dear  Sir — I mail  you  a box  containing  some  bugs.  Millions  on 
millions  have  commenced  work  upon  our  celery,  from  twenty- five  to  fifty 
collecting  about  one  leaf  and  in  an  hour  or  two  it  is  gone.  * * * They 

are  doing  great  damage  and  if  they  last  many  days,  will  do  many  thousand 
dollars  worth  of  damage.  Please  state  if  there  is  any  remedy  and  how 
long  they  will  last  and  what  you  know  about  their  habits.  Please  answer 
at  once.  Yours  truly, 

- E.  L.  Russell. 

Several  similar  letters  being  received  the  same  day  made  it  imperative 
that  something  be  done,  and  before  Mr.  Russell’s  reply  reached  him,  I was 
in  his  field  of  bugs  and  celery. 

METHOD  OF  ATTACK. 

The  attack  was  very  sudden  and  severe  and  Mr.  Russell’s  statement  was 
found  to  be  no  exaggeration.  They  had  not  acquired  possession  of  the 
entire  field,  but  were  extending  their  domain  daily.  The  first  thing  that 
would  be  noticed  in  the  attack  upon  a plant  was  a knot  of  little  black  bugs 
around  the  node  where  the  three  top  leaflets  met,  and  here  they  would  suck 
the  sap  till  the  leaflets  wilted  and  drooped,  when  they  would  go  down  to 
the  next  joint  below  and  so  repeat  the  operation  till  the  leaf  was  drained 
of  its  sap;  then  they  would  pass  to  another  leaf  and  attack  that  in  the  same 
way.  They  always  went  in  bunches  of  usually  from  fifteen  to  thirty  when 
feeding.  With  so  many  little  beaks  drawing  the  sap  from  the  leaves,  it  is 
no  wonder  the  destruction  was  so  rapid  and  alarming. 

The  attack  was  almost  invariably  made  on  the  highest  leaves.  When 
one  of  them  was  cut  down  to  the  denser  part  of  the  foliage,  the  leaf  would 
be  left  and  others  reduced  to  the  same  level.  When  they  came  to  the 
plume  (central  white  leaves),  it  suffered  the  same  and  then  the  plant  was 
spoiled  for  market.  This  habit  of  taking  the  highest  leaves  first  is  no 
doubt  due  to  their  love  for  heat  and  sunlight  which  they  could  not  have 
when  below  the  crowded  central  leaves.  In  looking  over  a field  after  the 
bugs  have  worked  in  it  a few  days,  it  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
clipped  off  about  half  way  down  and  the  dead  leaves  left  just  where’ they 
had  been  cut  off.  The  plant  would  be  in  a much  better  condition 
after  recovering  from  a clipping  than  from  an  attack  of  this  kind,  as  the 
dead  leaves  are  still  attached,  which  in  itself  is  harmful,  and  then  they 
so  completely  cover  the  living  part  that  it  is  almost  entirely  shaded. 

In  their  attack  the  bugs  showed  a great  preference  for  the  older j celery 
that  had  commenced  to  grow  stalky  and  was  nearly  ready  to  blanch  or  was 
blanching.  The  younger  celery  where  the  leaves  were  spread  out  and  the 
center  exposed  was  injured  comparatively  little.  Where  the  bugs  did  work 
on  such  plants,  they  were  found  sometimes  on  some  of  the  higher  leaves 
as  described  before  and  sometimes  in  little  groups  around  the  heart  stalks. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


35 


THE  EFFECT. 

As  the  heart  stalks  of  celery  form  the  edible  part  of  it,  the  bugs  could 
not  have  attacked  any  other  part  of  the  plant  where  as  little  harm  would 
be  done  as  on  the  higher' and  older  leaves.  Then,  too,  the  severest  part  of 
the  attack  did  not  last  over  three  weeks.  It  was  the  attack  of  such 
countless  numbers  that  made  their  work  so  severe.  Most  fields  at  Tecum - 
seh  suffered  less  than  was  at  first  feared,  but  where  the  bugs  were  abund- 
ant the  loss  to  celery  was  considerable.  Plants,  that  had  suffered  a severe 
attack,  were  retarded  in  their  growth  from  two  to  three  weeks,  and  when 
they  appeared  to  have  recovered,  it  was  not  with  the  same  large  perfect 
stalks,  so  characteristic  of  Tecumseh  celery,  but  with  a large  number  of 
little  curling,  gnarly  stalks  that  would  be  of  little  or  no  market  value.  We 
might  as  well  say  that  in  such  cases  the  crop  was  an  entire  loss. 

NOT  THE  CHINCH  BUG. 

Owing  to  the  sudden  appearance  of  this  little  negro 
bug,  a great  many  in  the  region  thought  it  surely  must 
be  the  chinch  bug.  Some  were  not  convinced  till  speci- 
mens of  the  chinch  bug  were  sent  from  Iowa  and  com- 
pared with  the  negro  bug  when  they  at  once  saw  a great 
structural  difference.  Both  have  the  odor  peculiar  to  all 
similar  bugs  and  have  a beak  for  sucking,  but  are  very 
different  in  most  respects.  The  form,  as  will  be  seen  in 
the  two  cuts,  is  entirely  different,  and  the  chinch  bug  is 
not  shining  black,  but  a dull,  dusty  brown  with  the  ter- 
minal half  of  the  wings  membranous.  There  is  little 
danger  of  a chinch  bug  invasion  as  far  north  in  Michigan 
as  the  celery  fields. 

• 

GLEANINGS  FROM  LITERATURE. 

Before  we  attempt  to  suggest  any  remedies  let  us  learn  more  about  the 
little  negro  bug’s  habits,  and  what  others  have  learned  of  it. 

The  earliest  account  of  its  destructive  habits  that  was  found  is  an  article 
in  the  Canadian  Farmer  for  August,  1867,  where  Bev.  C.  J.  S.  Bethune 
speaks  of  its  attack  on  strawberry  plants  in  Canada. 

In  the  same  year  B.  D.  Walsh,  in  the  Practical  Entomologist,  Vol.  II, 
p.  119,  reports  it  as  swarming  on  raspberries  in  Missouri  in  such  numbers 
as  to  render  the  berries  worthless  both  from  odor  and  taste. 

Walsh  and  Riley,  in  the  American  Entomologist,  report  it  as  puncturing 
strawberries  and  causing  the  blossoms  and  fruit  to  wilt;  also  as  attacking 
the  cherry,  quince  and  pear  in  the  same  way.  The  remedy  suggested  was 
cresylic  soap,  which  has  long  since  been  superseded  by  better  remedies. 

Dr.  Riley  in  his  second  Missouri  Report  (1870),  gives  a review  of  the 
plants  attacked  and  reports  it  very  common  all  over  the  state  the  year 
before. 

In  the  Prairie  Farmer,  August  15,  1868,  he  reports  a new  growth  of 
stems  and  leaves  of  grape  vines  injured  by  it. 

In  the  U.  S.  Agricultural  Report,  1884,  p.  390,  Mr.  Webster  reports 
breeding  the  bug  on  wheat. 

Prof.  Forbes  in  his  Illinois  Report  for  1890,  p.  51,  reports  it  common  in 


Fig.  8.— Chinch  bng 
( Blissus  leucopterus) . 


36 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


wheat  and  grass  fields  along  with  the  chinch  bug,  and  for  this  reason  often 
considered  inj  urious  by  farmers,  but  it  seemed  to  feed  only  on  weeds. 

There  are  a few  other  minor  references,  but  these  give  us  something  of 
an  idea  of  its  habits  and  the  cultivated  plants  attacked.  It  always  has  been 
known  best  as  a strawberry  insect,  because  the  oftenest  found  injuring 
that  plant.  The  above  references  are  all  largely  incidental,  but  with  these 
and  what  has  been  learned  of  it  on  the  celery  this  season,  we  are  enabled 
to  more  closely  determine  its 


LIFE  HISTORY. 

We  owe  thanks  to  Mr.  Webster  for  assistance  by  his  notes  on  the  early 
stages  of  this  bug.  as  it  is  single  brooded  and  the  first  brood  was  mature 
when  found  on  the  celery.  His  record  is:  “Adults  were  observed  copulating 
May  9,  and  were  at  once  confined  on  wheat  under  glass,  being  fed  on  ripe 
strawberries.  The  females  began  to  oviposit  on  the  20th,  placing  their 
eggs  singly  on  the  leaves  and  sheath  of  the  grain.  On  the  26th,  after 
depositing  a few  eggs  in  the  intervening  time,  they  made  their  escape. 
The  eggs  may  be  described  as  follows:  Length,  f m.  m. ; diameter,  f m.  m. ; 

form  elongate  oval;  and  when  first  deposited  the  color  is  shining,  very 
light  orange,  which  gradually  deepens  until  just  previous  to  hatching, 
when  it  is  a livid  red.  One  of  these  eggs  deposited  on  May  21,  hatched 
June  6,  the  larva  being  jm.  m.  in  length,  brown  anteriorly  and  red 
barred  with  brown  posteriorly,  legs  yellow.” 

Careful  search  was  made  for  the  nymphs  through  the  celery,  and  only  a 
short  distance  on  one  row  next  to  a ditch,  were  there  any  found,  and  then 
only  an  occasional  one.  They  were  like  the  mature  form  except  the  abdo- 
men was  blood  red,  soft  and  segmented.  These  fed  in  the  group  along 
with  the  adults.  After  reaching  the  mature  stage  they  lose  their  appetite 
in  about  three  weeks,  so  that  after  the  10th  of  August  this  year  they  did 
the  celery  no  harm  and  gradually  disappeared.  Those  kept  in  the  breed- 
ing jar  have  not  cared  to  feed,  but  have  have  collected  in  crevices  in  a 
semi-torpid  state  awaiting  the  coming  of  winter.  They  hibernate  under 
boards  and  rubbish  as  does  the  tarnished  plant  bug. 

PREVIOUS  APPEARANCE  ON  CELERY. 

With  only  one  exception,  no  one,  when  asked  regarding  the  bug,  had  ever 
seen  it  at  work  on  celery  before.  This  one  was  Mr.  Frenthway  of  Kala- 
mazoo who  says  he  has  seen  it  on  his  celery  for  the  past  seven  years;  only 
a few  each  year,  not  enough  to  do  any  harm.  It  certainly  never  has  been 
numerous  or  others  would  have  noticed  its  work. 

DOES  IT  BREED  ON  CELERY? 

This  is  a question  which  was  studied  very  carefully  while  in  the  fields, 
and  while  it  cannot  be  said  positively  that  they  do  not  breed  on  the  plant 
at  all,  yet  it  seems  very  certain  that  such  is  the  case.  In  every 
instance  where  the  bugs  were  the  worst,  a rank  growth  of  weeds  was  found 
near  by.  In  most  instances  the  weeds  had  been  cut  only  a few  days  before 
the  bugs  appeared  on  the  celery;  but  in  some  cases  the  weeds,  while  still 
standing,  were  nearly  deserted  and  the  celery  attacked.  The  border  of 
the  celery  field  nearest  the  weeds  always  showed  the  first  signs  of  attack, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


37 


and  was  injured  the  worst  for  the  first  few  days,  after  which  the  bugs 
would  scatter  so  that  no  difference  could  be  noticed. 

The  bugs  are  not  general  weed  feeders  like  the  tarnished  plant  bug,  but 
are  partial  to  a select  few.  They  wTere  found  feeding  on  five  different 
species  bordering  the  celery  fields,  viz:  *beggar-ticks,  stick-tight  or  fork 
weed  (Bidens  frondosa);  tick-seed  (Coreopsis  trichosperma);  red  root 
( Amarantus  retroflexus)  \ g round  nut  ( Apios  iuberosa),  and  great  lobelia 
(Lobelia  syphilitica).  In  addition  to  these  Dr.  Riley  reports  them  on 
rosin  weed  (Silphium)  and  speed  well  (Veronica  per  egrina);  Webster,  on 
evening  primrose  ( CEnothera );  Forbes,  on  plantain  (Plantago  lanceo- 
lata),  and  sometimes  on  rag  weed  ( Ambrosia ) and  smart  weed 
(Polygonum  persicaria).  When  found  on  these  weeds  they  are  always 
more  plentiful  than  on  celery  near  by;  but  in  some  instances  where  found 
in  large  numbers  on  these  weeds  a few  days  previously,  the  weeds  had  been 
deserted  and  the  celery  attacked.  All  seems  to  point  toward  their  breed- 
ing elsewhere  than  on  the  celery  at  present;  but  even  if  this  is  true, 
should  they  continue  to  make  celery  a food  plant,  they  will  undoubtedly 
make  it  a breeding  plant  as  well. 

INEFFECTUAL  REMEDIES. 

While  celery  growers  should  not  be  discouraged  at  the  start,  for  it  is 
probable  .the  bug  can  be  controlled,  yet  it  is  quite  evident  after  experi- 
menting with  the  remedies  usually  effectual  on  such  insects,  that  nearly 
all  the  remedies  belong  to  this  first  class — the  ineffectual.  Our  most 
effectual  remedy  on  the  true  bugs  is  kerosene  emulsion  and  this  was  the 
first  to  be  tested  on  these  bugs,  but  they  were  too  well  armored  for  it  to 
penetrate.  They  were,  even  placed  in  the  dilute  emulsion  and  forced  to 
swim  for  five  or  ten  minutes,  but  they  soon  recovered  when  taken  out  and 
were  as  lively  as  before.  The  full  strength  emulsion  that  would  kill  the 
tarnished  plant  bug  as  soon  as  dropped  into  it,  w’ould  not  kill  the  little 
negro  bug  for  several  minutes.  Similar  in  nature,  but  even  less  effectual 
was  “ Little’s  Chemical  Fluid,”  a prepared  sheep  dip  and  insecticide. 

THE  MORE  EFFECTUAL  REMEDIES. 

Finding  our  most  effectual  remedies  that  kill  by  contact  were  of  no 
avail,  we  next  turned  our  attention  to  repellants  and  here  found  a vulner- 
able point.  They  were  driven  and  scattered  by  offensive  odors.  Crude 
carbolic  acid  mixed  with  water  at  the  rate  of  a tablespoonful  to  two 
gallons  and  sprinkled  over  the  plants  or  mixed  with  air  slaked  lime  or 
land  plaster  at  the  rate  of  a teacupful  to  each  bushel  and  dusted  over  the 
plants,  seemed  to  serve  as  a repellant  the  best  of  anything  tried.  The  odor 
from  a field  sprinkled  with  carbolic  acid  water  could  be  detected  quite  a 
distance  off  for  at  least  twenty-four  hours  after  the  application  was  made. 
The  odor  from  carbolized  lime  is  not  nearly  as  strong  but  seems  to  be  more 
permanent.  Lime  alone  was  of  little  effect.  It  was  intended  to  procure 
some  gas  lime  (a  refuse  product  in  the  manufacture  of  gas),  but  none 
could  be  obtained,  and  ammonia  water  with  a strong  sulphur  and  coal  tar 
odor  was  taken  instead.  For  the  plants  it  had  to  be  reduced  at  least 
seven-eighths,  but  the  bugs  could  swim  in  it  full  strength  without  appar- 

*The  plants  wore  detertnined  for  me  by  oar  station  botanist,  Mr.  C.  F.  Wheeler. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN, 


38 

ent  injury.  As  a repellant  it  did  some  good,  though  not  equal  to  carbolic 
acid.  Other  repellants,  such  as  coal-tar  water,  salt,  sulphur,  etc.,  were 
tried  but  were  of  no  evident  effect. 

The  only  remedy  found  which  would  kill  the  bugs  was  hot  water.  Celery 
will  endure  a stream  of  water  heated  to  175°  Fahrenheit,  and  the  bugs 
succomb  at  155°.  » 

MEANS  OF  CONTROL. 

We  now  come  to  the  most  important  part,  viz.:  how  to  protect  from 
future  attacks.  With  the  present  knowledge  that  we  have,  probably  the 
best  method  will  be  a combination  of  the  carbolic  acid  and  hot  water.  It 
is  probable  that  the  bugs  will  appear  about  the  same  time  again  next 
season,  and  careful  watch  should  be  kept  from  the  10th  of  July  on.  When 
they  appear  it  will  be  in  large  numbers  in  some  spot  along  the  margin,  and 
this  is  the  time  to  treat  them  before  they  spread  over  the  field.  Carbolic 
acid  can  then  be  used  on  the  plants  surrounding  the  bug-infested  patch  for 
some  distance  back,  or  to  make  it  more  certain,  on  the  remainder  of  the  field; 
then,  while  the  bugs  are  held  in  this  little  patch,  dose  them  with  hot  water. 
It  should  be  between  155  and  175  degrees  Fah.  when  it  strikes  the  bugs. 
The  use  of  hot  water  is  impracticable  in  a large  field,  but  if  used  only  on  a 
little  patch,  is  not  so  difficult.  It  may  be  applied  with  a cup  from  a pail 
or  with  a spray  pump  without  the  spraying  nozzle.  The  water  must  be 
thrown  in  a stream,  as  it  will  cool  too  rapidly  when  thrown  in  a spray.  The 
application  of  hot  water  will  necessitate  the  use  of  a thermometer  that  the 
temperature  may  be  accurately  known. 

A good  precaution  against  attack  would  be  to  keep  all  weeds  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  celery  fields  and  along  ditches  cut  down  close  through  June 
and  July  so  as  to  prevent  the  bugs  from  breeding  on  them.  Unlike  the 
tarnished  plant  bug,  the  amount  of  rubbish  under  which  the  negro  bug 
can  hibernate  does  not  seem  to  affect  its  numbers  in  the  least. 


THE  13-SPOTTED  LAD1  BIRD  BEETLE  ( Hippodamia  13-punctata,  Linn.). 


Fig.  9. — The  three  stages 
of  the  13-spotted  lady 
bird  beetle,  nat.  size- 


Many  suspected  this  spotted  beetle,  which  was  so  often 
present  with  the  little  negro  bugs  or  found  at  the  node 
after  it  was  left  by  the  bugs,  of  helping  harm  the  celery; 
but  the  beetle  was  there  only  for  the  sap  that  issued  from 
the  wounds  made  by  the  bug.  The  beetle  is  one  of  our 
little  friends  as  it  feeds  on  plant  lice  and  seldom,  if  at  all, 
on  the  plants  themselves. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


39 


THE  THREE-LINED  THRIP  ( Coleothrips  trifasciata , Fitch). 


Order  HEMIPTERA. 


Family  THRIPIDjE. 


Fig.  10. — The  three-lined  thrip ; 


In  June  and  July  these  very  minute  sap 
sucking  insects  were  common  on  the  celery  at 
the  college.  The  species  is  our  most  common 
one  in  the  heads  of  clover  and  is  found  on 
onions  and  various  weeds.  The  individual  spec- 
Mmens  are  only  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  slender,  and  prettily  marked  with  three 
white  cross  bands  along  the  wings.  They  were 
found  mostly  on  the  tender  central  portion  of 
the  plants,  often  hid  in  considerable  numbers 
between  leaves,  but  as  often  scattered  singly  all 
over  the  plants.  They  no  doubt  assisted  the 
leaf  hoppers  in  making  the  celery  look  sickly, 
but  they  are  so  minute  that  they  are  not  likely 
to  do  special  harm  unless  very  numerous. 

wings  in  natural  position  on  one  Should  this  occur,  a spray  of  kerosene  emulsion 
side  and  spread  on  the  other.  The  -ni*  • • 1 • 1 

line  at.  the  side  shows  the  nat.  size  Will  dimmish  their  numbers. 

—(original).  The  meth0(l  Gf  preparing  the  kerosene  emul- 

sion may  not  be  well  known  to  all  celery  growers,  and  so  it  will  be  given: 
To  two  quarts  of  water  add  one  quart  of  soft  soap  or  one-fourth  pound  of 
hard  soap,  and  heat  the  whole  to  boiling.  When  the  soap  is  dissolved, 
take  from  the  fire,  add  a pint  of  kerosene  and  agitate  so  thoroughly  and 
rapidly  with  a force  pump  without  the  nozzle  that  the  mixture  will  foam 
like  milk  when  filling  the  dairyman’s  pail  on  a summer’s  evening.  It 
should  be  churned  in  this  way  until  the  soap  and  oil  become  permanently 
mixed;  that  is,  until  the  oil  will  not  rise  or  appear  on  standing  or  when 
diluted.  This  will  take  at  least  three  minutes  rapid  work.  Stirring  with 
a stick  or  spoon  or  slow  pumping  will  not  emulsify  the  soap  and  oil, 
though  an  egg  beater  may  be  used  for  a very  small  quantity.  The  emul- 
sion as  first  made  is  too  strong  and  will  injure  the  plants  unless  diluted 
before  applying.  The  soft  soap  emulsion  should  have  as  much  water 
added  as  there  is  emulsion,  and  the  hard  soap  emulsion,  twice  its  bulk  of 
water  added  and  well  stirred.  They  are  now  ready  to  be  applied  with  a 
spray  pump.  The  dilute  emulsion  should  be  stirred  frequently  in 
applying. 

The  above  is  the  regular  formula.  The  emulsion  can  be  made  in  larger 
quantities  in  the  same  proportion,  but  if  made  in  quantities  larger  than 
six  or  eight  times  the  regular  formula,  it  will  be  difficult  to  make  a 
stable  emulsion  with  a small  hand  force  pump.  This  has  been  one  of  the 
discouraging  features  in  the  use  of  kerosene-  emulsion.  It  now  seems 
evident  that  we  can  overcome  that  difficulty  in  a large  measure.  The 
method  is  to  use  the  soft  soap  formula,  as  given  above,  without  the  water. 
The  soft  soap  is  heated  until  it  becomes  liquid  and  then,  without  water, 
add  half  as  much  oil  as  there  has  been  soap  used,  emulsifying  according 
to  the  directions  given  as  above.  The  emulsion  made  in  this  way  is  as 
perfect  as  when  used  with  water  and  it  is  so  concentrated  that  it  is  one- 
third  oil,  or  in  other  words,  the  same  emulsion  in  this  way  occupies  less 
than  one-half  the  space  that  it  would  when  made  by  the  first  formula 
given.  An  emulsion  made  in  this  way,  without  water,  will  need  to  be 
diluted  with  four  times  its  own  bulk  of  water  before  using. 


40 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


THE  CELERY  APHIS  ( Rhopalosipum  dianthi;  Schr). 

Order  HEMIPTERA.  Family  APHIM. 

Nearly  all  plants  are  troubled  with  plant  lice,  or  “green  fly.”  On  celery 
the  above  named  species  has  been  very  common  except  from  the  latter  part 

of  July  till  the  September  rains  came. 
Prof.  T.  A.  Williams  of  the  South 
Dakota  station  and  Mr.  F.  A.  Sirrene  of 
the  Iowa  station  pronounce  it  a very 
common  species  feeding  on  many  plants. 
The  dark,  winged  form  has  been  the 
most  conspicuous  and  so  common  at 
times  that  a dozen  or  more  could  be 
counted  on  single  plants.  The  very  young 
wingless  ones  were  found  early  in  the 
-g  /[  season  and  very  late,  but  through  the 

Fig.  11.— The  celery  aphis ; enlarged  and  wings  rest  °{ the  feaS°“  neither  young  nor  old 
spread  at  a,  side  view  and  natural  size  at  b1  were  round.  I hey  probably  breed  on 
—(original).  SOme  other  plant.  Had  they  continued 

to  breed  in  the  field  throughout  the  season  as  rapidly  as  they  did  in  the 
breeding  jar  where  confined,  the  plants  would  have  suffered  severely.  As 
it  is,  they  did  little  harm  the  present  season.  It  would  not  be  surprising 
if  they  should  acquire  a better  liking  for  celery  and  in  a few  years  should 
breed  on  it.  As  with  the  Thrip,  kerosene  emulsion  becomes  our  “ helper  in 
the  time  of  need.” 


THE  CELERY  APHALARIA  ( Aphalaria  calthea , Linn). 

Order  HEMIPTERA.  Family  PSYLLIM. 

This  is  another  insect  very  closely  related  to  the  celery  Thrip  and  Aphis, 
that  was  on  the  plants  in  the  spring  along  with  these  two  species  and  about 

as  common.  Later  in  the  season  it  was 
not  found.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the 
celery  aphis  and  is  of  a yellowish  brown 
color  with  a reddish  tinge.  The  family  to 
which  it  belongs  is  known  as  “ jumping 
plant  lice,”  because  many  of  the  species 
jump  rather  than  fly.  There  are  but  few 
of  the  species  known  to  be  injurious,  and 
Fig.  12.-The  Celery  Aphalaria,  enlarged  as  it  is  not  at  all  probable  that  this  Species 
shown  by  the  line  beneath-(originai).  will  be  a serious  celery  pest.  If  at  any 

time  it  becomes  so,  the  best  remedy  that  can  be  suggested  is  the  kerosene 
emulsion* 


OTHER  LESS  COMMON  BUGS. 

Besides  the  species  of  true  bugs  already  considered,  there  were  several 
others  found  less  common  on  celery  which  were  either  seen  sucking  the 
sap  or  else  known  as  plant  feeders.  The  most  conspicuous  one  of  these  is 
a common  stink  bug,  Euchisius  tristigmus.  It  is  a broad  flat  bug  that 
seems  to  prefer  a mixed  diet,  as  it  was  not  only  found  with  its  beak  thrust 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


41 


into  the  celery  stalks  but  into  some  unfortunate  larva  that  came  in  its  way. 
The  species  is  not  common  enough  to  do  any  great  injury,  but  another 
darker  and  somewhat  more  slender  species,  closely  related  to  the  tarnished 
plant  bug,  may  prove  harmful.  This  species  is  known  as  the  dusky  plant 
bug,  or  Derceocoris  ( Calocoris ) rapidus  Say.  It  was  only  occasionally 
found  on  celery  this  season.  Two  other  species,  Agalliasfes  associatus  * 
Uhl.  and  Poeciloscytus  basalis  (?)Eeuf.  were  also  occasionally  found. 
Remedies  suggested  for  the  tarnished  plant  bug  will  apply  also  to  these 
species. 

CELERY  BEETLES. 


In  this  order  of  insects,  the  beetles,  with  their  hard  shelled  wing  covers, 
the  injurious  species  are  very  few.  What  there  are  belong  to  one  tribe 

y — the  flea  beetles.  They  are  given  this 
/ name  because  when  disturbed  they  will  leap 
and  jump  like  fleas,  instead  of  flying.  The 
largest  of  these  little  beetles  is  not  over  a 
twelfth  of  an  inch  long.  In  feeding  they 
are  not  like  the  bugs  just  treated  of,  but  have 
biting  mouth  parts  with  jaws  that  chew  the 
leaves.  The  work  of  the  flea  beetles  is  easily 
recognized  by  the  numerous  little  round 
holes  that  will  be  found  eaten  in  the  plant  on 
which  they  feed.  We  always  find  them  the 
worst  in  the  early  part  of  the  season  when  the 
plants  are  young  and  tender.  On  the  celery 

Fig.  13. — Lcmqitarsus  vielanurus,  one  of  there  were  three  Species,  LongUaVSUS  mel - 
the  ceJery  flea-beetles— (original) . aUUVUS  (Fig.  13),  Crepidodeva  CUCUmeris , 

and  Chmtocnema  parcipunciaia  that  were  common  in  the  order  named. 
The  second  species  named,  along  with  the  turnip  flea  beetle,  Phyllotrefa 
vittata , has  often  done  much  harm  on  our  grounds  to  turnips,  radishes, 
tomatoes  and  cabbages,  and  no  doubt  their  work  is  familiar  to  all.  They  have 
often  skeletonized  the  leaves  so  that  little  but  veins  would  be  left,  or  with 
the  plants  recently  transplanted,  have  eaten  them  so  that  they  have  wilted 
and  died.  The  work  of  the  flea  beetles  on  celery  is  the  same  as  on  other 
plants,  and  their  work  in  spots  last  spring  was  considerable.  If  the  beetles 
are  at  all  numerous  at  transplanting  or  soon  after,  they  will  soon  do  the 
plants  harm  and  the  plants  should  be  freed  of  them.  To  do  this  a very 
safe  and  sure  means  would  be  to  use  the  hopperette  spoken  of  under  leaf 
hoppers  on  page  29.  The  beetles  are  very  easily  disturbed  and  leap  so 
readily  when  it  is  warm  that  they  are  almost  sure  to  be  caught.  Prof. 
Cook  found  a few  years  ago  that  a strong  tobacco  decoction  worked 
admirably  in  keeping  the  little  flea  beetles  off  the  plants.  He  used  a 
double  handful  of  tobacco  dust  to  each  gallon  of  boiling  water. 


THE  CELERY  CATERPILLAR  ( Papilio  asterias,  Fabr). 

Obder  LEPIDOPTERA.  Family  PAPILIONIDvF. 

We  now  come  to  the  caterpillars  that  in  the  mature  form  become  butter- 
flies and  moths.  The  first  caterpillar  of  which  we  treat  is  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  of  all  the  celery  insects.  Its  large  size  when  nearly  grown, 
and  the  striking  color  of  yellow  with  black  transverse  bands,  makes  it  on 

6 


42 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


the  dark  green  background  of  the  celery  leaf  an  object  that  is  readily  seen. 
It  has  been  known  as  a celery  caterpillar  for  some  time.  Every  year  we 
receive  specimens  of  the  caterpillar  with  a great  many  queries  regarding 
it;  not  particularly  because  it  is  so  plentiful,  but  because  it  so  quickly 
catches  the  attention  and  arouses  the  curiosity.  The  Y-shaped  yellow 
horns,  that  it  throws  out  when  annoyed,  have  no  sting  and  are  harmless. 
They  are  scent  organs  that  emit  a very  disagreeable  odor  as  a protection 
against  its  enemies, 

FROM  CATERPILLAR  TO  BUTTERFLY. 

Of  course,  this  caterpillar  first  hatched  from  an  egg  that  was  laid  on  the 
celery  plant.  At  first  the  caterpillar  is  small,  but  in  only  a few  weeks  it 
has  grown  to  its  full  size.  Then  it  attaches  itself  to  the  stem  and  in  a few 
hours  time  the  caterpillar  will  have  become  a chrysalis  as  seen  at  d,  Plate 
II.  This  is  the  resting  period,  as  it  has  little  power  to  move  and  eats  noth- 
ing; but  on  some  bright  sunny  morning  a fresh,  new,  black  and  yellow 
butterfly  comes  from  this  pupa  case  and  spreads  her  gauzy  wings  ready  for 
flight.  The  butterfly  feeds  only  on  the  sweets  from  flowers  and  does  the 
celery  no  harm,  except  that,  after  a few  days  of  her  career,  she  haunts  the 
celery  field  and  deposits  her  eggs  there  for  another  brood.  The  cater- 
pillars are  the  most  common  through  September,  but  are  occasionally  seen 
in  July  and  August.  They  live  through  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  stage. 

OTHER  FOOD  PLANTS 


Parsnip,  carrot  and  wild  parsnip  are  fed  upon  by  this  caterpillar  as 
readily  as  celery.  Many  other  plants  as  caraway,  parsley,  sweet  fennel, 
etc.,  belonging  to  the  same  family,  also  furnish  it  food. 

NUMBERS  REDUCED  BY  A PARASITE. 


Fig.  14. — Trogus  exessorius  on  the  pupa  case 
from  which  it  has  issued  at  the  side.  Twice 
natural  size  (orignal). 


Whenever  these  caterpillars  are  present, 
wasp-like  parasites  with  yellowish  red 
bodies  and  black  wings,  may  be  seen  dart- 
ing through  and  around  the  plants  in 
search  of  their  host.  The  young  of  these 
parasites  feed  inside  the  caterpillars,  and 
after  the  caterpillar  has  changed  to  a 
chrysalis,  the  parasite  gnaws  a hole  in  the 
case  and  comes  forth  instead  of  a butter- 
fly. The  parasite  ( Trogus  exessorius) 
helps  greatly  to  keep  the  number  of  cater- 
pillars lessened. 


REMEDIES. 


As  a usual  thing  the  caterpillars  will  not  be  plentiful  enough  to  need 
special  attention.  When  so  large  and  conspicuous,  hand  picking  would  be 
a ready  remedy. 

PARIS  GREEN  AS  A REMEDY. 


Our  usual  remedy  for  all  caterpillars  is  Paris  green  or  some  of  the 
arsenites,  when  they  can  be  used  without  endangering  the  plant  for  food. 
Celery  is  a plant  that  will  permit  the  poison  to  settle  around  the  edible 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


43 


Plate  II.— Transformations  of  the  celery  caterpillar.  a,  egg:  b,  full  grown  caterpillar; 
c,  front  view  of  the  head,  showing  the  scent  organs;  d , chrysalis  attached  to  a stem; 
e,  butterfly  at  rest ; f,  butterfly  with  wings  spread— (after  Weed). 


44 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


portion  at  the  base  and  caution  has  been  used  in  recommending  the 
arsenites.  To  test  the  possibility  of  poison  being  concealed  between  the 
stems,  a row  of  plants  was  sprayed  with  Paris  green  at  the  rate  of  one 
pound  to  175  gallons  of  water.  Two  weeks  later  a part  of  the  same  row 
was  again  sprayed  with  the  same.  The  plants  then  stood  another  week 
when  both  lots  were  taken  up,  the  roots,  leaves  and  green  stems  taken  off, 
and  the  remainder  washed  under  the  hydrant  without  separating  the  stalks. 
The  bunches  were  in  this  way  prepared  as  they  are  for  market.  They  were 
then  sent  to  our  chemist  for  analysis. 

His  report  is  as  follows: 

Agricultural  College , Mich .,  Oct.  12,  1893. 

Dear  Sir — The  specimens  of  celery  sprayed  with  Paris  green  have  been 
analyzed  by  Mr.  Harrison,  and  the  quantity  of  arsenic  (As2  03)  determined 
in  a pound  of  celery. 

He  finds  the  following  quantities  of  arsenic  in  grains  in  one  pound: 


No.  1,  sprayed  once .0244  grains 

No.  2,  sprayed  twice .0368  “ 


Yours  truly, 

R.  C.  KEDZIE. 

This  amount,  Dr.  Kedzie  tells  me  personally,  would  not  poison  anyone 
at  once  but  the  effect  would  be  evident  with  frequent  use.  The  poison 
was  freely  applied,  much  more  thoroughly  than  it  generally  would  be,  that 
our  information  might  be  certain  whether  or  no  it  might  be  recommended. 
From  the  above  analysis  we  can  hardly  recommend  the  use  of  any  of  the 
arsenites  to  protect  celery  against  insects  and  must  resort  to  anti-poisonous 
remedies. 

THE  ZEBRA  CATERPILLAR  ( Mamestra  picta,  Harris). 

Order  LEPIDOPTERA.  Family  NOCTUIDjE. 

A common  zebra-like  caterpillar  that  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  celery.  It  is  found  occasionally  early  in 
the  season  but  becomes  more  plentiful  and  often  harmful  later. 


Fig.  15— Mamestra  picta  in  its  various  stages.  A,  cluster  of  eggs  as  seen 
on  a leaf;  B,  one  of  the  eggs  magnified;  C,  the  young  caterpillar;  D,  the 
mature  caterpillar;  E,  the  pupa  ; F,  moth.  All  natural  size  except  the 
single  egg— (original). 

Though  not  as  large,  this  caterpillar  is  even  prettier  and  more  striking 
than  the  preceding  species.  For  the  seasons  of  1894  and  1892,  this  was 
the  most  common  celery  pest  reported  to  us.  Last  year  it  was  very  com- 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


45 


mon  on  our  own  celery,  but  it  was  the  late  brood,  and  although  it  nearly 
stripped  the  leaves  in  some  places,  the  work  came  so  late  that  the  celery 
was  nearly  ready  for  market  and  had  completed  its  growth.  Parasites  so 
thinned  the  numbers  of  the  caterpiller  last  fall  and  early  this  summer  that 
this  season  only  a few  appeared.  The  caterpillars  feed  only  on  the  leaves, 
remaining  in  a group  while  young,  but  soon  separate  and  feed  by 
themselves. 

LIFE  HISTORY". 

The  eggs  (see  A,  Fig.  15)  are  placed  by  the  moth  in  a little  group  on  the 
under  side  of  the  outer  leaves,  often  near  one  edge.  She  is  very  prolific, 
laying  in  a compact  bunch  usually  from  125  to  150  eggs,  but  in  one 
instance  this  season  -a  cluster  of  452  eggs  was  counted.  In  from  two  to 
three  weeks  the  eggs  hatch  into  little  hairy,  speckled,  white  caterpillars 
with  a black  head  and  black  crescent  on  the  thorax.  While  in  this  condi- 
tion they  feed  in  a group  and  will  suspend  themselves  by  a web  when  dis- 
turbed. Th^ir  life  in  this  attire  lasts  only  two  or  three  days  when  they  don 
a bright  new  coat  entirely  different  from  the  former  one.  The  covering 
now  is  of  much  the  same  color  that  it  is  in  the  mature  form.  The  head  and 
legs  are  a reddish  yellow  and  the  rest  of  the  body  black  except  the  two 
stripes,  one  bluish  white  and  the  other  light  yellow,  connected  by  irregu- 
lar cross  lines.  The  caterpillars  pass  through  several  more  moults  as  they 
grow.  At  maturity  they  measure  nearly  two  inches  in  length.  They  then 
go  into  the  ground  where  they  pupate  and  after  they  remain  in  this  rest- 
ing stage  for  a short  time,  appear  as  a moth. 

There  are  two  broods  each  year,  the  first  one  coming  in  June  and  July 
and  the  second  appearing  in  September.  This  last  brood  is  hardly  half 
grown  when  it  leaves  the  celery  for  winter  quarters  in  some  protected 
place  and  comes  forth  early  in  the  spring  to  complete  its  growth. 

PARASITES. 

The  second  brood  last  fall  were  largely  parasitized  by  a small  four- 
winged fly  ( Microplitis  mamestrcv  Weed),  bred  from  the  zebra  caterpillar 
and  described  several  years  ago  by  Dr.  Weed.  We  have  no  access  to  his 
papers  on  this  parasite,  but  perhaps  a few  notes  from  what  was  observed 
by  myself  will  show  the  method  of  its  work  to  those  not  familiar  with  the 
ways  of  parasites.  By  the  time  the  caterpillar  is  nearly  half  grown  the 
parasite  inside  the  caterpillar  is  full  grown.  It  then  issues  from  the  side 
of  the  caterpillar  only  a short  distance  in  front  of  the  last  pair  of  legs. 
When  only  part  way  out  it  begins  spinning  its  silky  threads  and  attaching 
them  firmly  to  the  caterpillar  around  it.  From  this  foundation  it  weaves  out 
by  looping  the  web  outward  nearly  an  eighth  of  an  inch  and  fastening  each 
time  as  it  is  brought  back.  After  a little  basket  is  formed  in  this  way  on 
one  side,  the  parasite  issues  entirely  and  enters  the  web  sack  it  has  made. 
The  next  thing  is  to  stretch  and  shape  the  sack,  strengthening  it  all  the 
while  in  the  weak  places.  Then  begins  the  gradual  closing  of  the  embryo 
cocoon  around  the  parasite,  finishing  last  on  one  side  next  the  caterpillar, 
but  before  entirely  enclosed  it  fastens  webs  that  draw  it  tight  to  the  side 
or  else  under  the  caterpillar.  The  work  so  far  has  taken  the  caterpillar 
about  three  quarters  of  an  hour.  The  rest  of  the  work  is  a series  of  weav- 
ing, turning,  pushing  and  shaping  till  it  has  made  the  web  so  thick  in  two 
or  three  hours  that  it  can  no  longer  be  seen.  The  cocoon  is  about  one- 


46 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


fourth  of  an  inch  long.  The  caterpillar  remains  inactive  after  the  parasite  ( 
escapes  and  in  a few  days  dies  because  of  the  internal  injury  done  by  the 
parasite.  Safe  in  its  tightly  woven  cocoon  the  parasite  remains  till  the 
following  spring  when  it  comes  forth  as  a winged  fly  to  attack  other 
caterpillars. 

This  season  none  of  the  Microplitis  have  been  seen,  but  another  parasite 
has  been  even  more  destructive  to  the  Mamestra.  These  parasites  are  so 
minute  they  can  hardly  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye,  being  three-fourths 
of  a millimeter,  or  one  thirty-fifth  of  an  inch  long.  They  do  not  attack 
the  caterpillar  but  mature  inside  the  eggs  of  the  Mamestra  and  destroy  them  . 
before  they  hatch.  From  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  most  of  the 
bunches  were  destroyed  in  this  way.  The  parasitized  eggs  change  to  a dull 
lead  color  in  a few  days.  Mr.  Ashmead  writes  me  that  he  has  bred  the 
same  species  from  the  cotton  boll  worm  ( Heliolhus  armigera)  of  the 
south  and  has  given  them  the  name  Telenomus  heliothidis. 

In  addition  to  these  two  parasites  on  Mamestra  picta , two  predaceous 
species  were  seen  doing  their  share  in  destroying  the  eggs.  One  of  these 
is  a lady  bird  beetle  ( Megilla  maculata ),  and  the  other  is  the  tarnished 
plant  bug  ( Lygus  tercicus ) previously  treated  of  as  a celery  pest.  Our 
celery  pest  in  this  case  becomes  a destroyer  of  another  pest  by  inserting 
the  lance  of  its  beak  into  the  eggs  and  sucking  the  contents.  The  lady 
bird  beetle  eats  shell  and  all,  but  the  bug  leaves  the  shell  entire  though 
usually  it  is  split  where  the  lance  enters.  Seeing  every  once  in  a while 
quite  a number  of  the  egg  cases  empty  and  split  open  in  this  peculiar  man- 
ner, I was  led  to  watch  for  the  cause  of  it.  I soon  found  a tarnished  plant 
bug  at  work  on  a cluster  of  eggs  and  watched  it  for  some  time.  The  eggs 
seemed  to  be  greatly  relished  by  the  bug  as  it  would  repeatedly  return 
when  driven  away  and  begin  feeding  at  once.  With  so  many  vigilant  foes 
to  overcome,  the  zebra  caterpillar  will  have  difficulty  in  reaching  maturity. 

FOOD  PLANTS. 

The  caterpillars  of  this  species  are  very  general  feeders  and  are 
especially  fond  of  most  garden  crops.  They  sometimes  become  plentiful 
enough  to  be  injurious.  , Dr.  Harris,  in  his  “Insects  Injurious  to  Vege- 
tation,” p.  451-2,  gives  us  one  of  the  earliest  accounts  of  its  destruct- 
ive work.  He  mentions  it  as  injurious  to  cabbages,  cauliflowers,  spinach 
and  beets. 

Dr.  Riley  in  his  2d  Mo.  Report,  p.  112  (111.),  after  giving  habits  and 
history,  mentions,  besides  many  weeds  and  flowers,  asparagus  in  addition 
to  those  given  by  Harris. 

In  the  6th  111.  Report,  p.  60,  Thomas  reports  it  being  very  partial  to  the 
leaves  of  the  pea. 

In  the  5th  Ent.  Report  of  N.  Y.,  p.  206-10  (111.),  Dr.  Lintner  gives  a 
very  complete  article  on  the  species  and  adds  currants  and  buckwheat  to 
the  list  of  food  plants.  . \ 

Here  at  our  college  we  found  them  common  on  two  species  of  clover, 
alsike  and  alfalfa. 


REMEDIES. 

When  a cluster  of  eggs  is  found  on  a celery  leaf  or  the  very  young  larvse 
are  seen,  they  can  be  very  easily  crushed.  With  the  older  ones  Dr.  Lintner 
has  found  that  pyrethrum  powder  mixed  with  five  parts  of  flour  and  dusted 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


47 


over  the  caterpillars  was  a very  satisfactory  and  speedy  remedy.  The 
powder  can  be  bought  already  prepared  at  the  stores.  Care  should  be 
used,  though,  to  see  that  the  dealer  obtains  it  fresh  from  the  factory,  as  the 
powder  loses  its  strength  upon  standing  any  great  length  of  time.  The 
powder  is  made  from  the  blossoms  of  a plant  similar  to  the  chrysanthemum 
and  is  perfectly  harmless  to  man  and  all  animals  breathing  with  lungs. 


THE  SPOTTED  CUT- WORM  ( Agrotis  C-nigrum , Linn.). 

Order  LEPIDOPTERA.  Family  NOCTUIDA]. 

A fat,  light  colored  caterpillar  with  dusky  spots  taken  on  the  stalks  of  blanching  celery.  It  is  usually 
known  as  the  com  cut-worm,  because  so  often  found  injuring  corn  in  hills. 

A single  specimen  of  this  cut-worm  was  taken  July  28,  feeding  on 
the  stalks  of  a celery  plant  after  it  was  boarded  for  blanching.  The  cut- 
worm pupated  August  9,  about  half  an 
inch  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  and 
appeared  as  a moth  September  5.  This  was 
the  only  cut-worm  found,  although  quite  a 
number  of  the  moths  were  seen  early  in  Sep- 
tember, and  also  moths  of  Hadena  sputatrix 
were  quite  plentiful  in  the  various  fields  and 
probably  this  species  feeds  on  celery  also. 

The  c-nigrum  is  usually  known  best  as  a corn 
\ 1 1 I i l 'I  'riri  cut- worm.  It  is  also  known  to  destroy  cabbages 
and  other  garden  plants.  In  1890  it  was  reared 
Fig.  16 — The  spotted  cut-worm  B,  and  here  on  the  currant  by  Prof.  Cook  from  eggs 
moth  A;  both  natural  size-  (original),  found  June  26.  There  are  two  broods  each 

year,  the  last  one  remaining  over  winter  in  the  grub  state.  There  need  be 
little  fear  of  either  of  these  cut  worms  becoming  plentiful  enough  to  injure 
the  crop  seriously  as  long  as  the  soil  is  kept  constantly  stirred,  as  it  is, 
from  early  spring  to  late  fall.  Should  they  become  numerous,  their  work 
on  the  stalks  may  prove  quite  serious  and  in  such  a case  bait  traps  of  little 
bundles  of  clover  poisoned  with  Paris  green  and  distributed  through  the 
field,  will  be  found  helpful. 


THE  CELERY  PLUSIA  ( Plusia  simplex , Guen.). 

Order  LEPIDOPTERA.  Family  NOCTUIDAk 

Feeding  on  celery,  lettuce  and  a few  other  plants ; a naked,  green,  span  worm,  whose  body  is  marked 
with  eight  white  lines,  and  is  provided  with  only  twelve  legs .—Coquillett. 

9 

A single  specimen  was  taken  in  the  pupa  stage,  wrapped  in  a white 
silken  cocoon,  and  this  rolled  up  in  what  was  left  of  a leaf  it  had  nearly 
eaten.  The  moth  appeared  on  the  14th  of  July. 

In  the  11th  111.  Ent.  Report  (1882)  p.  38,  Mr.  Coquillett  reports  this 
Plusia  as  destructive  to  celery  in  many  gardens  in  the  locality  of  German- 
town, 111.  It  is  very  closely  related  to  the  cabbage  Plusia  that  becomes 
destructive  at  times  and  then  apparently  disappears  for  years  before 
again  attacking  the  cabbages  in  numbers.  The  habits  of  the  celery  Plusia 
are  probably  much  the  same.  In  the  absence  of  a drawing,  a few  words 
from  Mr.  Coquillett’s  description  may  enable  growers  to  identify  the 
caterpillar.  The  body  is  very  robust  posteriorly,  from  whence  it  tapers  to 
the  head.  It  is  a pale  green,  with  a dark  line  on  the  back,  and  on  each  side 
three  white  lines,  the  middle  one  longest.  Below  and  above  the  white 
stigmal  line  the  body  is  dark  green.  The  white  spiracles  are  ringed  with 


48 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


black.  The  head  is  green  with  black  eyelets.  Length  one  and  one-fourth 
inches  when  full  grown.  The  moth  is  slightly  smaller  than  that  of  the 
spotted  cut  worm  (Fig.  16)  and  is  marked  with  light  gray  and  dark  brown 
with  a silvered  hook  extending  into  the  center  of  the  front  wings.  Three 
broods  each  season  are  reported  in  Illinois  by  Mr.  Coquillett. 

REMEDIES. 

The  only  remedy  suggested  is  cold  water.  In  his  rearing  experiments 
with  the  larvae,  Mr.  Coquillet  found  the  leaves  when  wet  produced  a 
disease  of  violent  scouring  that  soon  killed  the  caterpillars.  The  speci- 
men reared  by  myself  seems  to  be  an  exception  to  the  rule  as  the  weather 
was  exceptionally  wet  up  to  nearly  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the 
moth.  Perhaps  it  was  owing  to  confinement  that  the  water  produced  such 
an  effect.  Should  this  not  prove  sufficient,  the  pyrethrum  powder  spoken 
of  under  the  zebra  caterpillar  no  doubt  will  be  effectual. 

THE  CELERY  BORER  (Phlyctcenia  ferrugalis,  Hbn.). 

Order  LEPIDOPTERA.  Family  PYRAUSTIDjE. 


Greenish  translucent  caterpillars,  about  one  inch  long,  that  were  taken  both  boring  in  the  stems  and 
feeding  on  the  leaves. 

The  habits  of  this  species  seem  quite  variable.  It  both  bores  in  the 
stems  and  feeds  on  the  leaves.  While  at  Kalamazoo  the  26th  of  August 

one  of  these  caterpillars 
was  found  burrowing  on  the 
inside  of  the  celery  stalks 
close  to  the  base.  The 
crown  had  been  eaten  out 
and  the  plant  nearly  eaten 
up.  The  outer  leaf  stalks 
were  channeled  at  the  base 
and  nothing  left  except  the 
shell  on  the  outer  side.  An 
immense  amount  of  frass 
was  left  for  so  small  a 
feeder.  No  other  plants 
near  this  one  seemed  to 
have  been  molested.  On 
the  same  day  in  other  fields 
larvse  that  appeared  to  be  the  same  were  taken  quite  plentifully  either 
rolled  up  or  sewed  in  between  celery  leaves.  These  caterpillars  fed  on  the 
leaves  around  them  and  did  not  molest  the  stems.  Both  lots  were  placed 
in  separate  breeding  jars,  but  from  this  on,  all  acted  and  fed  alike.  On 
the  28th  the  most  of  them  webbed  up  between  the  leaves,  or  cut  chunks  of 
leaves  out  and  pasted  them  to  the  jars.  Others  webbed  up  a day  or  two 
later.  The  first  moths  appeared  the  14th  of  September.  The  borer 
appeared  the  next  day  and  proved  to  be  the  same  species  as  the  others. 


Fig.  17.— The  celery  borer.  A,  moth  with  the  wings  spread;  B, 
same  with  the  wings  folded  and  at  rest;  C,  top  view  of  the  full 
;rown  caterpillar ; D,  the  pupa.  Twice  natural  size— (original). 


REFERENCES. 

For  the  identification  of  this  and  the  following  species  of  small  moths 
and  references  to  them,  I am  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald,  our  well 
known  authority  on  the  Micro-lepidoptera.  He  writes  me  that  to  his 
knowledge  the  species  has  never  been  bred  in  this  country  before.  In  an 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


49 


English  periodical  (Entomologist’s  Monthly  Magazine,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  200- 
204)  we  find  ail  the  early  stages  fully  described.  This  species  was  bred  on 
the  leaves  of  boneset  ( Eupatorium ),  and  was  also  taken  on  hedge 
nettle  ( Stachys ) and  strawberry  leaves.  It  is  thought  to  be  two  or  more 
brooded. 

DESCRIPTION. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  nearly  an  inch  in  length.  Head  and  thoracic 
shield  drab,  with  black  markings  as  shown  in  the  drawing.  Along  the 
body  is  a dark  green  dorsal  line  on  each  side  of  which  is  a very  faint 
almost  obscure  opaque  white  line  merging  off  to  a translucent  greenish 
and  bordered  by  another  opaque  white  line.  On  the  sides  is  a very  obscure 
yellowish  green  line.  There  is  a distinct  caudal  shield  of  white  and  dark 
green.  The  caterpillar  is  sparsely  covered  with  hairs. 

The  moth  is  reddish  brown  on  the  front  wings  and  a grayish  brown  on 
the  hind  wings.  Both  have  the  faint  black  markings  shown  in  the 
drawing. 

REMEDY. 

It  is  probable  that  the  usual  habit  of  this  caterpillar  is  to  draw  the  leaves 
together  and  feed  on  the  leaves  rather  than  bore  in  the  stem.  When  feed- 
ing on  the  leaves  alone  it  does  much  less  harm.  At  present  the  species  is 
not  plentiful  enough  to  cause  any  immediate  alarm.  Were  the  life  history 
of  the  species  better  known,  it  is  probable  that  some  good  means  of  control 
could  be  found. 


THE  SULPHUR  COLORED  TORTRIX  (. Dichelia  sulfureana,  Clem). 


Order,  LEPIDOPTERA. 


Family,  TORTRICID^C. 


Fig.  18.— The  sulphur  colored  tortrix.  A.  full  grown  caterpillar;  B,  the  earne  as  seen  rolled  in 
a leaf;  C,  the  pupa;  D,  the  moth  with  wings  spread;  E,  same  with  wings  closed  and  showing 
variation  in  color  markings.  The  hair  lines  show  natural  size— (original). 


7 


50 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


This  was  the  most  common  celery  leaf  roller  found  this  season.  It  was 
found  more  or  less  common  in  every  locality  visited.  There  are  at  least 
two  broods  and  probably  three.  Of  the  first  brood  noticed  the  larvae 
became  full  grown  about  the  first  of  August  and  pupated  early  in  the 
month,  remaining  from  five  to  nine  days  in  this  state  before  issuing  as 
moths.  The  next  brood  reached  maturity  the  latter  part  of  September  and 
probably  remain  over  winter  as  pupae.  Previous  to  this  the  species  has 
been  bred  on  clover  and  common  buttercup  ( Ranunculus  acris). 

The  larvae  are  light  green  all  except  the  tips  of  the  mandibles  (jaws), 
labrum  (upper  lip),  and  front  feet  which  are  black,  and  the  head  and 
thorax  which  are  lighter — almost  a flesh  color.  They  live  in  leaves  drawn 
together  around  them  by  a web  which  they  spin,  and  feed  on  the  adjoining 
leaves.  They  pupate  in  the  same  leaves  in  which  they  live.  The  little 
moths  are  a bright  sulphur  yellow  with  a network  of  small  red  lines  and 
larger  reddish  brown  bands  on  the  primary  wings.  The  hind  wings  are 
dusky.  The  band  on  the  front  wings  varies  considerably,  the  two  extremes 
of  the  specimens  reared  being  shown  in  the  figure. 

Should  the  species  become  still  more  common,  and  perceptibly  reduce 
the  foliage  of  the  celery,  it  is  probable  that  a great  deal  can  be  done  to 
prevent  the  attack  by  cleaning  up  all  leaves  and  refuse  material  left  in  the 
field  in  the  fall  and  burning  it.  From  our  present  knowledge,  it  would 
seem  that  this  would  destroy  many  winter  pupae. 


THE  CELERY  TORTRIX  ( Sericoris  bipartitana,  Clem). 


Only  occasional  specimens  of  this  species  were  found.  The  larvae  feed 
on  the  leaves  and  live  in  a gallery  made  by  drawing  several  leaves  together. 

They  are  half  a inch  long,  or  a little 
more,  quite  slender  and  very  active, 
throwing  themselves  with  great  vio- 
lence when  taken  from  the  case. 
They  are  a dark  greasy  brown  (almost 
black)  with  black  shield  on  thorax, 
legs  and  plate  on  terminal  segment 
black,  prolegs  and  under  side  lighter. 
Fig.  19— The  celery  tortrix  three  times  the  natural  There  are  four  shining  dots  above  on 
size,  a, moth,  b, pupa- (original).  each  segment  forming  a square.  On 

the  sides  are  pits,  one  to  each  segment,  and  a dot  above  and  below.  The 
body  is  sparsely  covered  with  hairs.  They  pupated  early  in  August  and 
appeared  as  a moth  two  weeks  later.  The  moth  is  black  and  white  with 
dark  posterior  wings  and  light  abdomen.  Prof.  Fernald  says  the  species 
has  never  been  bred  before  to  his  knowledge. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


51 


OTHER  CATERPILLARS  ON  CELERY. 


One  of  onr  common  leaf  rollers  and  one  that  we  might  expect  to  find  on 
celery,  as  it  is  such  a general  feeder,  is  the  oblique  banded  leaf  roller 

( Cacoecia  rosaceanci  Harr.).  The  pale 
green  caterpillar  is  one  of  our  largest, 
plumpest  leaf  rollers. 

Very  similar  in  shape  but  of  a uni- 
form buff  color  is  another  moth  ( Tor- 
irix  pall  or  ana  Rob.)  that  was  bred  on 
the  leaves  of  celery,  August  17.  It  is  a 
leaf  roller  with  habits  similar  to  the 
others,  and  is  also  quite  a general  feeder. 
...  . , , . . „ ^ . Only  one  specimen  of  each  of  the  above 

i ig.  20— The  oblique  banded  leaf  roller,  Cacoecia  . L . ,,  . 

rosaceana,  a,  moth;  6,  caterpillar;  c,  pupa  species  was  reared.  Another  caterpillar 
— (after  c.f.  Baker).  that  destroyed  at  least  two  rather  small 

plants  by  eating  stems  and  leaves  was  the  large  hairy  red  and  black 
one  ( Pyrrharctia  isabella  S.  & A. ) that  is  so  common  everywhere  in  the 
autumn.  It  is  probable  that  this  one  specimen  was  rather  partial  to  celery 
as  others  of  the  same  species  were  found  around  celery  that  did  not  seem 
to  feed  on  it  at  all.  In  confinement  they  eat  it  readily. 

There  were  several  other  caterpillars  (at  least  four  species)  that  were 
taken  feeding  on  celery  but  they  did  not  reach  maturity.  One  of  these 
was  a dark,  dingy  specimen,  about  half  an  inch  long,  that  bored  in  the 
hearts  of  very  young  plants.  It  possibly  was  a cut-worm  but  looked  more 
like  the  larva  of  a butterfly.  Only  the  one  was  found  and  by  an  accident 
it  escaped  from  confinement  before  reaching  maturity.  Another  partly 
grown  specimen  was  determined  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  as  probably 
Leucardia  acrea. 


“RED  SPIDER”  ( Tetranychus  telarius , Linn). 

Order  ACARINA.  Family  TROMBIDIDjE. 

Our  common  little  greenhouse  mite,  commonly  known  as  “ red  spider,” 
has  taken  a liking  to  celery  this  season  and  enrolls  itself  along  with  the 
celery  insects.  The  latter  part  of  the  season  was  extremely  dry,  and  favor- 
able for  its  increase  and,  before  the  drought  was  broken,  little  blotches 
made  by  the  mite  began  to  appear  in  places  quite  thickly  over'the  under 
side  of  the  leaves.  By  raising  the  leaf  the  yellowish  mites  about  the  size 
of  a pin  head,  will  be  seen  through  a slight  web  in  which  they  live,  They 
thrive  only  in  a dry,  hot  atmosphere,  and  plenty  of  water  is  equivalent  to 
poison  for  them. 

Quite  a number  of  other  insects  of  various  orders  were  collected  on 
celery  and  although  suspicion  brands  many  of  them  as  celery  insects,  they 
are  not  mentioned,  as  they  were  seen  neither  feeding  nor  breeding  on  the 
plant.  Being  in  the  fields  only  at  intervals  has  interfered  somewhat  with 
extended  observations  that  are  so  essential  to  the  best  work.  Enough  has 
probably  been  given  to  show  the  number  of  insects  the  celery  grower  must 
compete  with  in  raising  his  crop. 


52 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


CELERY  LEAF  BLIGHT. 

As  the  leaf  blight  is  dwarfing  and  injuring  celery  so  much  in  many 
localities  and  spreading  to  others,  it  was  thought  best  to  investigate  this 
disease  and  give  it  a portion  of  our  consideration  along  with  the  celery 
insects.  In  many  places  over  the  state  the  leaf  blight  is  not  known.  In 
fields  where  celery  has  been  grown  on  the  same  ground  for  a series  of 
years,  the  blight  through  the  hottest  part  of  the  season  is  severe.  It  is 
very  generally  known  among  celery  growers  in  these  places  as  “ sun 
blight”  and  is  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the  hot  sun.  One  season, 
several  years  ago,  it  took  nearly  the  whole  celery  crop  at  Kalamazoo.  The 
blight  has  troubled  the  fields  in  the  northern  peninsula  for  the  past  three 
years,  as  Mr.  Wheeler,  our  station  botanist,  learns  through  correspondence. 
The  same  letter  says,  “White  Plume’  and  ‘Golden  Self-Bleaching’ 
suffered  more  than  other  varieties.  “ Henderson’s  New  Bose  ” has  been 
entirely  free  from  blight.” 

The  blight  is  caused  by  a fungous  disease  working  inside  the  celery 
leaves.  No  experimental  work  has  been  done  on  it  here.  Dr.  B.  T.  Gal- 
loway has  experimented  on  the  blight  in  eastern  fields  and  he  kindly  sends 
his  unpublished  notes  for  our  use.  The  following  are  his  notes  in  full: 

CELERY  LEAF  BLIGHT,  AS  AFFECTED  BY  WATER  SUPPLY  TO  THE  PLANT. 

Celery  leaf  blight,  caused  by  Cercospovci  apii,  is  an  exceedingly  destructive  disease, 
especially  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States.  For  several  years  we  have  been 
making  experiments  in  the  hope  that  some  means  of  cheaply  preventing  the  trouble 
might  be  discovered.  In  1890,  1891  and  1892  a number  of  trials  made  were  with  various 
fungicides,  including  both  liquids  and  powders,  but  none  of  these  gave  very  satisfactory 
results.  In  every  case  where  the  celery  was  planted  on  upland  soil  it  blighted  badly, 
despite  the  fact  that  the  leaves  were  kept  nearly  covered  with  such  well-known  fungi- 
cides as  Bordeaux  mixture,  ammoniacal  solution  of  copper  carbonate,  etc.  Where 
these  preparations  were  used,  however,  the  celery  was  not  so  badly  attacked  by  leaf 
blight  as  the  plants  receiving  no  treatment  at  all. 

Noticing  that  celery  on  low,  moist  ground  was  seldom  severely  injured  by  blight,  an 
experiment  was  made  in  1892  on  upland  soil  to  test  the  effect  on  the  disease  of  water 
applied  to  the  roots.  The  plants  selected  for  the  experiment  were  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun  and  were  set  in  such  a way  that  they  could  be  flooded  sufficiently  often  to  keep  the 
ground  always  soaked.  Without  any  further  treatment  these  plants  made  a vigorous 
growth  and  were  almost  wholly  free  from  blight.  The  average  height  of  the  plants  when 
bleached  was  thirty-two  inches.  Plants  in  the  same  bed  which  received  only  water  fall- 
ing naturally,  as  rain,  blighted  very  badly,  in  consequence  of  which  there  was  not  enough 
leaves  to  bleach  when  the  time  came  for  this  operation.  In  height  these  plants  aver- 
aged a little  over  eight  inches,  or  about  one-fourth  that  of  the  watered  celery.  The 
experiment  shows  the  importance  of  an  abundant  water  supply  for  this  crop  and 
explains  in  a measure  why  in  certain  localities  celery  is  seldom  affected  with  the 
disease.  Of  course  it  may  not  be  practicable  for  all  upland  celery  growers  to  water  as 
extensively  as  seems  necessary  to  keep  the  crop  growing  and  free  from  disease,  still 
there  are  no  doubt  many  places  where  irrigation  could  be  practiced  at  comparatively 
little  expense,  making  the  crop,  even  in  regions  where  the  soil  and  climate  is  naturally 
unfavorable,  a certain  and  profitable  one. 


G.  C.  DAVIS. 


BTTLUETINS  103-104-105-106. 


FEBRUARY.  1894. 


MICHIGAN 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


103  Peach  and  Plum  Culture  in  Michigan,  - 3 

104  A Year  Among  Frtfits,  - 63 

(Report  of  South  Haven  Sub-Station,  i 

105  Michigan  Fruit  Fist, 106 

106  Strawberries  and  Raspberries,  - - - 123 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICH. 
1894. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State , 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  them.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary,  Agricultural  College,  Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Postoffice  Address, Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Railroad,  Express  and  Telegraph  Address,  . Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board 

Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac, 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Governor  of  the  State, 

Hon.  LEWIS  G.  GORTON,  President  of  the  College 


term  expires  1895 
“ “ 1896 

“ “ 1897 

“ “ 1897 

“ “ 1899 

“ 1899 

> Ex  officio. 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 


Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 

C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  F.  Moore. 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden, 
L.  G.  Gorton,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment, 

Veterinary, 

Institutes, 

Mechanics, 

Military, 

I Land  Grant, 


C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain. 

Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F Moore. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield, 
L.  G.  Gorton. 

H.  Chamberlain  C.  W.  Garfield. 

C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore. 
Edwin  Phelps,  H.  Chamberlain. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 


Lewis  G.  Gorton, 


Director. 


Clinton  D.  Smith,  M.  S„  . Agriculturist.  i Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  . . Chemist. 

L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S Horticulturist.  ! Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treaa. 


ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  B.  S., 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S. 
W.  L.  ROS8MAN,  B.  8., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  8.. 


Assistant  in  Agriculture, 
“ “ Horticulture. 

“ “ Chemistry. 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  8., 

G.  C.  Davis,  M.  8., 
Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B. 

H.  M.  Howe,  . 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


Consulting  Veterinarian. 
. “ Zoologist. 

S.,  “ Botanist. 

Assistant  to  Director. 

Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 


Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  Local  Agent. 


BULLETIN  103. 


PEACH  AND  PLUM  CULTURE  IN  MICHIGAN. 


BY  L . R . TAFT. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  importance  of  peach  and  plum  growing  as  productive  industries  is 
but  slightly  appreciated,  except  by  those  persons  who  have  visited  the  large 
commercial  orchards  in  the  fruit-growing  sections,  during  the  shipping 
season.  During  the  past  two  or  three  years  the  crops  have  been  so  remu- 
nerative that  the  acreage  has  largely  increased,  and  many  persons  have 
engaged  in  growing  these  fruits  who  have  had  little  or  no  experience.  In 
order  to  handle  their  orchards  successfully  they  have  endeavored  to  inform 
themselves  as  to  the  best  methods  to  pursue  and,  as  one  source  of  informa- 
tion, this  station  has  received  numerous  letters  asking  about  the  best  loca- 
tions and  exposures  for  peach  growing,  the  methods  and  time  for  pruning, 
the  best  soil  and  fertilizers,  the  varieties  to  plant,  and  the  methods  of  com- 
batting the  various  insects  and  diseases. 

Appreciating  the  importance  of  these  crops,  and  the  necessity  for  accu- 
rate information  as  to  the  proper  way  to  handle  them,  the  following  bul- 
letin has  been  prepared.  In  the  few  pages  that  we  shall  devote  to  the 
subject,  it  is  our  aim  to  take  up  such  topics  relating  to  the  cultivation  of 
these  fruits  as  seem  of  most  importance,  and  regarding  which  the  most 
inquiries  have  been  received. 

As  is  well  known,  it  will  be  difficult  to  find  two  fruit  growers  who  can 
agree  upon  all  matters  of  planting,  pruning,  cultivation,  etc.,  and  it  can- 
not be  expected  that  every  one  will  coincide  with  the  methods  of  procedure 
here  recommended.  It  must  be  understood  that  the  character  of  the  soil, 
of  the  season,  the  variety,  or  the  surroundings,  will  exert  such  an  influence 
that  what  may  be  a proper  method  of  handling  an  orchard  at  one  time  or 
place,  may  be  unwise  at  another.  On  the  other  hand,  while,  under  average 
favorable  conditions,  some  particular  distance  of  planting,  height  of  head 
and  method  and  time  of  pruning  will  give  best  results,  a slight  deviation 
one  way  or  the  other  will  make  but  little  difference,  and  the  conditions  may 
make  it  a rational  one. 

The  methods  here  recommended  have  been  found  valuable  in  our  own 


4 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


orchards  and  are  used  by  the  most  successful  fruit-growers  of  the  state. 
Believing  that  no  iron-clad  rule  will  answer  for  all  cases  we  have  frequently 
outlined  two  or  more  methods  of  procedure  and,  as  we  have  stated  the  con- 
ditions that  would  influence  our  selection,  trust  that  the  grower  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  making  a rational  choice. 


THE  PEACH  AND  ITS  CULTIVATION. 

While  it  is  probable  that  the  peach  was  grown  in  Michigan  at  a much 
earlier  date  by  the  Indians  and  the  early  French  settlers,  the  first  well- 
authenticated  planting  of  peach  trees  in  the  State  was  by  a Mr.  Burnett 
in  Berrien  county  about  1809,  some  of  which  were  alive  in  1830.*  As 
early  as  1835  the  peach  crop  of  Berrien  county  began  to  be  of  commercial 
importance  locally,  and  in  1839  the  first  peaches  were  sent  to  Chicago 
market  from  St.  Joseph.  From  that  time  the  planting  gradually  increased, 
not  only  in  Berrien  county,  but  it  extended  northward  along  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  in  favorable  locations  in  the  interior  counties.  In 
1874  there  were  more  than  650,000  peach  trees  in  Berrien  county,  but  the 
scourge  of  the  “ yellows  ” destroyed  most  of  the  orchards  and  spread  into 
the  adjoining  counties.  As  a method  of  holding  the  disease  in  check  has 
been  found,  confidence  in  the  crop  as  a commercial  venture  has  returned, 
and  in  the  county  of  Berrien  alone  it  is  estimated  that  200,000  peach  trees 
will  be  planted  in  the  spring  of  1894,  while  large  areas  will  be  set  in  other 
sections. 

In  favorable  locations  the  peach  has  shown  itself  a profitable  crop,  and 
in  the  words  of  C.  D.  Lawton  of  Lawton,  “ It  is  an  undoubted  fact  that 
the  production  of  peaches  in  Western  Michigan,  when  circumstances  are 
favorable  and  the  cultivator  skilled  in  his  work,  is  one  of  the  most  profit- 
able branches  of  agricultural  industry  pursued  in  the  United  States,”  while 
another  well  known  Michigan  horticulturist  has  said  in  speaking  of  this 
fruit:  “The  peach  is  the  most  delicious,  the  most  beautiful,  and  the  most 
profitable  of  all  our  fruits,  and  nowhere  on  this  continent  is  it  grown  to 
greater  perfection  than  here  in  Michigan.” 

By  the  “ Michigan  peach  belt  ” a tract  from  five  to  ten  miles  in  width, 
extending  from  St.  Joseph  to  Grand  Haven,  was  originally  meant,  but  the 
“belt  ” has  in  recent  years  both  lengthened  and  broadened,  as  some  of  the 
orchards  that  have  been  most  profitable  are  located  in  Oceana,  Mason  and 
Grand  Traverse  counties,  and  even  as  far  north  as  Charlevoix  (Lat.  45° 
30')  they  are  grown  with  considerable  certainty.  Not  only  are  there 
orchards  which  have  produced  profitable  crops  in  favorable  locations  scat- 
tered all  over  the  lake  shore  counties,  but  they  can  be  found  in  nearly 
every  county  south  of  Montcalm  (Lat.  43°),  and  during  the  past  few  years 
the  climatic  conditions  have  been  such  that,  in  many  sections  in  the 
interior  of  the  State,  the  crop  has  been  nearly  as  sure  as  in  the  famed 
“ peach  belt  ” itself.  It  must  be  understood,  however,  that  these  orchards 
are  in  exceptionally  favorable  localities  and  that  while  they  may  succeed 
upon  one  acre,  there  will  be  a thousand  where  not  only  the  crop,  but  the 
trees  themselves  will  be  destroyed  in  any  except  the  more  favorable  sea- 
sons. With  a proper  selection  of  a location,  especially  if  the  ameliorating 
influence  of  Lake  Michigan  can  be  secured,  with  *a  suitable  elevation,  a 

* Winslow's  HUtory  of  St.  Joseph. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


well  drained  and  properly  fertilized  soil,  and  intelligent  treatment  of  the 
orchards,  a crop  can  on  an  average  be  expected  in  two  out  of  three  if  not 
three  out  of  four  years.  The  crop  is,  therefore,  not  absolutely  a certain 
one,  and  judging  from  the  past  we  may  occasionally  expect  a winter  in 
which,  even  in  the  peach  growing  sections,  the  peach  trees  except  in  unu- 
sually favorable  locations  will  be  badly  injured,  if  not  killed  outright. 

HARDINESS  OF  THE  PEACH. 

While  the  peach  is  classed  among  the  tender  fruits,  it  is  only  relatively 
so,  as,  if  in  good  condition,  the  fruit  buds  of  our  best  commercial  varieties 
can  withstand  for  a considerable  length  of  time,  a temperature  of  twelve 
or  fifteen  degrees  below  zero,  and  instances  have  been  known  where 
peach  trees  have  been  subjected  to  eighteen  or  twenty  degrees,  for  a short 
time  and  a fair  crop  secured  the  following  summer. 

In  a location  adapted  to  peach  culture  and  with  hardy  varieties,  it  is  not 
the  extremely  low  temperatures  that  are  to  be  feared,  so  much  as  the 
entering  on  the  winter  with  trees  in  an  unripened  condition,  or  the  injury 
likely  to  follow  the  swelling  of  the  buds,  during  a warm  spell  in  winter, 
while  in  some  localities  the  danger  from  late  spring  frosts  is  even  more  to 
be  dreaded.  Among  the  other  conditions  that  will  greatly  affect  the 
amount  of  injury  done  by  cold,  are  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
trees  are  thawed  out.  If  after  a very  cold  snap,  when  the  thermometer  has 
gone  as  low  as  minus  eighteen  or  twenty  degrees,  the  sun  comes  out  bright 
and  an  immediate  and  rapid  rise  in  temperature  ensues,  the  fruit  buds 
will  almost  invariably  be  destroyed,  and  the  trees  themselves  may  be  seri- 
ously injured;  on  the  other  hand,  if  the  sun  remains  clouded  and  the  trees 
are  slowly  thawed  out,  many  of  the  buds  may,  if  they  were  in  perfect  con- 
dition, escape.  Little,  if  anything,  can  be  done  to  secure  a gradual  thaw- 
ing out  of  the  trees,  but  an  earnest  effort  should  be  made  to  so  handle  the 
orchard  that  the  trees  will  enter  upon  the  winter  in  as  perfect  condition 
as  possible.  So  much  depends  uj)on  the  effect  of  elevation  and  exposure, 
that  the  intelligent  fruit  grower  will  make  a thorough  investigation  into 
the  climatic  condition  possessed  by  a certain  locality  before  selecting  it  as 
a site  for  a peach  orchard. 

A section  of  a bud  that  is  in  a perfect  condition  compared  under  a 
microscope  with  one  from  a bud  in  which  development  has  commenced, 
will  show  how  it  is  that  one  may  escape  while  the  other  is  injured.  The 
dormant  bud  has  its  scales  folded  closely  together  but,  in  the  one  that 
has  started,  they  have  a loose  open  appearance  that  causes  them  to  feel  the 
effect  of  the  slightest  change  in  temperature;  on  the  one  hand  they  are  easily 
chilled  and,  on  the  other,  the  thawing  out  will  be  so  rapid  that  injury  will 
almost  certainly  ensue.  While  the  structural  condition  of  the  bud  itself 
has  much  to  do  with  its  ability  to  withstand  cold,  it  is  probable  that  the 
main  reason  why  the  dormant  bud  is  less  susceptible  to  cold  is  that  the 
vital  functions  of  the  tree  are  at  rest  while,  after  the  buds  have  commenced 
to  swell,  the  cell  contents  are  in  an  active  condition  and  the  amount  of 
water  they  contain  is  much  increased. 

INFLUENCE  OF  LAKE  MICHIGAN. 

The  fruit  growers  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  with  orchards  within 
one  to  ten  miles  of  Lake  Michigan,  have  a location  that  is  particularly 


6 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


favorable.  During  the  month  of  February,  when  as  a rule  the  tempera- 
ture is  lowest,  and  there  is  the  most  danger  from  severe  cold,  the  record 
for  twenty  years  shows  that  the  average  temperature  at  Ludington  is 
about  the  same  as  in  Branch  and  Hillsdale  counties,  and  “careful  records 
kept  for  several  years  at  Traverse  City  and  Northport  show  that  the  mean 
temperature  during  the  winter  months  is  several  degrees  higher  there 
than  at  Ann  Arbor”  (Sanford  Howard,  Report  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
for  1867). 

The  lowest  temperature  to  which  the  thermometer  falls  is,  however, 
of  more  importance  than  is  the  average  temperature  and,  in  that 
respect,  tbe  lake,  so  long  as  the  breezes  are  from. the  west,  has  a 
marked  effect  in  keeping  the  temperature  above  zero.  Again,  in  April  it 
is  desirable  to  have  the  growth  held  back  as  long  as  possible  in  order 
that  the  buds  and  blossoms  may  not  be  injured  by  late  spring  frosts. 
The  observations  of  the  Weather  Service  show  that  for  the  month  of 
April,  the  average  temperature  at  Grand  Haven  is  about  the  same  as  in 
Roscommon  county,  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  farther  north, 
while  in  May  the  isotherm  of  Grand  Haven  crosses  the  center  of  the  State 
at  Otsego  county,  or  two  hundred  miles  north  of  its  initial  point  in  the 
State.  The  lowest  limit  at  Traverse  City  is  about  eight  degrees  F.  higher 
than  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  which  we  think  of  as  well  to  the  south.  The  pre- 
vailing cold  winds  in  winter  are  from  the  west  and,  before  reaching  the 
“ peach  belt,”  must  pass  over  Lake  Michigan, which  is  unfrozen  in  the  coldest 
weather.  It  can  be  readily  seen  that  the  cold  winds  coming  across  the 
plains  to  the  westward  at  a temperature  of  from  30  to  40  degrees,  when 
they  reach  the  lake  with  a temperature  from  60  to  70  degrees  warmer, 
will  be  considerably  ameliorated  in  passing  over  the  eighty  or  ninety 
miles  of  open  water  between  the  shores.  In  fact,  the  effect  produced  in 
extremely  cold  weather  is  often  as  much  as  twenty-five  degrees,  so  that 
when  it  is  twenty-five  degrees  below  in  Wisconsin,  it  is  not  likely  to  be 
zero  at  the  same  latitude  in  Michigan.  A glance  at  the  map  will  show  that 
to  escape  its  influence,  a wind  must  come  from  some  point  to  the  east  of 
north,  from  which  direction  extremely  cold  wnnds  are  almost  unknown. 
The  waters  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Erie  have  a slight  influence  upon  the 
temperature,  as  is  shown  by  the  isothermal  charts. 

A third  effect  of  the  lake  is  to  delay  the  occurrence  of  the  frosts  in  the 
autumn,  thus  giving  grapes,  peaches  and  other  crops  an  opportunity  to 
ripen.  Although  the  average  temperature  of  the  spring  and  early  summer 
is  somewhat  lowered  by  the  influence  of  the  cold  water  of  the  lake,  it  has 
the  reverse  effect  during  August,  September  and  October,  so  that  the 
average  temperature  of  those  months  is  about  the  same  at  Traverse  City 
as  in  Eaton  and  Clinton  counties. 

ELEVATION  AND  EXPOSURE. 

Except  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Lake  Shore  “peach  belt”  (and  even 
there  it  should  not  be  entirely  overlooked),  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance 
that  proper  regard  should  be  paid  to  the  selection  of  a site  for  a peach 
orchard.  While  we  generally  speak  of  elevation  as  being  desirable,  it  is  in 
a relative  sense,  principally,  that  it  is  of  value,  as  a location  upon  a hill- 
side where  the  land  slopes  off  gradually  to  a valley  one  hundred  feet  below 
is  far  preferable  to  one  on  a level  plateau,  even  though  it  be  two  or  three 
hundred  feet  higher.  Cold  air  is  heavier  than  warm  and,  if  the  conditions 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


are  favorable,  it  will  sink  to  the  lowest  possible  level.  A slope  of  a few 
feet,  down  to  a little  pocket-like  depression,  will  be  of  but  little  value  as 
this  will  soon  fill  with  cold  air;  what  is  needed  is  a depression  of  consider- 
able breadth  or  depth,  or,  if  it  is  only  a narrow  valley,  it  should  lead  into 
another  one  into  which  the  cold  air  can  have  uninterrupted  flow.  For 
this  reason  it  is  always  desirable  to  have  a stream,  even  though  it  be  but  a 
small  one,  flowing  through  the  lower  ground.  Judge  Bamsdell,  of  Trav- 
erse City,  in  “Michigan  and  its  Kesources,”  mentions  a well  authenticated 
case  where  a difference  in  temperature  of  eleven  degrees  was  noticed  in  four- 
teen feet  elevation,  where  the  lower  level  was  in  the  form  of  a pocket,  but 
on  his  own  farm  he  notes  one  instance  of  a difference  of  ten  degrees  in  one 
hundred  feet  elevation,  where  there  was  a gradual  slope  towards  Traverse 
Bay.  As  he  well  says,  “A  hundred  feet  elevation,  with  open  air  drainage 
to  lower  levels  may  determine  the  difference  between  a crop  of  fruit  and  a 
ruined  orchard;  and  in  enclosed  valleys,  or  basins,  twenty  feet  may  do  the 
same.”  The  truth  of  this  can  be  seen  when  it  is  understood  that  peach 
buds  will  withstand  a temperature  twelve  or  fifteen  degrees  below  zero, 
while  the  trees  are  often  killed  at  twenty-five  degrees  below.  As  a rule  a 
hillside  is  preferable  to  a hilltop,  as  a location  for  a peach  orchard,  espec- 
ially if  the  latter  is  of  considerable  extent,  and  level,  both  on  account  of 
the  better  air  drainage,  and  because  the  trees  will  be  less  exposed  in  severe 
wind  storms. 

Kegarding  the  best  exposure  for  a peach  orchard,  it  is  not  possible  to 
offer  any  set  rule,  as  the  seasons  and  the  locations  vary  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  would  not  apply  in  all  cases,  and  in  all  seasons.  In  one  year  a north 
slope  will  give  better  results  than  one  with  a westerly  exposure,  while  the 
next  year  it  may  be  reversed.  The  following  general  statement  may,  how- 
ever, aid  the  prospective  planter  of  a peach  orchard.  While  a westerly  slope 
has  its  advantages, imar  Lake  Michigan,  as  the  influence  of  the  water  is  more 
marked  on  that  side  than  on  the  other,  it  has  the  disadvantage  of  exposing 
the  trees  to  the  full  force  of  the  wind  and  sleet  storms  from  that  direction, 
which  often  cause  great  loss  both  of  trees  and  fruit.  The  south  slope  is 
seldom  advisable,  as  there  the  temperature  often  rises  so  high  in  bright 
days  in  winter,  as  to  swell  the  buds,  which  are  then  likely  to  be  injured  by 
the  first  low  temperature;  moreover,  and  this  is  perhaps  the  more  com- 
mon cause  of  injury,  the  buds  start  earlier  in  the  spring,  than  on  the  north 
slope,  and  are  more  likely  to  be  destroyed  by  spring  frosts.  Another  objec- 
tion to  the  southern  exposure,  and  one  which  also  applies  to  an  eastern  slope, 
is  that  the  early  morning  sun  will  more  quickly  thaw  out  the  frozen  buds, 
than  it  will  when  the  trees  are  planted  on  the  north  or  west  side  of  the  hill. 
We  can  only  take  the  average  of  the  seasons  and  say  that  in  sections,  within 
ten  miles  of  the  lake  shore,' where  there  is  no  intervening  elevated  land, 
the  first  choice  seems  to  be  the  westerly  and  the  second  the  northerly  expos- 
ure, followed  in  order  by  the  slopes  to  the  east  and  south.  In  the  southern 
portion  of  the  state,  away  from  the  immediate  influence  of  Lake  Michigan, 
there  seems  to  be  but  little  choice  between  the  east  and  west  slopes,  but 
the  concensus  of  opinion  among  fruit  growers  seems  to  place  them  in  the 
above  order,  except  that,  for  some  of  the  late  sorts  that  barely  ripen, 
the  westerly  slope  is  generally  chosen.  As  stated  above,  the  climatic  con- 
ditions of  a certain  season  may  make  one  of  the  exposures,  for  the  reasons 
given,  by  far  preferable  to  either  of  the  others,  while  the  following  winter 
may  be  so  different,  that  the  slope  which  was  least  adapted  to  success  the 
previous  year  will  give  best  results,  and  the  proper  course  to  pursue 


8 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


then  is  to  select  the  exposure  which,  everything  else  being  equal,  has  given 
best  results  for  a term  of  years. 

THE  SOIL  AND  ITS  PREPARATION. 

The  location  and  exposure  have  so  much  to  do  with  the  success  or  failure 
of  a peach  orchard  that  they  are  considered  here,  before  the  matter  of  soil 
is  taken  up.  This  seems  to  be  eminently  proper,  as,  while  a variety  of  soils 
will  give  good  results,  peaches  cannot  be  grown  with  success  unless  they 
have  a suitable  location.  It  is  often  said  that  any  good  corn  or  potato  soil 
will  do  for  peaches,  but  while  this  may  be  true  it  is  well  to  be  more  explicit. 
The  ideal  soil  for  peaches  is  a well  drained,  rich  sandy  loam.  Not  only 
is  it  as  well  or  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  tree  than  any  other,  but 
they  are  more  sure  to  bear,  will  ripen  earlier,  and  the  fruit  is  larger,  of  bet- 
ter quality  and  superior  in  flavor  to  those  grown  on  a clay,  or  clay  loam. 

Peaches  are  very  susceptible  to  the  presence  of  water  at  their  roots,  and 
unless  the  land  has  thorough  natural  drainage,  it  should  be  freed  of  its 
surplus  water  by  means  of  tile  drains.  The  fact  that  heavy  soils  are  likely 
to  be  somewhat  wet,  owing  to  their  having  an  impervious  hard  pan,  is 
another  reason  in  addition  to  those  above  given,  why  peaches  are  prefera- 
bly grown  on  a light  soil.  If  well  drained  and  at  a suitable  elevation,  good 
results  can,  however,  be  obtained  on  a clay  soil. 

While  a location  where  the  land  is  in  sod  can  be  selected  and  the  trees 
set  the  same  season,  it  is  better  to  give  at  least  one  year  to  preparation, 
using  the  land  for  some  hoed  crop.  If  it  can  be  secured,  a clover  sod 
turned  under  in  the  Fall  is  excellent  for  an  orchard,  or  for  any  fruit  crop. 
On  light  soils  where  the  sod  is  thin,  it  can  be  brought  into  fair  condition 
for  the  trees  if  plowed  the  Fall  previous  to  planting.  Before  the  trees  are 
set  it  will  be  well  to  replow,  although  a thorough  dragging  will  answer. 

Except  in  very  favorable  locations,  it  is  hardly  safe  to  set  peaches  on 
new  land  where  there  is  much  vegetable  matter  in  the  soil,  as  it  is  likely  to 
cause  a rank  and  late  growth,  which  is  likely  to  be  winter-killed.  After 
one  or  two  crops  have  been  taken  off  from  the  land,  the  trees  can  be  safely 
planted.  Another  reason  for  delay  is  that  the  soil  is  so  light,  owing  to 
the  presence  of  the  partially  decayed  roots  and  leaves,  that  unless  care  is 
taken  to  obtain  clear  loam  to  pack  around  the  roots,  the  trees  are  likely 
to  dry  out.  The  leaves  and  other  litter,  however,  are  excellent  to  place 
around  the  trees,  upon  the  surface,  as  mulch. 

METHODS  AND  DISTANCES  FOR  PLANTING. 

When  only  a few  trees  are  to  be  set,  the  holes  can  be  dug  with  a spade, 
but  for  a large  orchard,  labor  can  be  saved  if  two  furrows  are  run  so  as  to 
open  up  all  of  the  rows  in  both  directions.  This  will  allow  the  trees  to  be  set 
at  the  intersections  of  the  rows,  without  the  labor  of  digging  the  holes 
by  hand.  Tiie  trees  may  be  planted  at  various  distances  and  be  arranged  in ' 
several  wrays.  When  planted  in  squares,  some  growers  place  the  trees  as 
close  as  sixteen  feet  each  way;  very  few  plant  at  less  than  eighteen  feet, 
however,  and  a majority  are  now  setting  their  orchard!  with  trees  at  least 
twenty  feet  apart,  requiring  about  one  hundred  and  nine  trees  per  acre. 

In  some  localities  it  is  a common  practice  to  plant  in  rectangles  with  the 
trees  from  twenty  by  eighteen  and  twenty  by  sixteen  feet  to  twenty  by 
fifteen,  or  as  near  as  eighteen  by  twelve  feet.  At  the  last  distance,  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


trees,  while  small,  have  plenty  of  room  but,  after  a few  years  have  passed, 
they  begin  to  crowd.  Such  close  planting  is  not  advisable  unless  one  has 
an  abundance  of  trees,  when  it  may  be  economy  of  space  to  plant  as  above, 
and,  when  the  branches  meet,  take  out  every  other  one  so  that  they  will  be 
eighteen  by  twenty-four  feet.  At  this  distance,  almost  exactly  one  hun- 
dred trees  will  go  upon  one  acre.  With  the  trees  twenty  by  fifteen  feet 
there  will  be  the  same  chance  to  go  between  the  rows  one  way  as  when 
they  are  twenty  by  twenty  feet,  and  one  hundred  and  forty-five  trees  can 
be  set  to  the  acre,  or  one-third  more  than  when  the  square  is  used. 
After  the  trees  are  five  or  six  years  old,  they  will  interlace  and  the  crops 
will  be  but  little  larger  than  would  be  borne  by  the  smaller  number  of 
trees.  The  same  objection  will  hold  against  the  trees  planted  twenty-two 
by  sixteen  feet,  and  at  either  distance  it  will  be  more  difficult  to  cultivate 
than  when  they  are  in  squares. 

A third  method  of  planting,  known  as  the  quincunx,  or  triangular 
arrangement,  consists  in  arranging  the  trees  in  diagonal  lines  across  the 
orchard,  and  thus  making  room  for  about  one-eighth  more  trees  than  can  be 
planted  by  the  square  method,  with  the  trees  the  same  distance  apart. 


METHODS 

OF 

ARRANGING  TREES. 

* ' 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* * * * 

* 

* * 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* * * 

* 

* * 

* 

* * 
Squares. 

* 

* 

* 

^ ^ * * * 

Rectangles. 

* * * 
Quincunx. 

This  is  an  increase  worth  considering,  but  the  distance  between  the  rows 
will  be  decreased  in  the  same  proportion,  and  this  is  a serious  objection. 
It  does  not  hold,  however,  when  the  trees  are  placed  twenty  feet  apart  in 
the  rows  and  the  rows  are  at  the  same  distance.  In  this  way  the  same 
number  of  trees  can  be  set  and  there  will  be  an  increase  of  about  one- 
eighth  in  the  distance  measured  diagonally  between  the  trees,  which  will 
then  be  about  twenty-two  and  one-half  feet  apart.  While  this  distance 
will  be  desirable  on  rich  soil,  if  the  orchard  is  to  be  on  light  sand  or  sandy 
loam,  the  other  may  answer. 

In  laying  out  the  land,  it  is  a good  plan  to  first  stake  it  off  into  squares 
not  over  four  hundred  feet  on  a side.  If  two  opposite  sides  are  marked 
with  stakes,  at  intervals  the  same  as  the  proposed  distances  between  the 
trees,  the  location  of  the  trees  can  be  fixed  by  stretching  a line  or  wire 
marked  at  the  proposed  distances,  and  setting  stakes  at  those  points.  A 
No.  14  galvanized  wire  will  be  found  best  for  the  purpose,  as  it  will  not 
stretch,  and  the  trees  can  be  more  accurately  located.  The  points  for  the 
trees  can  be  marked  on  the  wire  by  twisting  around  it  a short  piece  of 
small  wire  and  fastening  it  in  place  by  means  of  a drop  of  solder.  If  a 
garden  line  is  used  instead  of  a wire,  one  should  be  selected  that  will  not 
stretch,  and  the  distances  can  be  marked  by  tying  short  pieces  of  twine 
about  it.  The  holes  for  the  trees  should  be  about  one  foot  deep  and 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  varying  with  the  size  of  the  roots  and  the 
character  of  the  soil.  The  trees  should  be  set  sufficiently  deep  that  the 
2 


10 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


old  stock  will  be  covered,  and  the  holes  should  be  deep  and  wide  enough 
to  take  in  the  roots  without  cramping  them.  Upon  soil  with  a stiff  hard- 
pan,  it  is  well  to  dig  the  holes  considerably  wider  than  is  needed  by  the 
roots,  as  it  will  give  them  a better  opportunity  to  develop. 

In  setting  the  trees,  the  soil  should  be  carefully  worked  in  among  the 
roots  and  firmly  packed  around  them,  taking  pains  by  first  filling  the  hole 
half  full  of  soil,  that  they  are  not  bruised.  The  fine  surface  soil  should  be 
used  for  the  lower  half  of  the  hole,  and  then,  after  the  roots  have  been 
well  covered,  if  they  are  partly  rotted  the  sods  can  be  put  in,  filling  up 
the  hole  with  the  subsoil. 

The  surface  should  be  left  level  or  slightly  sloping  toward  the  stems  of 
the  trees.  The  opposite  plan  of  mounding  the  soil  around  the  trees  is  not 
a good  one  except  for  fall-set  trees,  or  in  localities  where  mice  are  trouble- 
some, when  they  may  be  banked  up  in  the  Fall  and  the  soil  leveled  off  in 
the  Spring. 


SELECTION  OF  TREES  AND  VARIETIES. 

One  of  the  pivotal  steps  ih  peach  growing  is  the  selection  of  the  trees 
and  the  varieties,  as,  however  well  the  location  may  be  chosen,  or  with 
what  care  the  orchard  may  have  been  handled,  there  will  be  no  fruits  to 
reward  one’s  toil  unless  a judicious  selection  has  been  made. 

If  the  grower  has  the  necessary  knowledge  and  can  wait  two  years  for 
his  trees,  it  will  be  as  well,  perhaps,  if  many  trees  are  wanted,  for  him  to 
propagate  them  for  himself,  but  the  average  person  will  do  better  to  pur- 
chase his  trees  of  a nurseryman,  who  knows  how  and  has  the  time  to  grow 
and  care  for  them  in  the  best  manner.  Everything  else  being  equal,  it  is 
better  to  obtain  nursery  stock  of  all  kinds  from  a nurseryman  in  the  same 
locality,  or  where  the  soil  and  climate  will  be  similar  to  that  of  the  orchard. 
If  purchased  near  home  it  will  enable  one  to  select  the  trees  in  the  nursery, 
and  there  will  then  be  a better  opportunity  to  get  trees  that  are  satisfac- 
tory. In  case  the  local  nurseries  are  not  patronized,  the  next  best  thing 
is  to  write  to  some  of  the  large  nurseries  of  this  or  adjoining  states, 
giving  the  number  and  age  of  the  trees,  the  names  of  the  varieties  desired 
and  auy  other  facts,  and  ask  for  prices.  Before  giving  a large  order  it  will 
be  well  to  have  samples  sent  on  for  examination,  and  if  everything  is 
satisfactory  the  trees  could  then  be  ordered  from  the  man  who  furnishes 
the  lowest  estimate,  with  a fair  degree  of  safety.  With  all  nurserymen, 
however,  this  will  not  be  a safe  thing  to  do,  as  a low  price  may  mean 
inferior  or  worthless  trees,  and  (although  there  should  be  a distinct  under- 
standing that  there  is  to  be  no  substitution)  inferior  varieties.  If  one  is 
familiar  with  the  standing  of  the  different  firms,  and  if  the  samples  are 
satisfactory,  it  becomes  a plain  business  transaction,  and  the  trees  ordered 
will  be  most  likely  true  to  name  and  up  to  the  standard  in  size  and  general 
appearance. 

Many  person  advocate  the  purchasing  of  trees  from  local  tree  agents  who 
are  known  to  be  honest  and  reliable,  but  if  a large  number  of  trees  are  wanted 
you  can  obtain  them  from  the  nurseryman,  at  as  low  a price  as  can  the 
agent  who  must  charge  for  handling  the  trees,  and  besides,  since  they  must 
pass  through  the  hands  of  a third  party,  there  is  the  increased  risk  that 
the  varieties  are  incorrect,  or  that  the  trees  will  become  dry,  or  injured  in 
some  way.  The  fruit  grower  has  little  use  for  the  average  traveling  tree 
agent;  although  many  of  the  so  called  tree  pedlers  are  honest,  understand 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


their  business  and  sell  trees  true  to  name  and  at  fair  prices,  the  proportion 
is  very  small.  Too  often  they  fill  orders  for  new  and  high  priced  varieties, 
with  seedlings,  or  with  cull  or  surplus  stock,  made  up  of  any  and  all 
varieties  purchased  from  some  grower.  As  a rule  his  prices  for  trees  of 
standard  varieties  are  from  two  to  five  times  what  they  can  be  obtained 
for  direct  from  the  nurseryman,  and  the  novelties,  many  of  which  are 
frauds  on  their  very  face,  have  not  been  sufficiently  tested  to  determine 
their  value,  and  are  seldom  worth  the  price  charged  for  them.  While  the 
large  grower  cannot,  as  a rule,  afford  to  get  his  trees  from  a tree  agent, 
there  may  be  instances,  when  only  a few  trees  of  common  sorts  are  wanted 
that  the  order  can  be  given  with  safety,  if  the  agent  is  known  to  represent 
a reliable  firm,  and  the  trees  can  be  obtained  as  cheaply  as  when  obtained 
direct  and  the  carriage  paid.  The  general  rule  can  be  given,  that  it  is 
unwise  from  a commercial  standpoint,  to  order  from  an  agent  a novelty 
of  which  nothing  is  known,  except  what  can  be  learned  from  the  gorgeous 
plates  he  shows,  and  his  lauding  words. 

It  has  been  stated,  that  it  is  well  to  purchase  trees  grown  in  a similar 
climate  and  soil;  this  is  not  because  other  trees  may  not  be  as  good  of 
themselves,  but  because  trees  placed  under  conditions  unlike  those  under 
which  they  have  been  grown,  are  obliged  to  accustom  themselves  to  the 
changed  conditions.  This  is  especially  true  of  trees  grown  in  a warm 
climate,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  moist,  and  carried  to  a cooler  climate 
with  a short  season  and  a dry  sandy  soil.  The  original  growth  will  be  soft 
and  watery,  and  with  the  usual  amount  of  roots  found  on  nursery  trees  it 
will  be  found  necessary  to  cut  the  top  back  severely,  thus  giving  an  added 
check  to  the  trees.  It  is  not  uncommon,  when  the  large,  bare  stem  is  exposed 
in  this  way,  for  the  bark  to  be  burned,  and  if  the  tree  recovers  at  all,  it  will 
not  be  for  several  years.  These  conditions  and  results  are  more  common 
with  the  cherry  and  pear  than  with  the  peach. 

AGE  AND  SIZE  OF  TREES. 

A tree  one  year  from  the  bud  is  of  the  proper  age  for  planting,  and  any- 
thing older  should  be  rejected  at  any  price.  In  digging  a two  year  old 
tree  all  of  the  branching  roots  are  cut  off,  and  when  set  out  it  does  not 
recover  itself  until  the  second  year,  by  which  time  a vigorous  one-year  tree 
will  have  caught  up  with  it,  and  will  soon  outstrip  it.  A medium-sized 
tree  is  best  to  plant,  a large  tree  with  its  soft,  watery  stem  and  branches 
being  rejected  for  the  reasons  given  above.  Trees  whose  small  size  is 
owing  to  a poor  soil,  or  unfavorable  season,  may,  if  placed  in  good  soil, 
make  a satisfactory  growth,  but  it  is  often  the  case  that  the  small  size  of 
cull  trees  is  owing  to  some  inherent  weakness  in  the  stock  or  cion,  and 
although  they  may  in  time  outgrow  it,  the  slight  saving  in  price  is  not 
enough  to  insure  the  risk. 

Of  fully  as  much  and  probably  of  more  importance  than  the  size  and  shape 
of  the  top  is  the  condition  of  the  roots.  They  should  be  well  branched  and 
the  divisions  should  not  be  less  than  six  inches  in  length.  While  this  will 
not  be  the  entire  length  of  the  roots  in  trees  one  year  from  bud,  the  tissues 
of  the  roots  will  be  so  soft  that  rootlets  will  readily  be  sent  out. 

CARE  OF  THE  TREES  BEFORE  PLANTING. 

If  a grower  raises  his  own  trees  they  should  be  dug  in  the  Fall  and  care- 
fully heeled-in,  in  some  well  drained  place,  convenient  to  the  orchard  site 


12 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


The  trench  should  be  dug  one  foot  deep  and  two  feet  wide,  in  which  the  trees 
should  be  placed,  slanting  toward  the  south  at  an  angle  of  45°.  If  placed 
in  single  layers  so  that  the  soil  can  be  thoroughly  worked  in  between  the 
roots,  they  will  come  out  in  the  Spring  in  good  condition. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  select  a spot  free  from  stubble  or  other  litter, 
and  no  straw  or  hay  should  be  used  to  cover  the  trees,  as  it  would  invite  the 
field  mice  which  might  work  havoc  with  them.  If  in  a wind-swept  spot 
it  would  be  well  to  cover  the  trees  with  evergreen  boughs,  or  to  provide 
some  similar  windbreak,  but  it  is  hardly  advisable  to  bury  the  trees  in  the 
soil.  If  the  trees  are  purchased,  it  is  best  to  obtain  them  in  the  Fall  and 
heel  them  in,  as  above  described.  By  thus  doing,  you  are  more  likely  to 
get  the  first  pick  of  the  trees,  while  if  left  until  Spring  the  desirable  vari- 
eties are  likely  to  be  sold  out,  and  only  culls  left.  Besides  in  the  rush  of 
the  Spring  packing  there  are  more  chances  of  errors  occurring  and  the  pack- 
ing may  be  put  off  until  the  buds  have  started,  and  a delay  in  transit  is 
more  likely  to  cause  the  trees  to  dry  out,  or  heat,  than  in  the  cool  weather 
of  late  Fall. 

Whether  purchased,  or  grown,  precautions  should  be  taken  not  to  expose 
the  roots  to  the  sun,  or  drying  winds.  Blankets,  tarpaulins,  or  straw  should 
be  at  hand  to  cover  them,  and  if  to  be  left  any  length  of  time  when  there  is 
danger  from  either  sun,  wind,  or  frost  they  should  be  heeled-in.  It  fre- 
quently happens  that  trees  become  dry  or  shriveled  in  transit,  so  that  if 
planted  in  that  condition  a large  part  of  them  will  be  lost.  If  not  too  far 
gone,  the  bark  and  buds  can  be  induced  to  fill  out  so  that  the  tree  will  be 
far  more  likely  to  grow,  if  it  is  buried  tops  and  all  for  a week  or  ten  days 
in  moist  soil. 

When  trees  are  shipped  any  distance,  a considerable  saving  in  the  cost 
of  boxing  and  freight  would  result  if  they  are  trimmed  before  they  are 
packed.  The  nurseryman  can  do  it  as  cheaply  as  the  planter,  and  a saving 
of  from  two  to  five  dollars  can  be  made  on  each  thousand  trees,  if  they  are 
pruned  as  described  later  on. 

SELECTION  OF  THE  VARIETIES. 

In  making  out  a list  of  varieties  of  peaches  for  planting,  the  first  consid- 
eration should  be  the  hardiness  of  the  trees  and  of  the  buds.  Many  of  the 
kinds  that  are  spoken  of  as  shy  bearers  are  so  only  because  the  fruit  buds  are 
so  tender  that  in  an  average  year  they  are  destroyed;  of  course  such  kinds  are 
of  little  value  and  should  not  be  considered  in  selecting  varieties,  especially 
for  a commercial  orchard.  Many  of  the  kinds  that  are  valuable  in  the  States 
to  the  south  of  us  do  not  mature  in  Michigan  and  all  such  should  be  ruled 
out.  Whether  for  home  use  or  market  a list  should  be  chosen  that  will 
furnish  fruit  in  succession  throughout  the  season. 

The  varieties  should  be  regular  and  abundant  bearers,  and  the  fruit  pro- 
duced, of  good  size  and  showy  in  appearance.  The  flesh  should  be  firm 
enough  to  ship  well,  yet  fine,  juicy  and  melting,  and  of  a rich,  luscious 
flavor.  For  most  markets  a free-stone  peach  is  desired.  While  a variety 
with  yellow  skin  and  crimson  cheek  is  very  attractive  those  with  white  and 
red  are  perhaps  equally  valuable.  A moderately  thick  skin  is  desirable  in 
a peach  for  distant  shipment,  but  its  quality  is  to  the  same  extent  lessened, 
while  a thick  fuzzy  covering  is  in  no  way  of  value  and  detracts  much  from 
the  value  as  a dessert  fruit  and  for  market  purposes.  As  is  the  case  with 
most  fruits,  it  is  impossible  to  combine  all  of  these  qualities  in  a high 


* HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


degree  in  a single  variety,  as,  if  they  are  of  high  flavor,  rich  and  melting, 
they  art?  generally  deficient  in  hardiness. 

One  of  the  difficulties  in  offering  a list  of  fruits,  is,  that  sorts 
which  succeed  well  in  one  locality  do  not  seem  to  thrive  \n  another.  If 
the  most  successful  fruit  growers  in  the  State  were  asked  to  furnish  a list 
of  their  most  profitable  varieties,  the  ten  sorts  having  the  most  votes 
would  be:  Hale,  Lewis,  St.  John,  Richmond,  Barnard  (or  Snow’s  Orange), 
Jacques,  Gold  Drop,  Late  Barnard,  Hill  Chili,  and  Smock. 

Although  the  above  varieties  have  been  found  to  succeed  quite  generally, 
attention  should  be  paid  to  the  character  of  the  soil,  in  making  out  a list 
for  planting. 

Hill  Chili  needs  rich,  well-drained  soil,  as,  if  planted  upon  light  sand, 
the  fruit  will  be  undersized,  and  upon  cold,  wet  land  they  are  very  fuzzy, 
and  late  in  ripening. 

The  Barnard  is  another  peach  that  needs  a fairly  rich  soil,  but  it  does 
better  upon  one  that  is  of  a sandy  rather  than  of  a clay  nature. 

Conkling  and  Wager  seem  to  thrive  upon  a rather  heavy  soil,  while  Hale, 
Lewis,  Jacques,  Gold  Drop,  and  Smock  are  generally  fruitful  upon  either 
sand  or  clay. 

As  varieties  for  homeus6  that  are  of  rather  better  quality,  but  less  hardy 
in  fruit-bud,  Honest  John,  Mountain  Rose  and  Oldmixon  may  be  used, 
and  in  favorable  locations  they  will  be  found  good  market  sorts. 

Salway  is  an  excellent  late  variety  but  should  not  be  planted  except  in 
favorable  localities,  as  it  requires  a long  season.  These  kinds  with,  if 
desired,  a few  Alexander  (or  Waterloo)  and  Early  Rivers  for  early  sorts 
can  be  generally  relied  on  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  where  any  of  the 
varieties  will  grow.  The  following  lists  for  orchards  of  one  thousand 
trees  have  been  submitted  by  the  well-known,  successful  peach  growers, 
whose  names  are  prefixed: 

J.  N.  Stearns,  Kalamazoo:  Hale  Early  50,  Lewis  50,  Richmond  100, 
Barnard  (or  Snow’s  Orange)  100,  Jacques  Rareripe  100,  Kalamazoo  300, 
Gold  Drop  200,  and  Smock  100.  J.  F.  Taylor,  Douglas:  Wilder  25. 

Rivers  25.  Hale  25,  St.  John  (Lewis  or  Mountain  Rose)  100,  Early  Barn- 
ard 100,  Jacques  100,  Late  Barnard  100,  Hill  Chili  100,  Bronson  100, 
Engle  Mammoth  100,  Gold  Drop  100,  Smock  100.  Allen  25.  A.  Hamil- 
ton, Ganges,  recommends  the  following:  .Waterloo.  Rivers,  Hale,  St. 
John,  Barnard,  Early  Crawford,  Engle  Mammoth,  Bronson,  Hill  Chili, 
and  Smock.  “ I would  omit  Late  Crawford,  because  it  is  a shy  bearer,  and 
let  Engle  Mammoth  and  Hill  Chili  take  its  place.”  It  will  be  noticed  that 
none  of  the  large  yellow  peaches  of  the  Crawford  class,  such  as  Early  and 
Late  Crawford,  Foster,  Red  Cheek  Melocoton  and  Susquehanna  are 
included,  and  the  fruitgrower  will  say  that  they  are  such  shy  bearers  that 
he  can  get  five  bushels  of  almost  any  of  the  kinds  recommended  to  one  from 
the  Crawfords.  While  they  are  excellent  in  fruit,  there  are  few  if  any  sec- 
tions of  the  State  where  they  are  sufficiently  reliable  to  merit  their  being 
planted  upon  a large  scale  as  market  sorts. 

There  are  a large  number  of  new  sorts  that  have  been  sufficiently  tested 
for  us  to  say  that  they  are  worthy  of  planting,  but  from  our  present  knowl- 
edge they  can  hardly  be  placed  in  a short  list.  The  most  promising  are: 
Kalamazoo,  Elberta,  Engle  Mammoth,  Beer  Smock,  and  Crosby.  Other 
varieties  that  have  a local  reputation  are  Brigdon,  Corner  and  Gudgeon. 
While  several  of  these  are  undoubtedly  seedlings  it  is  quite  likely  that 
others  are  old  varieties  whose  names  have  been  lost.  Several  growers 


14 


AGRICULTURAL,  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


who  have  watched  them  carefully  are  propagating  and  planting  them 
exclusively.  C.  Engle,  of  Paw  Paw,  also  has  a large  number  of  new  sorts 
mostly  seedlings  of  Hale,  Crawford  and  Chili  that  in  some  respects  are 
better  than  the  parents,  and  are  being  watched  with  much  interest.  From 
its  behavior  with  its  originator  ( J.  N.  Stearns),  the  Kalamazoo  promises  to 
be  one  of  the  most  profitable  peaches,  and  is  certainly  worthy  of  a trial  on 
a somewhat  extensive  scale. 

WATERING  THE  TREES. 

As  generally  applied,  the  water  given  to  trees  at  the  time  of,  or  after 
transplanting,  does  more  harm  than  good.  If  the  roots  of  the  trees  are 
not  exposed  to  drying  winds  and  if  the  soil  is  not  unusually  dry  from  a 
prolonged  drought,  no  water  will  be  necessary.  If,  however,  the  soil  is 
dry,  it  will  be  well  to  give  a thorough  watering  at  the  time  of 
transplanting.  This  can  best  be  done  by  filling  the  hole  half  full  of  soil 
and  working  it  around  the  roots  as  recommended  above,  except  that  less 
care  is  required  than  when  no  water  is  to  be  applied.  Then  fill  up  the 
hole  with  water  and  after  it  has  soaked  in,  the  planting  can  be  completed. 
The  water  will  not  onjy  moisten  the  soil,  but  will  puddle  it  in  around  the 
roots  much  better  than  could  be  . done  in  any  other  way.  As  a rule  no 
other  watering  will  be  necessary,  but  if  it  becomes  desirable  it  should  be 
done  in  much  the  same  way,  the  soil  being  drawn  back  from  around  the 
trees  so  as  to  form  a basin  for  the  water,  and  after  it  has  soaked  in  the  soil 
can  be  replaced. 

The  stirring  of  the  soil  of  itself  will  be  a benefit  to  the  tree  and  if  applied 
in  this  way  it  will  soak  down  to  the  roots  where  it  will  be  of  use.  As  gen- 
erally applied  none  of  the  water  reaches  the  roots,  and  although  it  may  benefit 
the  tree  for  a few  days  by  checking  evaporation  from  the  soil,  it  soon  dries 
out  and,  a crust  forming,  the  evaporation  is  increased  and  more  harm  than 
good  is  done  to  the  tree.  The  one  thing  that  is  most  necessary,  to  secure 
growth  in  a tree,  is  to  so  conserve  the  moisture  in  the  soil  that  at  all  times 
it  is  present  about  the  roots.  As  all  the  food  taken  from  the  soil  by  the 
root  must  be  in  a solution,  the  importance  of  this  can  be  seen.  If  a crust 
can  be  prevented  from  forming,  the  evaporation  will  be  decreased  and  any 
light,  open  material  spread  over  the  surface  will  add  in  the  retention  of  the 
soil  moisture.  A mulch  of  almost  any  vegetable  matter  is  excellent  for 
the  purpose,  and. waste  hay,  straw,  or  corn  stalks  are  often  used.  They 
have  one  serious  fault,  as  they  induce  the  roots  to  grow  in  the  moist,  surface 
soil,  and  for  this  reason  are  not  desirable  with  the  peach  and  other  trees 
that  are  liable  to  injury  during  the  Winter. 

The  orchardist  has,  however,  a inulgh  at  his  disposal  that  is  easier  to 
apply  than  those  mentioned  above  and  it  in  every  way  is  preferable.  It  is 
secured  by  stirring  the  surface  soil  to  the  depth  of  perhaps  two  inches, 
once  in  a week  or  ten  days  during  the  dry  weather.  In  the  early  Spring, 
when  the  ground  is  full  of  moisture  it  is  well  to  aid  in  drying  out  the  sur- 
face b}7  working  to  the  depth  of  three  or  four  inches,  but  later  on  when  the 
opposite  condition  is  necessary  the  depth  should  not  be  over  one  and  one- 
half  to  two  inches.  If  some  shallow-working  tool  is  used  during  a dry 
Summer,  it  will  be  found  that,  although  the  surface  soil  which  has  been 
loosened  has  lost  its  moisture,  the  underlying  soil  in  which  the  roots  feed 
has  been  able  to  retain  its  moisture  by  the  mulch-like  action  of  the  surface 
soil. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


If  for  any  reason  it  is  not  possible  to  give  the  care  outlined  above,  a 
mulch  should  be  put  on  covering  a space  at  least  three  feet  more  in  diame- 
ter than  the  hole  dug  for  the  tree.  This  should  be  left  on  until  the  middle 
of  August  when  it  should  be  removed  to  allow  the  trees  to  ripen  off  for 
Winter.  In  localities  where  held  mice  are  not  troublesome  the  mulch  may 
be  replaced  around  the  trees  as  soon  as  the  ground  freezes,  but  otherwise 
it  is  not  safe.  While  some  hoed  crop  can  be  grown  in  a young  orchard  for 
two  or  three  years  with  little  injury  to  the  trees,  it  is  not  advisable  to  use 
those  that  will  require  much  stirring  of  the  soil  to  harvest  them,  during 
August  or  September.  For  this  reason  the  potato  is  not  a good  crop, 
except  in  case  of  late  varieties  that  are  not  harvested  until  after  the  middle 
of  October.  Corn,  late  cabbages,  squashes,  tomatoes,  melons  and  similar 
crops  that  need  cultivation  up  to  the  first  of  August,  or  that  will  allow  the 
trees  to  be  worked  up  to  that  time,  should  always  be  chosen,  and  in  no 
case  should  anything  be  grown  within  three  feet  six  inches  of  the  trees  and 
if  given  four  or  five  feet  it  would  be  better  for  them.  For  the  reason  that 
the  trees  cannot  be  cultivated,  a grain  crop  is  not  advisable.  It  is  a mis- 
taken idea  that  cultivation  will  cause  a late  growth  and  consequent  winter- 
killing.  Improper  cultivation  may  do  it,  but,  as  recommended  above, 
there  need  be  no  fear.  If  a strip  four  feet  wide  on  each  side  of  the  rows  is 
kept  cultivated,  the  remaining  ground  may  be  seeded  down,  the  first  year 
or  so.  Fruit  trees,  like  most  other  plants,  make  their  growth  during  the 
early  part  of  the  season,  the  period  during  which  the  branches  of  any  one 
kind  of  tree  elongates,  varying  with  the  character  of  the  season,  as  influ- 
encing the  food  supply.  When  very  dry,  during  the  month  of  July,  the 
trees  stop  growing  prematurely  and  at  once  begin  to  ripen  their  wood  for 
the  writer,  storing  up  in  the  meantime  materials  for  the  next  year’s 
growth. 

If,  after  this  period  of  partial  rest,  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions  are 
favorable  to  a renewal  of  growth,  i.  e.,  warmth  and  moisture  present — the 
buds  that  should  remain  dormant  until  the  following  Spring  will  expand 
and  a second  growth  will  ensue.  In  this  way  we  can  account  for  the  blos- 
soming of  peach,  plum,  and  other  trees  in  September  and  October.  The 
wood  thus  formed  will  not  ripen  properly  and  the  buds  will  be  so  imper- 
fectly developed  that  the  growth  the  next  Spring  will  be  very  weak.  The 
regular  and  uninterrupted  stirring  of  the  soil  during  the  months  of  May, 
June  and  July  will  conserve  the  moisture  and  tend  to  prevent  a premature 
cessation  of  growth. 

If  not  continued  later  than  the  tenth  to  the  fifteenth  of  August,  the 
wood  will  have  an  abundant  time  to  ripen  and  there  will  be  no  danger 
either  of  unripened  wocd,  or  of  a second  growth.  As  oftener  practiced, 
however,  cultivation  may  do  harm.  The  orchards  are  worked  during  May 
and  June,  but,  as  the  other  work  is  pressing,  no  cultivation  is  given  during 
July  and  August,  until,  as  the  ground  is  getting  weedy,  it  is  dragged  in 
September;  a drouth  in  July  will  stop  the  growth  before  it  is  completed 
and  the  late  cultivation  joined  with  warm  rains  will  almost  surely  promote 
a second  growth  to  be  injured  by  the  Winter.  In  a general  way,  the  culti- 
vation should  be  about  the  same,  during  the  next  one  or  two  years,  as  for 
the  first  year  after  planting,  but  after  the  fourth  year,  at  latest,  it  is  hardly 
advisable  to  crop  the  land  unless  the  trees  are  at  least  twenty  feet  apart. 
In  some  localities,  it  is  a favorite  practice  to  sow  rye  broadcast,  the  last 
time  the  ground  is  worked  in  August  and  turn  it  under  the  following  spring. 
It  is  claimed  that  the  growth  of  the  rye  aids  the  trees  in  ripening  off  by 


16 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


taking  from  them  some  of  their  food  supply  and  thus  lessening  the  danger 
of  a second  growth.  It  also  admits  of  later  cultivation.  The  decompos- 
ing rye  will  add  nothing  to  the  supply  of  plant  food,  but  it  will  place  in 
the  soil  a considerable  amount  of  humus  in  an  available  form  for  the  use 
of  the  plant,  and  will  be  of  value  in  lightening  up  a heavy  soil.  Espec- 
ially in  the  dry  seasons  and  for  bearing  trees  of  late  varieties,  it  is  well  to 
keep  up  cultivation  until  the  end  of  August  as  the  moisture  thus  conserved 
will  increase  the  size  and  hasten  the  ripening  of  the  fruit.  With  kinds 
that  tend  to  overbear,  such  as  Hill  Chili  and  Gold  Drop,  moderately  late 
cultivation  will  enable  them  to  carry  a much  larger  crop  and  develop  them 
to  a good  size,  than  if  there  is  no  cultivation  after  the  first  of  August. 

PRUNING  AT  TIME  OF  TRANSPLANTING. 

As  a rule  if  the  trees  have  been  properly  dug,  the  roots  of  one-year  old 
peach  trees  will  need  but  little  pruning.  At  best,  the  roots  that  have 
been  bruised  or  broken,  should  be  smoothly  cut  off,  and  it  is  generally 
well  to  smooth  off  the  ends  of  all  roots  over  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  that  have  ragged  ends.  While  by  no  means  necessary,  it  will 
hasten  the  callousing  and  thus  enable  the 
trees  to  throw  out  roots  earlier  inthe  season. 

It  will  be  best  to  have  this  done  in  the  Fall 
as  it  will  enable  the  trees  to  form  the  callous 
during  the  Winter.  In  fact,  if  trees  are  dug 
in  the  Fall  any  cutting  of  the  roots  in  the 
Spring  may  do  more  harm  than  good.  The 
pruning  required  for  the  top  of  the  peach 
is  unlike  that  required  for  any  of  the  other 
fruit  trees,  except  such  as  are  also  planted 
when  one-year  old,  when  it  would  be  the 
same.  Nearly  all  growers  now  cut  back 
their  peach  trees  to  a single  stem,  removing 
all  branches  close  to  the  stem  and  cutting 
this  off  about  one  foot  above  the  point  from 
which  the  lowest  branches  are  to  start.  The 
strong  axillary  buds  will  then  develop  into 
vigorous  shoots.  A modified  form  of  this 
pruning  is  to  leave  four  or  five  of  the 
branches  arranged  at  intervals  along  and 
around  the  stem,  cutting  them  off  so  that  one 
strong  bud  will  be  left  on  each,  while  others 
go  still  further  and  cut  the  branches  so  as  to 
leave  five  or  six  with  a length  of  about  six 
inches.  Although  good  trees  can  be  grown 
from  either  method  of  pruning,  the  first  is 
preferable,  as  the  growths  made  will  be 
stronger  than  they  would  be  by  either  of  the 
other  methods.  For  nearly  every  situation 
it  will  be  best  to  start  the  trees  so  as  to  form 
a moderately  low  head,  and  if  the  first 
branches  are  two  to  two  and  one- half  feet 
from  the  ground  it  will  be  in  accordance 
with  the  methods  of  the  best  orchardists. 

If  started  with  low  heads,  the  trunks  will  not  only  be  short  but  they  will 
be  shaded  from  the  hot  sun  and  less  likely  to  be  injured  by  the  freezing  and 


Fia.  1.— Nursery  Trees. 
a anpraned.  b pruned. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


17 


thawing  of  Winter.  Short  trunks  will  bring  the  branches  nearer  the  ground 
and  will  facilitate  the  pruning,  thinning  and  gathering  of  the  fruit.  The 
low  heads  should  not  be  carried  to  the  extreme  of  starting  at  the  ground,  as 
this  would  hinder  proper  cultivation  and  favor  the  workings  of  the  borer. 


FORMING  THE  HEAD. 


Some  growers  after  heading  the  trees  in, 
do  not  attempt  to*  do  anything  towards  form- 
ing the  heads  until  the  following  spring, 
allowing  them  to  grow  as  they  please  during 
the  summer  unless  they  become  quite  notice- 
ably misshapen,  while  others  go  around  occa- 
sionally and  rub  out  the  surplus  shoots.  In 
the  spring  the  head  is  formed  by  selecting 
four  or  five  strong  branches  so  located  as  to 
be  well  distributed  along  the  stem  for  a dis- 
tance of  one  foot  down  from  the  top  and 
pointing  in  different  directions,  thus  form- 
ing a well  balanced  head.  A strong  branch 
with  an  upright  tendency  should  be  selected 
as  a leading  shoot.  It  will  be  found  prefer- 
able to  have  the  branches  somewhat  distrib- 
uted, as  they  will  be  less  likely  to  break  down 
later  on  than  if  they  were  all  crowded 
together  at  one  point.  The  side  shoots  that 
are  left  should  be  cut  back  about  one-half 
their  length.  The  leader  should  be  kept 
somewhat  longer  and  trained  so  that  other 
branches  will  be  given  off  from  it.  If  this 
is  done  it  will  be  found  much  better  than  to 
have  all  the  branches  needed  to  form  the 
head  developed  as  side  shoots  from  those 
left  upon  the  tree  when  the  head  was  first 
formed. 


PRUNING  THE  TREES. 

After  the  first  year,  as  a rule,  only  one  annual  pruning  is  given  although 
if  any  shoots  are  noticed  that  are  out  of  place,  it  is  well  to  remove  them  at 

any  time. 

The  spring  is  considered  to  be  the  best  time  for  the  pruning  of  .the 
peach,  and  for  that  matter  of  all  trees,  the  work  being  performed  after  the 
severe  weather  of  winter  is  over.  For  the  best  results  a peach  tree  can 
carry  about  so  many  branches  and  so  much  fruit  and  to  secure  this,  one  of 
the  following  two  methods  of  pruning  is  commonly  [employed,  the  first 
being  to  head  back,  the  other  to  thin  out  the  small  branches.  By  heading 
back  the  branches  a low,  rounded  and  symmetrical  tree  is  secured,  upon 
which  the  fruit  can  be  readily  thinned  and  picked;  the  buds  remaining 
will  develop  a few,  strong  shoots,  well  back  towards  the  base  of  the 
branches,  the  tree  will  be  less  likely  to  break  down  and  the  stem  and  main 
shoots  being  sheltered  from  the  sun,  will  be  more  vigorous  and  healthy, 
3 


18 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OE  MICHIGAN. 


and  consequently  the  trees  will  be  long-lived.  When  pruned  by  the  other 
method,  the  small  branches  along  the  shoots  being  removed,  there  is  only 
a brush-like  tuft  of  twigs  at  the  ends  of  long  slender  branches.  As  a rule 
growth  takes  place  from  a number  of  weak  buds  near  the  end  of  the 
branches,  and  the  shoots  thus  formed  transmit  their  own  weakness  to 
those  to  which  they  give  rise.  The  fruit  being  formed  at  the  extremi- 


ties of  the  pole-like  and  comparatively  weak  branches,  the  weight,  with  the 
increased  leverage,  often  breaks  them  down.  The  sap  must  pass  the  entire 
length  of  the  branches  before  it  reaches  the  fruit,  and  the  amount  of  plant 
food  provided  will  consequently  be  less  than  when  upon  short-branched 
trees,  with  a comparatively  large  amount  of  sap  wood,  since  the  fruit  buds 
are  formed  on  the  last  year’s  growth.  When  the  heading-back  method  is 
used  much  can  be  done  toward  the  thinning  of  the  fruit,  and,  for  that  rea- 
son, it  should  be  delayed  as  long  as  possible  in  order  to  obtain  a correct 
idea  of  the  condition  of  the  buds,  and  thus  prune  judiciously.  If  all  of 
the  buds  have  been  destroyed,  the  last  year’s  growth  should  be  headed 
back  severely,  leaving  only  one  or  two  strong  buds,  in  this  way  keeping  the 
trees  in  as  compact  a form  as  possible.  If  only  a few  scattering  fruit  buds 
are  alive,  only  the  ends  of  the  shoots  should  be  cut  back,  thus  leaving 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


19 


practically  all  of  the  buds  to  develop,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  most  of 
the  buds  are  alive,  the  shoots  can  be  cut  back  one-half  or  two-thirds  and 
thus  about  one-half  of  the  work  of  thinning  the  fruit  will  be  saved.  While 


Fig.  4.— Pruning  by  thinning  out. 

it  is  best  to  prune  before  the  trees  blossom,  the  pruning  cannot  be  used 
to  thin  as  judiciously  as  when  delayed  until  it  can  be  determined  how  much 
fruit  has  set. 

CROTCHES. 

If  there  is  any  rule  that  should  be  uppermost  in  one’s  mind  when  prun- 
ing, it  is  “ avoid  crotches,”  as  whenever  two  branches  of  about  equal  size 
form  a fork  it  can  be  put  down  as  absolutely  certain  that  in  time  one,  or 
I both  perhaps,  will  break  down.  If  possible,  one  of  the  shoots  should  be 
cut  out  while  small,  but  if  they  occur  in  large  trees  it  will  be  safer  to  cut 
j one  of  them  out  and  head  the  other  back,  so  as  to  cause  it  to  send  out  side 
branches  than  to  leave  it  to  break  down  the  tree.  In  case  the  pruning  has 
I been  improperly  done  and  a tree  divides  above  its  trunk  into  two  branches 
of  equal  size  forming  a distinct  crotch,  so  that  the  symmetry  would  be  greatly 
injured  by  cutting  out  one  of  them,  both  can  sometimes  be  saved  by  clamp- 
ing them  together  by  means  of  a bolt,  thus  relieving  the  crotch  from  any 
strain. 


20 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


CROSSED  LIMBS. 


A second  thing  to  have  in  mind  is  to  remove  all  branches  that  seem 
likely  to  interfere  with  each  other.  Although  it  is  less  common  than  in  the 
cherry  and  pear,  the  branches  of  peaches  cross  each  other  and  become  par- 
tiallygirdled  by  the  chafing  that  ensues.  As  soon  as  they  show  any  tend- 
ency to  cross  each  other,  the  one  that  can  best  be  spared  should  be  cut  out 
While  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  head  thick  enough  to  keep  the  sun  from 
burning  the  bark  of  the  limbs,  and  to  have  the  mam  branches  clothed  with 
fruiting  shoots  back  to  within  four  or  five  feet  of  the  mam  stem,  the  mis- 
take must  not  be  made  of  keeping  the  heads  so  thick  that  the  sun  cannot  get 
in  to  color  the  fruit.  When  well  laden,  although  some  of  the  centre  shoots 
may  maintain  their  upright  position,  the  side  branches  will  be  sometimes 
drawn  down  by  their  load  of  fruit  and  the  sun  can  thus  get  down  among  the 
branches  If,  however,  the  branches  are  so  thick  as  to  prevent  this,  some 
of  the  weaker  ones  should  be  cut  out,  in  addition  to  the  heading  back  that 
is  given  the  others.  A pair  of  pruning  shears  will  be  all  that  is  needed  for 
the  removal  of  the  surplus  braDches  if  the  work  is  not  neglected.  Ho  - 
ever  although  its  excessive  use  will  shorten  the  life  of  the  tree,  a sawmus 
sometimes  be  resorted  to.  Whatever  method  of  pruning  is  employed,  the 
cuts  should  be  as  smooth  as  possible,  care  being  taken  not  to  bruise  the 
bark  or  tear  it  down  the  stub.  While  no  general  rule  can  be  given  for  the 
nlace  of  making  a cut,  it  can  be  said  that,  when  cutting  back  a branch  to 
fbe  main  shoot,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  leave  any  projecting  spur  and 

the  wound  should  be  as  small  as  possible.  „ ,1  ^ • l 

As  a rule  the  cut  should  start  from  an  eighth  to  a fourth  of  an  inch 
from  the  main  branch  and  come  out  in  about  the  middle  of  the  thickening 
which  is  generally  present  on  the  under  side.  When  ma.de  parallel  with 
the  main'branch  the  wound  is  unnecessarily  large,  and  it  is  better  to  have 
it  mX  10  to  15  degrees  from  a parallel.  In  heading  back  a branch  the 
^should  be  made  at  an  angle  of  45'  just  beyond  a strong  bud  or  branch. 


THINNING  THE  FRUIT. 


One  of  the  most  difficult  things  about  peach  growing  is  to  hav®the‘r^® 
nronerlv  thinned,  as  few  men  without  previous  experience  will  remove 
fnough  of  the  fruits  even  if  those  left  upon  the  trees  are  properly  distribu- 
ted Not  only  will  there  be  as  many  bushels  of  fruit  upon  a properly 
Druned  tree  as  on  one  that  has  twice  or  three  times  as  many  fruits,  but  the 
peaches  being8 larger  and  handsomer  will  ' sell  readily  at  a highly  remuner- 
ffie  price  while  others  of  the  same  variety,  that  have  been  given  exactly 
the  same' care  except  that  they  were  not  thinned  will  be  a drug  m be 
market  at  any  price  and  may  not  bring  enough  to  pay  chaiges.  it  is 

short-sigh  ted  policy  ^as  grtally  weakened  ^ th^strX  of 

IZrS  moStfy  water. aSThe  Serai  eKa£mort 

i^ce« 

SSsSSXftS  growth  Willi 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


21 


be  checked  and  future  productiveness  lessened.  If  a tree  is  left  unthinned 
and,  particularly,  if  the  summer  is  a dry  one,  it  often  attempts  to  relieve 
itself  by  dropping  part  of  the  fruit,  and  as  they  are  somewhat  loosely 
attached  a heavy  wind-storm  may  strew  the  ground  with  the  half-grown 
peaches,  oftentimes  taking  nearly  the  entire  crop.  While  the  trees 
would  have  been  more  likely  to  retain  the  fruit  had  they  been 
thinned,  there  would  also  have  been  a much  less  serious  strain  to 
the  tree,  as  the  small  number  of  pits  formed  would  take  less  mineral 
food.  In  some  seasons  the  fruit  drops  badly  soon  after  it  has  set, 
from  the  effects  of  curculio,  curl,  extremes  of  moisture  or  other  causes,  and 
for  this  reason  the  thinning  should  be  delayed  as  long  as  possible  without 
drawing  on  the  trees  too  much.  If  done  just  before  the  pits  begin  to 
harden,  as  a rule  there  will  be  little  loss  from  dropping  after  that  time. 
The  fruit  will  be  about  the  size  of  a natural  peach  pit,  and  it  will  be  early 
enough  to  avoid  a strain  to  the  trees.  The  time  will  vary  with  the  season 
| but,  as  a rule,  the  12th  to  18th  of  June  will  answer  in  southern  Michigan 
land  the  15th  to  25th  in  the  northern  half  of  the  State.  In  localities  where 
I the  rose  chafer  is  troublesome,  it  will  be  well  to  at  least  delay  the  final 
thinning  until  danger  from  them  is  over.  In  thinning  the  fruit,  no  set  rule 
jean  be.  given,  as  it  varies  with  the  size  and  vigor  of:  the  tree,  the  variety, 
and  with  the  amount  (if  any)  the  tree  has  been  headed  back.  The  old 
rule,  when  trees  were  not  headed  back,  was  to  leave  a peach  every  six  inches 
upon  the  branches,  and  it  is  a safe  rule  to  follow  under  those  conditions,  but 
when  the  fruit  has  been  partly  thinned  by  heading  back  it  will  not  answer. 

I If  evenly  distributed  over  the  tree,  and  when  the  branches  are  clothed 
| with  soft  spur-like  branches,  it  will  be  well,  as  a rule,  never  to  leave 
more  than  two  peaches  upon  any  branch  unless  it  is  long  and  unusu- 
ally strong,  and  not  to  have  them  under  any  conditions  nearer  than  four 
I inches  from  each  other.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  side  branches  are  not 
j numerous,  and  if  the  shoots  are  cut  back  very  severely  the  distance  may  be 
I somewhat  lessened  and  the  number  increased.  In  thinning,  an  effort 
should  be  made  to  leave  the  peaches  as  evenly  distributed  as  possible, 
j making  due  allowance  for  the  size  and  strength  of  the  branches.  The 
arger  fruits  and  particularly  those  near  the  base  of  the  shoots  should  be 
eft  and  the  others  removed.  With  a little  experience,  a tree  can  be  very 
readily  thinned,  particularly  if  it  has  been  well  headed  back,  which  as 
noted  before  will  greatly  reduce  the  number  of  peaches  that  need  to  be 
removed  with  the  hand,  and  by  lessening  the  height,  render  the  operation 
much  easier,  as  most  of  the  work  can  be  done  from  the  ground.  The 
ength  of  time  required  to  prune  a tree  varies  to  such  an  extent  with  the 
bize  and  height  of  the  tree  and  with  the  number  of  fruits  to  be  removed 
hat  no  estimate  of  the  expense  can  be  given.  It  can  be  safely  said,  how- 
ever, that  the  cost  will  be  several  times  repaid,  to  say  nothing  of  the  bene- 
fit to  the  trees.  If  when  thinning  the  trees  the  peaches  are  thrown  into  a 
basket  and  burned,  a great  number  of  curculio  will  be  destroyed  and  future 
attacks  lessened.  When  peaches  are  properly  thinned  the  danger  from 
ot  will  be  decreased,  as  it  is  a common  occurrence  to  have  one  diseased 
fieach  transmit  the  rot  to  all  others  in  contact  with  it,  and  when  crowded 
ogether  the  rot  will  be  much  more  likely  to  appear,  than  when  the  fruits 
ire  arranged  singly. 

MANURES  AND  FERTILIZERS. 

So  much  depends  upon  the  condition  and  natural  fertility  of  the  soil 
hat  only  general  rules  for  the  application  of  manures  and  fertilizers  can 


22 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


be  given.  If  the  soil  is  in  condition  to  furnish  a good  clover  sod  to  be 
turned  under  no  better  preparation  can  be  furnished,  and  frequently  it  will 
supply  plant  food  until  the  trees  come  into  bearing.  If  the  clover  sod 
cannot  be  secured,  and  if  the  soil  is  not  rich  enough  to  grow  a good  crop 
of  corn,  some  manure  or  fertilizer  should  be  applied.  The  application  of 
ten  tons  of  decomposed  stable  manure  broadcast,  before  the  land  is  dragged 
in  the  spring,  will  supply  food  for  the  growth  of  the  trees  and  for  the 
crops  that  may  be  grown  between  them;  a method  of  supplying  food  to 
the  trees,  without  feeding  the  other  crop  and  by  the  use  of  a comparatively 
small  amount  of  manure,  is  to  spread  three  or  four  forkfuls,  evenly  over 
spots  four  or  five  feet  in  diameter,  where  the  trees  are  to  be  planted.  In 
any  case,  it  should  be  incorporated  with  the  soil  and  not  allowed  in  con- 
tact with  the  roots.  While  the  application  of  stable  manure  is  advisable  for 
the  young  trees  upon  poor  soil,  rather  better  results  in  some  respects  can  be 
obtained  when  they  are  of  bearing  age,  particularly  upon  soil  that  contains  a 
fair  amount  of  organic  matter,  by  the  use  of  the  so-called  mineral  fertilizers. 
It  is  known  that  if  we  supply  plants  with  potash,  phosphoric  acid  and 
nitrogen  they  can,  as  a rule,  obtain  the  remaining  elements  needed  for  their 
growth  from  the  soil  and  atmosphere.  The  nitrogen  is  necessary  for  all 
growth  of  plants,  but  if  present  in  excess  it  is  likely  to  cause  a soft,  watery 
growth.  It  is  generally  present  in  sufficient  quantities  in  soils  of  fair 
fertility  to  carry  the  trees  up  to  the  bearing  age,  provided  the  soil  is  not 
robbed  of  its  fertility  by  other  crops.  Phosphoric  acid  is  also  found  in  all 
parts  of  plants,  but  is  particularly  abundant  in  the  seeds,  and  as  soluble 
phosphoric  acid  is  gradually  removed  from  the  soil  by  successive  crops 
there  are  few  bearing  orchards  that  will  not  be  benefited  by  its  use  as  a 
fertilizer.  We  have  at  hand  materials  that  supply  these  elements  in  a con- 
centrated form,  at  prices  no  higher  than  would  be  the  cost  of  the  more 
bulky  stable  manure,  when  it  has  to  be  hauled  any  distance. 

One  of  the  best  fertilizers  for  orchards  will  be  found  in  unleached  wood 
ashes.  They  contain  all  the  elements  needed  for  plant  growth,  except 
nitrogen,  and  these  are  present  not  only  in  about  the  proportions  needed  by 
the  trees,  but  they  are  in  combinations  that  can  be  readily  taken  up  by  them. 
A good  sample  of  wood  ashes  should  contain  about  three  to  five  per  cent  of 
potash,  and  one  and  one-half  per  cent  of  phosphoric  acid;  if  they  have 
been  leached  or  washed  by  rains  the  amount  will  be  considerably  reduced, 
while  in  some  cases  the  amount  of  both  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  is 
fifty  per  cent  larger  than  is  given.  From  a half  peck  to  a bushel  of  wood 
ashes  per  tree,  according  to  the  size,  can  always  be  used  to  advantage,  and 
if  the  trees  are  large,  so  as  to  cover  the  ground,  it  will  be  best  to  use  from 
100  to  150  bushels  per  acre  scattered  broadcast,  coveriugthe  entire  ground, 
Since  ashes  tend  to  render  a clay  soil  still  more  tenacious,  care  should  be 
taken  that  they  are  not  applied  in  large  quantities  upon  stiff  soils. 

Among  other  sources  of  potash  are  the  German  potash  salts,  which  are 
imported  as  muriates  and  sulphates,  and  contain  varying  proportions  of 
chloride  of  sodium  (common  salt),  and  chloride  of  magnesium.  The  best 
grades  contain  about  50  per  cent  of  potash,  and  are  preferable  to  the  cheaper 
ones,  as  the  expense  of  transporting  the  worthless  materials  in  the  lower 
grades  makes  the  potash  cost  more  per  pound  than  in  the  higher  grades. 

From  one-half  pound  to  three  pounds  per  tree,  or  from  fifty  to  three  hun- 
dred pounds  per  acre,  should  be  applied,  taking  care  it  is  not  brought  in  too 
close  contact  with  the  roots.  In  soils  deficient  in  potash  it  must  be  applied 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


to  secure  a proper  development  of  the  trees  and  it  will  also  increase  the 
amount  of  sugar  and  heighten  the  color  of  the  fruit. 

The  best  source  of  phosphoric  acid  is  from  bones,  either  ground,  or  as  bone 
charcoal.  The  value  of  ground  bone  depends  to  a considerable  extent  upon 
its  fineness,  and  the  action  will  be  hastened  if  it  has  been  treated  with  acid 
and  rendered  soluble,  in  which  case  it  forms  what  is  known  as  a superphos- 
phate. Fresh  bones  contain  a small  amount  of  nitrogen  which  adds  to 
their  value.  A fair  sample  of  ground  bone  should  contain  rather  more  than 
20  per  cent  of  phosphoric  acid,  of  which  about  one-third  can  be  utilized  by 
plants;  while  the  remaining  15  per  cent  is  in  an  insoluble  form  it  will  grad- 
ually become  available.  The  amount  of  nitrogen  in  ground  bones  is  quite 
variable  but  is  seldom  less  than  2,  or  more  than  5 per  cent.  In  addition 
to  the  fresh  bones,  bone  charcoal  in  the  form  of  dissolved  bone-black  is  also 
used  as  a source  of  phosphoric  acid,  it  containing  some  16  to  20  per  cent, 
nearly  all  of  which  is  immediately  soluble.  Nitrogen  is  not  present  in 
bone-black,  having  been  removed  by  the  burning.  Phosphoric  acid  is  also 
obtained  from  various  waste  products  of  slaughter  houses,  from  guano  and 
fish  scraps  and,  in  less  valuable  forms,  is  mined  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  and  in  Florida,  and  is  found  in  iron  slag.  The  Charleston  phos- 
phate rock  is  largely  used  in  fertilizers,  but  its  phosphoric  acid  is  less  val- 
uable than  that  from  bones.  The  iron  slag  phosphate,  sometimes  known 
as  “Odorless”  is  highly  commended  by  many  who  have  tried  it,  although  it 
has  some  value,  the  extravagant  claims  made  for  it  can  hardly  be  sustained. 
Analysis  shows  that  it  contains  about  20  per  cent  of  phosphoric  acid,  of 
which  some  3 to  4 per  cent  is  soluble. 

The  nitrogen  supply,  except  as  furnished  incidentally  in  the  bones 
and  waste  animal  products,  is  obtained  from  nitrate  of  sodium,  and 
sulphate  of  ammonium.  In  both  of  these  salts  it  is  readily  soluble  and 
is  considered  more  valuable  than  when  from  other  sources.  The  quantity 
of  the  salts  required  varies  with  the  character  of  the  soil  as  well  as  with 
the  age  of  the  trees.  Stable  manure  is  preferable  as  the  source  of  nitro- 
gen, .but  if  it  cannot  be  obtained  and  the  condition  of  the  soil  is  such  that 
some  form  of  nitrogen  is  needed  to  give  a fair  growth  to  the  trees,  100  to 
150  pounds  of  either  of  these  chemicals  per  acre  would  generally  be  ample, 
while  a considerably  smaller  quantity  would  suffice  for  young  trees.  There 
is  much  danger  if  it  is  used  in  large  quantities,  particularly  if  it  comes  in 
close  contact  with  the  roots.  One  can  determine  the  relative  value  of  the 
various  fertilizers  as  their  guaranteed  analysis  must  be  furnished, and  with 
this  and  the  value  per  pound  of  potash,  phosphoric  acid  and  nitrogen  it  can 
readily  be  computed.  Potash  is  reckoned  as  worth  about  6 cents  per  pound 
when  in  the  form  of  sulphate  and  five  cents  as  a muriate.  Phosphoric  acid 
when  soluble  is  valued  at  eight  cents,  reverted  at  seven,  and  when  insolu- 
ble in  bones  it  is  valued  at  from  three  to  seven  cents,  while  in  rock  and 
similar  materials  it  is  only  worth  from  one  to  two  cents  at  the  most,  while 
from  some  materials  it  has  little  if  any  value.  The  variation  in  the  value 
of  nitrogen  is  still  greater,  as  in  nitrate  of  soda  it  is  worth  sixteen  cents 
per  pound;  as  sulphate  of  ammonia  eighteen  cents;  in  blood,  meat  and  fish 
scraps  fifteen  cents;  in  bones  from  ten  to  fifteen  cents  according  to  the  fine- 
ness of  grinding.  In  stable  manure  nitrogen  would  be  worth  about 
eight  cents  per  pound.  As  they  are  for  the  most  part  readily  soluble  it  is 
best  to  apply  the  fertilizers  in  the  spring;  if  this  is  done  just  before  the 
land  is  to  be  harrowed  it  will  be  better  than  to  plow  it  in.  In  seasons  when 
droughts  prevail  there  is  less  effect  from  fertilizers  than  from  stable  manure, 


24 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


but,  although  there  may  be  some  loss  of  the  nitrogen  and  potash,  the  phos- 
phates will  be  retained  in  the  soil  with  little  or  no  loss. 

THE  ‘RATIONAL  USE  OF  FERTILIZERS. 

As  nearly  all,  if  not  quite  all  soils  contain  a considerable  amount  of  lime 
there  will  be  little  use  in  applying  lime  in  any  form  for  the  sake  of  supply- 
ing that  element  to  plants,  and  the  same  can  be  said  of  sodium  and  chlo- 
rine*  and  as  these  elements  make  up  our  common  salt,  it  will  be  seen  that 
salt  is  of  no  value  to  any  crop  as  a fertilizer.  Of  the  three  elements 
mentioned  above  that  are  often  deficient  in  the  soil,  potash,  phosphorus, 
and  nitrogen,  it  can  be  said  that  a rich  virgin  soil  will  generally  contain 
all  that  is  needed  for  an  orchard,  but  after  the  trees  have  matured  several 
crops  of  fruit,  the  available  potash  and  phosphorus  is  likely  to  become  so 
reduced  that  a satisfactory  growth  cannot  be  obtained,  and  if  the  soil  is  in 
any  way  deficient  in  organic  matter,  the  amount  of  nitrogen  will  probably 
be  rather  small.  In  order  to  determine  what  one  of  these  elements  and 
the  amount  that  should  be  used,  it  is  well  to  make  use  of  them  experi- 
mentally, applying,  for  example,  ground  bone  upon  one  row  of  trees, 
muriate  of  potash,  or  wood  ashes  upon  an  other,  nitrate  of  soda,  if  the  land 
is  poor,  upon  a third,  and  combinations  of  two  and  of  all  of  these  materials 
upon  still  other  rows,  with  a proper  number  of  untreated  rows.  If  the  plots 
have  been  properly  selected,  one  should  be  able  to  tell  at  the  end  of  the 
second  or  third  year  which  of  the  elements  are  needed,  and  if  the  experi- 
ment has  been  carried  on  so  as  to  have  plots  with  different  quantities  of 
the  fertilizers  upon  them  the  amount  that  can  be  properly  applied  to  each 
can  be  learned,  and  in  this  way  one  can  be  saved  the  useless  application  of 
fertilizing  materials  that  are,  perhaps,  already  in  excess  in  the  soil. 
As  a rule,  where  no  experiments  of  the  kind  have  been  conducted,  a bear- 
ing orchard  should  have,  once  in  two  years,  from  300  to  500  pounds 
of  ground  bone,  200  to  300  pounds  of  muriate  of  potash  (instead  of  the 
muriate  of  potash,  100  bushels  of  -wood  ashes  if  unleached,  or  300  bush- 
els of  leached  may  be  used);  150  pounds  of  nitrate  of  soda,  or  25  tons  of 
decomposed  stable  manure,  will  be  beneficial  if  the  soil  is  light.  In  addi- 
tion to  their  value  for  supplying  plant  food,  the  chemical  fertilizers  have 
an  additional  value,  that  is  perhaps  equally  important,  as,  by  supplying 
soluble  plant  food  early  in  the  season,  they  enable  trees  to  make  their 
growth  during  the  first  of  the  season  and  ripen  their  wood  thoroughly 
before  winter.  The  growth  is,  as  a rule,  much  more  firm  than  that 
obtained  by  the  use  of  stable  manure,  or  from  the  natural  fertility  of  the 
soil.  In  fact  the  chemical  manures  can  be  used  as  correctives  since  if 
those  containing  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  are  added  to  soils  that  have 
been  highly  enriched  with  stable  manure,  or  that  are  naturally  quite  rich 
in  organic  matter,  they  will  have  a tendency  to  make  the  new  wood  more 
firm  and  compact.  It  can  then  be  claimed  that  the  proper  use  of  chemical 
manures  will  increase  the  hardiness  of  the  trees,  and  will  both  render  the 
fruit  buds  less  susceptible  to  sudden  changes  in  the  weather,  afid  lessen 
the  danger  of  their  winter-killing. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


25 


THE  NURSERY  CULTURE  OF  THE  PEACH. 

While  the  farmer  or  village  resident  will  prefer  to  purchase  his  peach 
trees  of  a nurseryman,  it  often  happens  that  an  extensive  grower  can  at 
a slight  cost  in  labor,  propagate  his  own  trees  and  thus  be  more  likely  to 
secure  the  varieties  he  desires  to  plant,  and  to  have  'them  free  from  all 
taint  of  disease.  There  are  no  secrets  in  the  nursery  growing  of  peach 
trees  that  cannot  be  readily  acquired  by  any  one,  and,  although  practice 
in  the  various  operations  will  necessarily  make  one  more  expert,  if  the 
instructions  here  given  are  carefully  followed  any  intelligent  person  can 
grow  peach  trees. 


SOIL  FOR  A PEACH  NURSERY. 

Peaches  need  about  the  same  kind  of  soil,  whether  in  the  nursery,  or  in 
the  orchard,  although  the  nursery  soil  should  be  rather  more  fertile,  and 
for  propagating  peach  trees  a well-drained,  sandy  loam  should  be  chosen. 
A clover  sod  plowed  under  is  an  excellent  preparation  of  the  soil,  and  if 
the  soil  is  naturally  fairly  fertile  it  will  need  no  other  dressing.  If  stable 
manure  is  used,  care  should  be  taken  that  it  is  not  applied  in  excessive  quan- 
tities, or  in  an  undecomposed  condition,  as  it  would  probably  cause  a 
watery  growth  that  would  not  ripen,  and  winter-killing  would  ensue.  If 
any  fertilizer  is  needed,  unleached  wood  ashes  at  the  rate  of  150  bushels 
per  acre,  and  about  500  pounds  of  ground  bone,  will  supply  the  necessary 
plant  food,  in  anything  but  an  exhausted  soil,  and  a strong,  well  ripened 
growth  can  be  obtained.  If  these  are  not  used  and  if  the  soil  is  deficient 
in  organic  matter  ten  or  fifteen  loads  of  decomposed  stable  manure,  spread 
broadcast  and  plowed  in  will  greatly  aid  in  growing  good  stock.  As  stated 
above  a good  clover  sod  plowed  under  will  be  preferable,  as  it  will  not  only 
supply  the  necessary  plant  food  to  the  soil  but  it  will  improve  its  physical 
condition.  The  land  should  be  carefully  fitted,  as  time  expended  in  this 
will  be  doubly  repaid  by  the  amount  saved  in  the  after  cultivation. 

THE  SEED  AND  ITS  PREPARATION 

As  in  the  growing  of  all  kinds  of  nursery  trees,  the  first  thing  is  to 
obtain  suitable  stocks  upon  which  to  work  the  improved  varieties.  As 
stock  for  this  fruit,  peach  seedlings  are  almost  universally  used.  The  plum 
is  preferred  as  a stock  for  the  peach  by  the  English,  when  they  have  a 
cold,  wet  soil,  and  is  recommended  by  some  for  use  under  similar  condi- 
tions in  this  country,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  there  are  any  soils,  or  localities, 
in  which  peaches  can  be  relied  on  to  fruit,  where  the  plum  stock  is 
necessary.  Nearly  all  writers  advocate  the  use  of  natural  pits,  or  those 
from  seedling  peaches,  and  this  is  the  almost  universal  custom.  The  claim 
is  made  that  seedlings  grown  from  natural  seed  are  more  vigorous  than 
from  seed  of  improved  varieties.  The  natural  seed  owes  its  value  to  the 
fact  that  all  the  efforts  of  plants  in  a wild  state  are  used  in  perpetuat- 
ing themselves,  while  our  cultivated  varieties  have  been  so  modified  by 
man  in  his  endeavor  to  increase  the  amount,  or  the  quality  of  the  flesh 
surrounding  the  stone,  that  the  reproductive  properties  in  the  seed  itself 
are  weakened,  the  seeds  will  be  less  certain  to  grow,  and  the  trees  will  be 
4 


26 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


less  vigorous,  less  hardy,  and  consequently  shorter  lived.  At  any  rate  as 
nearly  all  of  the  natural  seed  conies  from  Virginia  and  Tennessee  where  the 
“ yellows”  are  not  known  to  be,  there  will  be  less  danger  of  obtaining  the 
germs  of  this  disease  in  them,  than  when  pits  of  improved  varieties 
are  used,  unless  one  is  familiar  with  the  source  from  which  the  seed  comes. 
The  pits  from  canning  factories  that  obtain  their  fruit  from  infected  dis- 
tricts should  be  looked  on  with  suspicion.  The  natural  seed  can  readily 
be  distinguished  from  that  of  the  improved  varieties,  as  it  is  smaller, 
more  nearly  spherical  and  lacking  the  wing  that  is  so  noticeable  around 
the  edge  of  the  latter;  the  canals  upon  the  surface  of  the  pits  also,  are 
not  as  large,  or  deep  as  in  the  latter;  the  halves  of  the  shell  are  more 
firmly  united  and  the  kernels  are  firmer  and  thicker.  The  pits  should,  if 
possible,  be  obtained  in  the  autumn  and  although  they  may  at  once  be 
planted  in  nursery  rows,  it  is  not  the  best  plan  as  the  pits  thns  treated  are 
not  all  of  them  sure  to  germinate  the  first  year,  if  at  all,  and  an  uneven 
stand  will  result.  It  frequently  happens  that  when  thus  treated,  part  only 
of  the  pits  sprout  in  the  spring,  others  appear  the  following  year,  and  still 
others  may  show  themselves  the  third  year  from  planting. 

STRATIFYING  THE  SEED. 

In  order  to  secure  the  prompt  germination  of  the  pits,  they  should  be  so 
treated  that  they  are  exposed  to  the  action  of  frost.  If  only  a few  are  to  be 
planted,  they  should  be  placed  in  thin  layers,  alternately  with  an  inch 
or  so  of  soil,  in  boxes,  and  after  that  closed  up  so  that  the  moisture  cannot 
escape,  and  placed  on  the  north  side  of  a building  where  they  will  be  out 
of  the  way  of  the  drying  influence  of  the  sun.  To  secure  the  full  action  of 
the  frost  the  seed  should  be  soaked  for  twenty-four  hours  before  being 
placed  in  the  box,  and  it  will  be  well  to  thus  treat  the  seeds,  however  they 
may  be  stratified.  When  nurserymen  stratify  large  quantities  of  seed 
much  the  same  course  is  pursued,  except  that  they  excavate  a trench,  ten 
inches  deep  and  large  enough  to  hold  the  seed,  in  some  moist  but  well- 
drained  soil.  In  this  the  seeds  are  placed  in  alternate  layers  of  soil  to  a 
depth  of  eight  inches  and  covered  with  two  inches  of  sand.  Unless  the 
soil  is  moist  it  will  be  found  well  to  wet  the  bed  down  thoroughly  before 
covering  it  up.  Another  method  is  to  spread  out  the  seeds  upon  the  sur- 
face to  the  depth  of  three  inches,  and  then  spade  them  in,  taking  paius  to 
have  them  all  covered.  Treated  in  either  way  they  will  be  exposed  to  the 
freezing  and  thawing  of  Winter  and  the  shells  will  be  so  loosened  that  as 
the  seeds  swell  in  the  Spring  most  of  them  will  fall  apart.  When  the  time 
for  planting  comes  they  can  be  taken  out,  separated  from  the  soil  by  means 
of  a screen,  and  all  that  have  not  opened  carefully  cracked  with  the  ham- 
mer. When  an  even  stand  is  desired  and  especially  in  localities  where 
moles  are  troublesome,  another  method  of  stratifying  will  be  found  still 
more  reliable.  The  pits  are  scattered  on  the  surface  in  a single  layer, 
forming  a bed  four  feet  wide  and  of  the  necessary  length,  and  cov- 
ered with  two  inches  of  soil.  In  the  Spring  they  will  be  so  well  cracked 
that  most  of  them  will  sprout  and  send  up  shoots;  as  soon  as  they  are 
three  or  four  inches  high  they  should  be  carefully  taken  out  and  trans- 
planted with  a dibble  to  the  nursery  rows  at  intervals  of  eight  inches, 
placing  them  so  that  they  will  be  about  two  inches  deeper  than  they  were 
in  the  seed  bed.  By  keeping  the  plants  in  pails  of  water,  so  that  they 
will  not  wilt,  very  few  will  be  lost  if  the  soil  is  moderately  moist.  If  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


27 


season  is  very  dry  it  may  become  necessary  to  water  the  plants  once  or 
twice. 


PLANTING  THE  SEED. 

In  case  the  seed  is  planted  in  the  fall,  or  in  the  spring  before  it  has 
sprouted,  the  operation  is  not  unlike  the  sowing  of  peas.  Drills  are  made 
with  a marker,  or  with  a hoe  if  only  a few  are  to  be  planted,  two  inches  in 
depth  and  at  intervals  of  about  three  feet  eight  inches,  being  rather  more 
in  rich  soil  and  less  in  sand;  in  this  the  seeds,  which  have  been  previously 
cracked,  are  dropped  about  four  inches  apart.  They  should  then  be  cov- 
ered with  a hoe  or  rake  and  the  soil  firmly  pressed  down,  using  a roller  in 
light  soil.  From  eight  to  ten  bushels  of  natural  seed  will  be  required  per 
acre  and  with  good  success  this  should  give  twenty  thousand  trees;  as  a rule, 
however,  not  over  ten  thousand  first- class  trees  will  be  obtained  from  an 
acre  even  under  the  best  of  conditions.  In  laying  out  the  nursery,  it  is 
preferable  to  have  the  rows  run  north  and  south  and  space  should  be  left  at 
each  end  to  give  room  for  turning  in  cultivating.  During  the  first  part  of 
the  season,  the  young  seedlings  should  be  cultivated  once  in  ten  days  and 
the  soil  between  the  plants  occasionally  stirred  with  a hoe  to  keep  the 
weeds  down  and  a crust  from  forming.  The  cultivation  should  be  shallow 
and  with  an  implement  with  small  teeth  or  shovels.  About  the  first  of 
August  it  will  be  well  to  go  over  them  and  rub  off  the  leaves  to  a height  of 
four  or  five  inches  on  the  stem.  In  case  the  season  is  dry,  the  cultivation 
should  be  more  frequent,  and  if  it  looks,  by  the  middle  of  July  or  the  first  of 
August  as  though  the  stocks  would  not  reach  a suitable  size  for  working,  they 
can  be  aided  by  scattering  broadcast  along  the  rows,  ground  bone  at  the  rate 
of  three  hundred  pounds  per  acre  and  a bushel  of  wood  ashes  to  eight  or  ten 
rods  of  row.  Instead  of  the  above,  guano  or  superphosphate  could  be  used. 
Nitrate  of  soda  is  also  excellent  to  promote  growth  but  it  should  be  used 
very  carefully  at  the  rate  of  not  over  100  pounds  per  acre.  They  should  be 
thoroughly  worked  into  the  soil.  If  conveniences  for  watering  are  handy 
it  will  pay,  if  the  drought  continues,  to  give  the  plants  a thorough  watering, 
which  will  help  to  render  the  fertilizer  available. 

By  the  last  of  August  the  smallest  of  the  seedlings  should  be  as  large  as 
a lead  pencil  and  the  others  will  range  from  that  size  to  a half  or  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diamater. 


BUDDING. 

As  the  object  of  this  operation  is  to  obtain  trees  of  certain  desirable 
varieties,  every  precaution  should  be  taken  that  the  buds  used  are  true  to 
name.  As  a rule,  they  are  more  reliable  if  taken  from  bearing  trees,  but 
they  are  not  as  vigorous,  or  as  easy  to  obtain  as  from  nursery  trees.  If 
buds  from  small  trees  are  used,  especial  pains  should  be  taken,  as  a mis- 
take with  a single  bud  may  make  a difference  with  a hundred  or  more  trees 
when  buds  are  taken  the  following  year.  The  buds,  above  all,  should  be 
healthy,  plump,  and  well  ripened;  as  a rule  those  at  both  the  upper  and 
the  lower  ends  should  be  rejected.  After  cutting  the  bud  sticks,  the 
leaves  should  at  once  be  cut  off,  leaving  the  leaf  stems  about  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  long,  as  handles  to  use  in  inserting  the  buds;  to  keep  them 
from  drying  they  should  be  wrapped  in  oiled  cloth. 

As  a rule,  the  budding  can  be  done  as  soon  as  the  stocks  are  of  a suit- 


28 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


able  size,  and  when  the  buds  have  become  firm,  but  if  the  growth  of  the 
stocks  is  still  very  rapid  it  will  be  well  to  delay  the  operation,  as  a too 
vigorous  growth  may  throw  out,  or  cover  up  and  smother  the  buds.  The 
budding  should  be  completed  ten  days  or  two  weeks  before  growth  stops, 
and  while  it  can  be  performed  with  good  success  as  late  as  the  first  week 
in  October,  it  is  better  to  have  it  finished  by  the  middle  of  September. 
If  the  budding  is  performed  early  in  the  season  and  the  period  of  growth 
is  long,  the  buds  may  start  into  growth  and  be  injured  by  the  winter.  In 
addition  to  the  seedling  stocks  and  cions  of  the  desired  variety,  the  only 
materials  required  in  budding  are  a budding  knife,  and  something  for  bind- 
ing'the  buds.  The  budding  knife  (Fig.  5,  a),  has  a thin,  sharp  blade  with 
its  end  rounded  so  that  the  point  is  even  with  the  back.  To  assist  in  open- 
ing the  bark  there  is  either  a thin  piece  of  ivory  in  the  other  end  of  the  han- 
dle, or  the  tip  of  the  blade  may  be  rounded  so  as  to  make  it  blunt.  As  a wrap- 
ping material  raffia,  which  is  obtained  in  narrow  strips  from  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaves  of  a certain  kind  of  palm,  is  most  commonly  used,  although 


Fig.  5.— Budding. 

a,  Budding  knife.  6,  Bud-stick  and  buds.  c,  Bud  inserted  and  wrapped. 

the  bast  layer  of  bark  of  the  basswood  and  yarn  are  preferred  by  some. 
The  operation  of  budding  consists  in  making  a T shaped  cut  in  the  bark 
of  the  stock  and,  after  lifting  the  bark,  placing  under  it  a bud  from  the 
cion  with  a little  bark  attached  and  binding  the  bark  firmly  down  upon 
it.  The  cut  is  made  within  three  or  four  inches  of  the  ground  drawing  the 
knife  either  vertically  or  horizontally  first,  as  is  most  convenient.  In  case 
the  horizontal  cut  is  first  made,  the  knife  should  be  drawn  upward  to  the 
cross  cut  when  making  the  vertical  incision,  and  when  the  two  meet  a 
slight  twist  of  the  wrist  will  cause  the  knife  to  turn  up  the  edges  of  the 
bark  so  that  the  bud  can  be  easily  inserted.  If  the  horizontal  cut  is  made 
last,  it  should  be  at  a slight  angle  (Fig.  5,  a)  so  that  the  corners  of  the 
bark  will  be  somewhat  raised  from  the  stock.  If  the  stocks  are  in  proper 
condition  for  budding,  the  bark  will  be  sufficiently  raised,  to  readily  admit 
of  the  insertion  of  the  bud.  If  for  any  reason  the  bark  does  not  lift, 
the  ivory  at  the  end  of  the  handle,  or  the  rounded  end  of  the  blade 
of  the  budding  knife,  can  be  used  to  open  it.  Having  made  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


29 


stock  ready  for  a bud,  one  of  the  bud  sticks  (Fig.  5,  b)  should  be  drawn 
out  from  its  wrapping  and  a bud  (Fig.  5,  b)  removed.  In  cutting  the  bud 
the  cion  is  held  in  the  left  hand,  resting  on  the  forefinger,  with  the  small 
end  toward  the  body.  The  knife  is  inserted  about  half  an  inch  below  the 
bud  and  a cut  is  then  made  deep  enough  to  take  off  a thin  shaving  of  the 
wood  and  extending  one-half  inch  above  the  bud.  The  cut  may  be  brought 
out  through  the  bark  at  this  point,  entirely  severing  the  bud,  but  this  is 
likely  to  cause  the  bud  to  fall  to  the  ground.  The  usual  custom  is  to 
remove  the  knife  and  complete  the  severing  of  the  bark,  by  a cut  at  right 
angles  to  the  one  first  made.  The  shaving  of  wood  taken  off  with  the  bark 
is  removed  by  some  budders,  but  it  is  not  necessary  and  is  sometimes 
harmful,  unless  carefully  done,  as  the  base  of  the  bud  may  be  torn  out 
with  the  wood.  Then  take  the  stub  of  the  leaf  stalk,  left  for  the  purpose 
attached  to  the  bud,  between  the  thumb  and  forefinger  of  the  right  hand 
and  insert  it  in  the  slit  in  the  bark  of  the  stock,  crowding  it  down 
until  the  top  of  the  bark  attached  to  the  bud  is  below  the  horizontal  cut 
on  the  stock.  If  still  loose,  it  is  well  to  push  it  down  until  the  bark  of  the 
stock  presses  firmly  against  the  piece  of  bark  attached  to  the  bud.  The 
bud  is  now  ready  for  tying,  which  consists  in  wrapping  a strip 
o£  raffia  or  other  material  that  is  to  be  used  for  the  purpose,  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  inches  in  length,  according  to  the  size  of  the  stocks,  and  from 
one-fourth  to  one-half  inch  in  width,  from  two  to  four  times  around  the 
stock  beneath  the  bud,  and  about  twice  above  it  (Fig.  5,  c),  giving  it  tension 
enough  to  press  the  bark  firmly  down  upon  the  bud.  This  pressure  of  the 
bark  is  beneficial  in  two  ways,  as  by  shutting  out  the  air  it  prevents  the 
bud  from  drying  out,  and  by  bringing  the  bud  and  stock  in  close  con- 
tact the  union  is  more  rapid.  The  operation  of  budding  is  now  completed 
but  the  tree  is  by  no  means  ready  for  the  orchard.  In  about  ten  days  or 
two  weeks  the  trees  should  be  looked  over  and  if  any  of  the  buds  have 
failed  to  take,  new  ones  can  be  inserted.  In  all  cases  where  the  buds  have 
taken,  the  bands  should  be  cut,  by  drawing  a knife  across  them  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stock  from  the  bud.  If  one  of  the  folds  is  cut  it  will 
be  sufficient,  as  the  wrapping  will  open  of  itself.  Sometimes  the  growth  of 
the  stock  before  the  bud  has  taken  is  so  rapid  that  the  pressure  of  the 
band  will  ao  check  the  flow  of  the  sap  that,  if  left  to  itself,  the  stock  would 
be  girdled.  Upon  all  such  stocks  the  bands  should  be  loosened  and  retied. 
In  case  the  budding  is  done  towards  the  close  of  the  season  of  growth,  it  is 
not  always  necessary  that  the  bands  be  cut,  as  there  is  no  danger  of  con- 
striction and  they  will  decay  before  spring,  but  under  other  conditions  it 
is  safer  to  be  sure  that  the  bands  are  cut.  Nothing  further  is  necessary  the 
first  year,  unless  the  trees  are  on  rather  moist  soil,  where  there  is  a good 
deal  of  freezing  and  thawing,  in  which  case  it  is  well  to  throw  up  a 
light  furrow,  on  each  side  of  the  rows,  covering  the  buds.  In  the  spring 
this  should  be  thrown  away  from  the  rows  and  the  narrow  strip  between 
the  trees  drawn  away  with  hoes.  The  stocks  should  then  be  cut  back,  the 
cut  being  made  somewhat  slanting,  beginning  on  the  side  opposite  the 
bud,  about  half  an  inch  above  the  bud  itself,  and  giving  the  top  of  the  stub 
a slope  of  about  45  degrees.  Sometimes  the  cut  is  made  several  inches 
above  the  bud  and,  later  on,  after  the  bud  has  sent  up  a stem  twelve  or 
fifteen  inches  high,  the  stub  is  cut  back  near  enough  the  bud  to  admit  its 
being  readily  grown  over.  Cultivation  should  begin  as  soon  as  the  soil  is 
in  a suitable  condition  and  should  be  kept  up  through  the  Summer  until 
the  trees  get  large  enough  to  shade  the  ground.  In  case  the  season  is  a 


30 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


dry  one,  or  if  the  trees  make  a slow  growth,  it  should  be  kept  up  until  the 
middle  of  August,  using  a fine  toothed,  shallow-working  implement.  When 
growth  starts,  a number  of  suckers  will  start  up  from  the  stub  of  the  stock. 
When  they  get  to  be  two  inches  long  they  should  be  rubbed  off,  taking 
pains  to  remove  every  portion.  As  a rule  no  others  will  come  out  but  if 
they  make  their  appearance,  they  should  be  promptly  removed.  The  hoe 
should  be  used  this  season  sufficiently  often  to  keep  the  crust  between  the 
trees  broken.  The  trees  will  be  of  a suitable  size  for  orchard  planting  in 
the  fall  or  following  spring. 

By  the  first  of  November,  or  earlier  if  most  of  the  leaves  have  fallen,  the 
trees  can  be  dug.  In  doing  this  pains  should  be  taken  not  to  cut  the  roots 
too  short,  as  this  would  lessen  the  chances  of  living,  and  at  best  will  shorten 
the  growth  the  first  year. 


JUNE-BUDDED  TREES. 

In  some  sections  what  are  known  as  June-budded  trees  are  grown,  but 
they  are  of  little  value  except  as  a means  of  rapidly  propagating  new  sorts 
of  which  buds  were  not  set  in  the  fall.  The  cions  must  be  cut  in  the  fall, 
or  winter,  and  kept  dormant  until  the  stocks  have  begun  to  grow  so  that 
the  bark  will  lift.  When  the  buds  are  set,  most  of  the  top  is  cut  off  and  in 
two  or  three  weeks  the  stock  is  cut  back  to  the  bud,  which  soon  breaks  and 
forms  a weak  growth.  In  the  south  the  method  is  used  with  fair  success, 
but  in  this  State  it  has  few  advantages  and  several  disadvantages,  the  princi- 
pal one  in  addition  to  the  weakness  of  the  growth,  being  that  it  is  likely  to 
make  a late  growth  and  be  injured  by  the  winter. 


THE  CULTIVATION  OF  THE  PLUM. 

During  the  past  ten  years  the  plum  has  come  rapidly  to'  the  front  as  a 
desirable  fruit  for  the  commercial  grower.  The  success  met^with  by  the 
people  of  Oceana  county  in  the  cultivation  of  this  fruit,  and  the  highly 
remunerative  prices  obtained  have  led  to  its  being  largely  planted  in  various 
sections  of  the  State,  and  the  returns  thus  far  obtained  from  the  earlier 
plantings,  have  been  very  generally  satisfactory. 

There  are  many  sections  of  the  State  in  which  this  fruit  can  be  grown, 
where  the  peach  will  not  thrive,  and  it  will  undoubtedly  greatly  increase 
in  value  as  a commercial  fruit. 

While  the  care  required  by  a plum  orchard  differs  in  some  of  its  details 
from  that  needed  by  the  peach,  the  general  principles  upon  which  we  work 
are  the  same;  we  shall  therefore  treat  the  subject  of  plum  growing  largely 
by  referring  the  reader  to  the  preceding  pages  upon  peach  culture,  and 
merely  pointing  out  the  particular  points  in  which  the  treatment  given  to 
the  plum  should  differ. 

SOIL  AND  CLIMATE  FOR  THE  PLUM. 

The  climate  of  Michigan  seems  well  suited  to  the  plum,  and  it  is  a sure 
crop  in  all  parts  of  the  State  except  in  some  of  the  interior  counties  in  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


31 


extreme  northern  part  of  the  lower  peninsula  and  in  portions  of  the  upper 
peninsula,  but  even  there  the  failure  is  due  more  to  soil  than  climatic  con- 
ditions. While  the  same  general  rules  regarding  elevation  and  exposure 
apply  to  this  fruit  as  have  been  given  for  the  peach,  they  vary  in  degree, 
and  plums  can,  owing  to  the  greater  hardiness  of  the  fruit-buds  as  well  as  of 
the  trees,  be  grown  in  locations  where  the  peach  will  fail.  In  fact  it  is  a 
common  practice,  when  large  areas  are  planted  to  these  fruits  upon  rolling 
land,  to  use  the  higher  portions  for  peach  trees  and  to  set  the  plums  in  the 
depressions,  although  if  the  soil  is  suitable  the  plums  would  do  better  upon 
the  elevated  land. 

As  a rule  it  may  be  said  that  plums  need  a strong  and  rather  heavy 
soil,  but  on  the  contrary  the  most  successful  plum  orchards  in  the  State 
are  in  Oceana  county,  where  the  soil  is  light.  The  soil  there,  however,  is 
rich  in  lime  and  seems  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  trees  and  to  the 
production  of  large  crops  of  fine  fruit.  For  the  best  results  the  land 
should  be  fairly  moist,  but  success  cannot  be  obtained  if  it  is  not  well 
drained.  If  moisture  is  present  with  a proper  supply  of  plant  food,  fair 
success  can  be  obtained  upon  almost  any  soil,  although  a light  sand,  muck 
or  heavy  clay  should  be  avoided,  with  a moderately  heavy  loam  either 
sand  or  clay  as  a choice. 

AGE,  SIZE  AND  CARE  OF  TREES. 

In  a general  way,  the  same  rules  apply  here  as  were  given  for  the  peach. 
The  ordinary  planter  will,  however,  find  trees  that  have  been  grown  in  the 
nursery  two  years  from  the  bud,  preferable  to  one-year  trees. 

It  may  be  well  to  state  that  plum  trees  are  generally  budded  upon 
Myrobalan  stocks,  (another  name  for  Primus  cerasifera,  a dwarf  Euro- 
pean plum).  The  peach  is  sometimes  used  as  a stock  for  American  varie- 
ties, and  is  recommended  by  some  nurserymen  as  a stock  for  European 
sorts  on  sandy  soils.  Sometimes  St  Julien  stocks  are  used,  and  others 
grown  from  cuttings  of  the  Marianna  (a  Texas  variety  with  close  affini- 
ties to  Prunus  cerasifera) , are  meeting  with  favor.  The  first  two  kinds  may 
be  grown  from  imported  seeds,  but  it  is  a more  comman  plan  to  plant  Euro- 
pean grown  stocks.  They  are  placed  about  three  feet  eight  inches  by 
six  inches,  and  if  strong  may,  under  favorable  conditions,  be  budded  the 
same  season.  If  not  large  enough,  budding  may  be  delayed  until  the  fol- 
lowing year.  The  season  for  budding  the  plum  is  earlier  than  for  the 
peach,  the  operation  being  performed  as  a rule  either  the  latter  half  of 
July  or  the  first  half  of  August.  Other  than  noted  the  care  of  plums  in 
the  nursery  is  the  same  as  for  the  peach. 

In  heading  back  the  top  of  the  trees  at  the  time  of  planting,  the  common 
practice  differs  somewhat  from  the  method  pursued  with  the  peach. 
According  to  the  amount  of  growth  and  the  amount  of  root  area  the 
branches  are  cut  back  from  one-half  to  two-thirds,  and  the  weaker  ones 
are  thinned  out  so  as  to  leave  not  over  five  side  shoots  in  addition  to  the 
leader,  which  should  be  shortened  only  about  one-third.  The  branches 
should  be  distributed  upon  the  different  sides  of  the  stem  as  evenly  as  pos- 
sible, taking  pains  also  to  secure  a vertical  distribution.  Both  extremes 
should  be  avoided  in  fixing  the  height  for  the  head;  three  feet  from  the 
ground  to  the  lower  branches  may  be  taken  as  an  average,  although  many 
would  have  that  as  the  maximum,  and  under  some  conditions  it  would  be 
preferable  to  a greater  height. 


32 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  after  pruning  is  confined  tp  the  thinning  out  of  unnecessary 
branches,  particularly  those  showing  a tendency  to  rub  against  others,  and 
the  heading  in  of  rampant  shoots.  The  extremes  of  either  heading  in  or 
thinning  out  as  practiced  upon  the  peach  do  not  apply  to  the  plum.  A 
plum  tree  properly  pruned  at  the  time  of  transplanting  will  need  but  little 
training  thereafter  and  that  given  should  be  the  least  that  will  suffice  to 
guide  it  into  a symmetrical  form. 

As  is  the  case  with  all  other  fruits,  the  plum  needs  thorough  cultiva- 
tion if  we  would  obtain  the  best  results.  There  is  even  greater  need  of 
fertilizers  than  with  the  peach,  as  the  plum  does  not  seem  to  be  as  good  a 
scavenger  as  does  that  fruit,  but  if  possible  it  should  be  in  some  mineral 
form.  Stable  manure  can,  however,  be  used  under  some  circumstances  to 
improve  the  physical  condititions  of  the  soil,  its  effect  either  upon  a light 
or  heavy  soil  being  beneficial. 

VARIETIES  OF  THE  PLUM. 

Nearly  all  of  the  varieties  commonly  in  cultivation  belong  to  the  so-called 
European  species,  Primus  domestica.  The  better  kinds  are  as  follows, 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  ripening: 

Duane's  Purple. — Tree  vigorous,  shoots  very  downy,  leaves  large  and 
downy.  Fruit  very  large,  oblong-oval,  one  side  larger,  than  the  other. 
Stem  slender,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  set  in  a narrow  cavity;  color 
red-purplish,  red  in  the  sun,  dotted  with  yellow  and  with  a lilac  bloom; 
flesh  light  yellow,  juicy,  rather  sweet;  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone  even 
when  ripe.  Ripens  the  middle  of  August.  A profitable  market  sort. 

Washington  (Fig.  6). — Tree  strong  growing, forming  a round  head,  leaves 
large  and  glossy,  branches  light  brown,  downy.  Fruit  quite  large,  roundish- 
oval,  suture  slight.  Stalk  five-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  stout,  downy,  set 
in  a shallow  but  wide  cavity.  Deep  yellow  with  crimson  blush  and  dots, 
marbled  with  green  before  ripe.  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  rich,  free. 
Last  of  August.  One  of  the  best  yellow  plums. 

Bradshaw  (Fig.  6 ) (Niagara). — Tree  very  vigorous,  with  large,  purplish 
and  smooth  shoots.  Fruit  large,  ovate,  with  a stout  stem  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  slightly  inserted  in  the  narrow  cavity,  sometimes  with  a slight 
neck;  purplish  red  with  a blue  bloom.  Flesh  yellowish,  becoming  brown- 
ish yellow,  rather  coarse,  but  juicy  and  pleasant.  Clings  slightly  to  the 
stone  until  fully  ripe.  Last  of  August.  One  of  the  best  of  the  standard 
varieties,  although  the  new  variety,  Field , which  in  many  respects  resem- 
bles it,  is  preferred  by  many  as  it  is  one  or  two  weeks  earlier. 

Green  Gage  ( Peine  Claude). — Trees  small,  slow  growing,  smooth  shoots, 
buds  with  well  marked  shoulders.  Fruit  small,  with  slight  suture,  round, 
green  or  yellowish  green,  mottled  with  red  in  the  sun  when  fully  ripe. 
Stem  slender,  one-half  inch  long,  slightly  inserted.  Flesh  light  green, 
rich,  melting,  juicy,  luscious,  free.  The  best  in  quality  of  all  plums.  Last 
of  August  and  first  of  September. 

Lombard  (Fig.  6). — Tree  vigorous  with  glossy, purple  shoots,  leaves 
crumpled.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval,  slightly  flattened  at  the  ends,  suture 
indistinct,  violet  red,  with  thin,  white  bloom.  Stalk  slender,  five- eighths  of 
an  inch  long.  Flesh,  deep  yellow,  juicy,  pleasant,  adhering  to  the  stone. 
Early  September.  One  of  the  most  productive  varieties.  While  it  should  be 
every  collection,  the  immense  number  of  trees  of  this  variety  that  have 
been  planted  within  the  past  five  years  will  tend,  by  lowering  the  price,  to 
make  it  less  desirable  for  planting  upon  a large  scale  as  a shipping 
variety. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


33 


Eng/eherf. 


Shippers  Pride. 


Lombard. 




Fig.  6.— Varieties  of  Plums.— (One-third,  natural  size). 


Jefferson.  Fruit  large,  oval  or  slightly  obovate  with  faint  suture,  golden 
yellow  with  reddish  blush,  and  thin  white  bloom.  Stalk  stout,  one  inch 


34 


AGRICULTURAL,  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


long,  but  slightly  inserted.  Flesh,  deep  yellow,  juicy,  melting  and  of  high 
flavor,  free  from  long-pointed  stone.  One  of  the  best  dessert  plums.  First 
part  of  September. 

Prince  Englebert  (Fig.  6). — Tree  vigorous;  branches  smooth,  downy. 
Fruit  large,  oblong-oval,  deep  purple  with  brown  dots  and  blue  bloom. 
Stalk  medium  with  a swelling  at  the  base,  set  in  a deep,  narrow  cavity. 
Flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  and  of  good  flavor,  free,  Early 
September. 

Genii  (Fig.  6). — Tree  strong,  vigorous,  spreading,  an  early  and  abundant 
bearer.  Branches  stout,  smooth,  grayish  brown.  Fruit  large,  oval,  slightly 
pointed  at  both  ends,  suture  slight  if  any;  dark  purple  with  thick  bloom. 
Stem  long  and  slender  inserted  in  a deep  broad  cavity.  Flesh  light  yel- 
low, rather  coarse,  firm,  sweet  when  fully  ripe,  free.  Middle  of  September. 
Excellent  for  shipping. 

Imperial  Gage. — Trees  upright  and  fairly  vigorous,  shoots  long  and 
dark,  downy.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  oval  with  distinct  suture.  Stalk  one 
inch  long,  moderately  stout,  set  in  a slight  depression.  Skin  pale  green 
becoming  yellowish  with  a distinct  marbling  of  green  stripes.  Flesh  green- 
ish yellow,  juicy,  rich  and  melting,  generally  free  from  oval-pointed  stone. 
Quite  productive.  September.  Excellent  for  both  table  and  market. 

Pond  (Fig.  6)  (English). — Tree  very  vigorous;  branches  grayish  and 
smooth.  Fruit  large,  oval  with  distinct  neck,  reddish  violet  with  a thin 
wdiite  bloom,  and  dotted  with  brown  spots.  Flesh  yellow,  rather  coarse, 
but  juicy  and  sweet.  A very  showy  fruit,  quite  desirable  for  market. 
Middle  of  September. 

Quackenboss  (Fig.  6). — Tree,  a strong,  upright  grower,  shoots  smooth. 
Fruit  of  large  size,  oblong-oval,  deep  purple  in  sun,  with  reddish  spots,  dark 
amber  in  the  shade,  stalk  short,  suture  indistinct.  Flesh  yellow,  rather 
coarse,  sweet  and  juicy.  Quite  productive  and  a valuable  market  sort. 
Middle  of  September. 

German  Prune. — Shoots  smooth,  slender.  Fruit  large,  oval,  swollen  on 
one  side,  tapering  particularly  toward  stem,  suture  well  marked.  Skin 
purple,  with  dense  bloom.  Stem  slender,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
cavity  shallow.  Flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  free;  stone  flat,  slightly 
curved.  Used  for  preserving  and  drying.  Middle  to  last  of  September. 

Damson  (Fig.  G). — Tree  small,  branches  slender  and  thorny,  subject 
to  the  black  knot.  Fruit  small,  oval,  depressed,  purple  with  a dense  blue 
bloom,  stem  slender.  Flesh  melting  and  juicy,  a partial  cling,  quite  acid. 
September. 

Shropshire  Damson. — An  English  variety.  Blue  with  a thin  bloom, 
oblong  or  obovate,  of  rather  better  quality  than  the  common  Damson. 
Useful  for  preserves.  Last  of  September,  and  October. 

Coe  Golden  Drop. — Tree  moderately  vigorous  and  quiie  productive,  i 
smooth.  Fruit  large,  oval  or  obovate,  with  a slight  neck,  unequally  divided  J 
by  a well  marked  suture.  Light  yellow  or  greenish  yellow  with  red  dots  on  j 
cheek.  Stem  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  quite  stiff.  Flesh  firm,  yellow- 
ish, adheres  to  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  excellent.  Last  of  September,  and 
October.  Where  it  ripens  it  is  one  of  the  best  late  plums. 

Fellemburg  ( Italian  Prune). — Tree  slender.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  j 
oval,  tapering  to  both  ends.  Dark  purple  with  a dark  bloom;  stem  in  a 
shallow  and  narrow  cavity,  slender,  one  inch  long.  Flesh  greenish  yellow, 
sweet  and  juicy,  and  of  good  quality,  free.  First  of  October. 

j Bava.y  ( Reine  Claude de  Bavay). — Tree  vigorous  and  productive,  smooth;  .1 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


35 


fruit  large,  round-oval,  depressed,  greenish  yellow  with  red  dots  and  pink- 
ish green  stripes;  flesh  juicy,  yellow,  sugary,  of  fine  quality,  nearly  free. 
October.  Desirable  both  for  home  use  and  market. 

Of  the  comparatively  new  sorts  that  are  meeting  with  favor  where  they 
have  fruited  are  Moore  Arctic , naturally  quite  hardy,  but  the  foliage 
drops  badly  and  hence  it  often  winter-kills.  Tree  vigorous,  smooth,  grayish- 
brown,  and  an  early  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit  small  to  medium,  round- 
oval,  purplish-black  with  blue  bloom.  Stalk  medium,  slender,  in  a narrow 
cavity.  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant,  adheres 
slightly  to  stone.  Seems  to  have  little  to  recommend  it,  although  it  has 
been  largely  planted  on  account  of  its  supposed  hardiness  and  earliness. 

Shipper's  Pride  (Fig.  6). — Tree  vigorous,  quite  hardy  and  productive. 
Fruit  above  medium  in  size,  oblong-oval,  deep  purple  with  thick,  blue 
bloom.  Middle  of  September. 

French  Damson. — Tree  more  vigorous  and  a better  grower  than  the  other 
Damsons,  hardy  and  very  productive.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  deep  copper 
color  with  a rich  bloom.  . Middle  of  October.  Considered  the  best  of  the 
Damsons  by  Mr.  Willard  of  New  York. 

Peters  Yellow  Gage. — An  old  but  little  known  plum.  Trees  fairly 
vigorous,  with  short,  downy  branches.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish- 
oval,  light  yellow,  marbled  with  red  in  the  sun,  and  with  a thin  bloom. 
Stalk  large  and  stout,  set  in  a wide  cavity.  Flesh  yellowish,  sweet  and 
juicy.  One  of  the  best  of  the  yellow  plums.  Last  of  August. 

Stanton. — Tree  a good  grower,  fruit  medium  to  large,  round-oval;  deep 
purple  with  a thick  bluish  bloom.  Quite  productive.  Last  of  Septem- 
ber and  early  October.  An  excellent  keeper  and  a promising  late  sort  for 
canning  purposes. 

Purple  Egg  ( Hudson  River). — Tree  vigorous  and  quite  productive. 
Fruit  large,  purplish-red  with  thin  bloom.  Flesh  deep  yellow,  rather 
coarse.  Last  of  September.  A promising  market  sort. 

Of  the  other  new  and  promising  sorts  are  Czar,  Grand  Duke,  Murdy, 
Prince  of  Wales,  Black  Diamond,  and  Early  Rivers  (Rivers  Early 
Prolific). 

Simon  (Prunus  Sirnoni). — Tree  small,  upright,  branches  rough.  Leaves 
are  small,  narrow,  and  glossy.  Blossoms  small,  very  early  and  hence  very 
likely  to  be  injured  by  frost.  Seems  to  be  a productive  sort  in  this  State. 
Fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  flattened,  with  a well  marked  basin  at  apex, 
firm.  Color,  reddish-purple  with  brown  dots;  flesh  dull  yellow,  sweet, 
rather  dry,  slightly  acrid.  Last  of  August.  It  seems  to  have  no  qualities 
that  make  it  especially  desirable. 

AMERICAN  PLUMS. 

In  the  common  works  upon  pomology  little  attention  has  been  paid 
; to  any  except  the  varieties  of  European  origin  (Prunus  domestica). 
There  are,  however,  a large  number  of  varieties  in  cultivation  that  are 
derived  from  native  species.  While  many  of  them  are  largely  grown  in 
sections  of  the  South  and  West  where  the  Furopean  varieties  do  not  thrive, 
they  are  of  but  little  value  in  most  parts  of  Michigan.  Even  when  pro- 
ductive, they  are  generally  small  in  size,  with  a tough  skin  and  firm  flesh, 
and  many  of  them  are  of  an  acrid  nature. 

Until  recently  our  cultivated  native  plums  have  been  grouped  into  two 
| species,  the  American  or  Canadian  wild  plum  (Prunus  Americana , 


36 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


Marshall)  and  the  Chickasaw  plum  (P.  Chick  asa,  Mich.)  A few  years 
since  they  were  carefully  studied  by  Prof.  Bailey  of  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, and  a new  classification  made  as  follows: 

Group  A The  Americana  Group  ( Primus  Americana,  Marshall).— lhis 
species  is  found  from  New  England  to  the  Rocky  mountains  and  extends 
from  Manitoba  to  Texas.  In  the  group  are  placed  a number  of  hardy, 
strong-growing  varieties  “characterized  by  a firm,  meaty,  usually  corn- 
messed  dull-colored,  late  fruit,  with  thick  and  usually  very  tough,  glau- 
cous skin,  and  large  more  or  less  flattened  stone  which  is  ofte^  uea^or 
auite  free,  and  by  large  obovate,  thick,  veiny,  jagged,  dull  eaves.  lhe 
fruits  are  somewhat  flattened  at  the  ends,  and  are  commonly  marked  by  a 
distinct  suture.  All  of  the  varieties  have  a light  purple  bloom 
Among  the  best  varieties  of  this  group  are  Cheney,  De  Soto,  b orest 
Garden  Hawkeye,  Louisa,  Maquoketa,  Purple  and  Yellow  Yosemite, 
Rollingstone  and"  Weaver.  Wolf  and  Van  Buren  are  classed  as  P™nns 
Americana  var.  Mollis,  from  the  fact  that  they  have  pubescent  shoots  and 

fohage^d  Qoose  Group  ( Prunus  hortulanci,  Bailey).— This  embraces 
all  varieties  with  a “ wide-spreading  growth  and  mostly  smooth  twigs,  a 
firm  juicy,  bright  colored,  thin  skinned  fruit  which  is  never  flattened,  a 
clinging,  turgid,  comparatively  small,  rough  stone,  which  is  sometimes  pro 
longed  at  the  ends,  but  is  never  conspicuously  wingea-margmed,  and  by 
comparatively  thin  and  firm,  shining,  smooth,  flat,  more  or  less  peach-like, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  long  pointed  leaves  which  are  mostly  closely  and 
obtusely  glandular  serrate,  and  the  stalks  of  which  are  usually  glandular. 
This  species  is  found  in  the  Mississippi  valley  from  Illinois  southward. 

The  species  seems  to  be  more  closely  allied  to  the  Chickasaw  than  to 
Americana  group.  “ The  fruits  are  usually  covered  with  a thin  bloom  and 
are  more  or"  less  marked  by  small  spots.  In  color  they  range  from  a vivid 
crinSon  to^ pure  golden  yellow.”  On  the  other  hand  the  varieties  of  P 
Americana,  seldom,  or  never,  bear  fruits  of  a pure  yellow  color,  being  mo 
or  less  clouded  and  splashed  with  red.  They  are  also  generally  thin 
skinned  and  of  a dull  color.  Prof.  Bailey  recognizes  two  types  in  this 
group,  one  of  which  is  characterized  “ by  thin  and  wry  smooth  peacWikp 
leaves  which  are  very  finely  and  evenly  serrate  (Wild  Goose),  while  the 
other8' fa  distinguished  by  "“thicker,  duller  and  more  veiny  leaves  which 
are  more  coarsely  and  more  or  less  irregularly  serrate.  (Moreman,  Way 
land  and  Golden" Beauty. ) The  latter  type  seems  to  connect  the  plums  of 
the  Miner  type  quite  closely  with  those  of  the  Wild  Goose  group. 

C Mhier  Group  (P  hortulana,  var.  Mineri.)-1\ ; differs  from  the 
species  “by  the  dull  and  comparatively  thick  leaves,  which  are  couspicu 
ously  veiny  below  and  irregularly  coarsely  toothed  and  more  or  less  obovate 
in  outline  by  a late  very  firm  fruit  and  by  a more  or  less  smooth  and  Amer- 
icana-like stone.”  Most  of  the  varieties  are  quite  hardy  and  are  among  the 
best  of  the  native  plums  for  southern  Michigan.  The  best  varieties  arel 

Clinton,  Forest  Rose,  Miner  and  Prairie  Flower.  rhiensa 

II  Ghickasaw  Group  (P.  angustifolia , Marshall),  (P-  y liicasa 
Micii).-  The  trees  of  this  group  have  a sleuder,  spreading  and  irregulai 
o-rowth  the  trees  are  smaller  and  the  leaves  are  small,  lanceolate  or  oblong 
fanceol’ate,  closely  serrate,  shining  and  generally  folded toget her  or  trough- 
like  in  armearance.  The  twigs  are  red  and  bear,  on  spuis  upon 
iood?deTe  dusters  of  small  flowers,  quite  early  in  the  seasom  The  M 
is  small,  generally  red,  and  more  or  less  spotted ; the  flesh  is  soft,  juicy,  a 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


37 


more  or  less  stringy  and  very  tightly  adherent  to  the  small,  broad,  rough - 
ish  stone.”  The  small-leaved  type  of  the  Wild  Goose  group  greatly  resem- 
ble some  of  the  varieties  of  the  Chickasaw.  Even  in  a cultivated  state 
some  of  the  varieties  are  quite  thorny.  Several  of  the  Texas  varieties  are 
lacking  in  hardiness.  Among  the  best  of  the  Chickasaws  are  Newman, 
Pottawatamie  and  Robinson. 

E.  Marianna  Group. — In  this  class  were  placed  the  Marianna  and  De 
Caradeuc,  both  of  which  have  originated  from  the  Myrobalan  plums,  the 
former  as  a hybrid  with  some  native  sort  and  the  disseminator  of  the  De 
Caradeuc  whose  name  it  bore  believed  it  also  to  be  of  hybrid  origin. 

The  DeCaradeuc  is  a valuable  plum  in  some  localities. 

The  Marianna  was  highly  recommended  as  an  early  market  plum  when 
•it  was  sent  out,  but  its  principal  value  is  as  a stock  for  other  plums.  It  grows 
readily  from  cuttings  and  it  has  all  of  the  good  features  of  the  Myrobalan 
and  none  of  its  bad  ones  when  used  for  that  purpose. 

Many  of  the  American  varieties  are  incapable  of  fertilizing  them- 
selves. It  has  been  particularly  noticed  with  such  well  known  sorts  as  the 
Wild  Goose  and  Miner  and  from  their  failure  to  bear  fruit  the  whole  class 
has  been  condemned.  When  planted  in  alternate  rows  with  some  good 
pollenizers  they  will  be  found  almost  sure  bearers.  However,  it  must  be 
stated  that  for  nearly  all  sections  of  Michigan,  the  much  more  desirable 
European  sorts  can  be  grown  to  such  perfection  that  there  is  but  little 
occasion  for  the  planting  of  American  varieties. 

JAPANESE  PLUMS. 

Within  the  last  ten  years  quite  a number  of  varieties  have  been  brought 
into  notice  that  have  come  from  Japanese  species.  Most  of  them  have 
been  traced  to  Prunus  Mume,  either  directly  or  as  hybrids  between  that 
and  some  other  species.  One  of  the  first  of  this  class  was  the  Kelsey, 
which  is  a large  fine  plum  in  the  south,  but  it  is  not  sufficiently  hardy 
for  successful  planting  in  Michigan,  Under  the  name  of  Botan  an 
extremely  hardy  race  of  plums  has  been  introduced.  It  includes  both  red 
and  yellow  varieties  and  the  much  lauded  Abundance  plum  is  sometimes, 
and  properly,  called  Sweet  Botan.  It  is  quite  hardy,  very  productive  and 
although  the  fruits  are  not  large  it  is  a quite  desirable  early  plum. 

The  Burbank  and  other  seedlings  originated  and  sent  out  by  Luther 
Burbank  of  California  have  been  planted  in  portions  of  the  state  where  the 
climate  is  tempered  by  Lake  Michigan,  and  they  seem  hardy  there,  but  it  is 
too  soon  to  judge  of  their  value,  although  they  are  very  promising  varieties. 

The  Satsuma  is  another  variety  of  Japanese  origin.  It  starts  into 
growth  very  early  and  it  is  probable  that  it  will  be  tender  except  in 
protected  locations. 


38 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


INSECTS  AND  DISEASES  OF  THE  PEACH  AND  PLUM. 

The  intelligent  and  skillful  commercial  grower  of  these  fruits,  is 
blessed  by  a large  number  of  insect  friends — blessed  and  friends  because  if 
not  for  them  so  many  persons  would  engage  in  the  business,  and  the 
crops  would  be  so  large  that  the  price  at  which  they  would  sell  would  not 
pay  for  their  cultivation.  Under  the  present  conditions,  the  number  of 
growers  is  kept  within  bounds,  and  fair  prices  can  be  obtained,  but  even 
now  the  man  who  makes  use  of  the  remedies  at  his  disposal  in  a rational 
manner  will  have  large  and  perfect  fruit,  in  years  when  his  less  intelligent 
or  less  industrious  neighbor  may  have  lost  his  entire  crop,  or  will  have 
inferior  specimens  that  will  be  a drug  in  the  market,  even  in  a year  of 
scarcity  and  of  high  prices.  The  fact  that  many  of  our  insecticides  and 
fungicides  can  be  used  in  combination  greatly  simplifies  and  reduces  the 
expense  of  preparation  and  application. 

Every  grower  who  expects  to  secure  a crop  of  plums  takes  some  means 
to  destroy  the  curculio,  and  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  every  successful 
peach  and  plum  grower,  to  say  nothing  of  the  growers  of  other  kinds  of 
fruit,  will  make  as  free  use  of  his  spray  pump  for  the  application  of 
insecticides  and  fungicides,  as  he  now  does  of  his  curculio  sheet.  Their 
use  is  rapidly  increasing  and  last  year  the  amount  of  copper  sulphate  sold 
in  the  State  of  Michigan  for  use  in  fungicides  was  not  less  than  five  tons. 

In  addition  to  the  remedies  given,  too  much  stress  cannot  be  placed 
upon  the  importance  of  securing  vigorous  trees,  by  use  of  proper  soil  and 
a suitable  location,  an  abundance  of  mineral  fertilizers  and,  above  all, 
thorough  cultivation.  Clean  cultivation  not  only  aids  the  trees  in  their 
growth,  but  it  breaks  up  the  hiding  places  of  insects.  Untidy  fence-rows 
are  favorite  breeding  places  for  insects,  and  should  not  be  tolerated.  In 
the  following  pages  will  be  found  formulae  for  some  of  the  standard 
insecticides  and  fungicides,  and  descriptions  and  life  histories  of  some  of 
the  more  injurious  friends. 


FUNGICIDES. 

In  Bulletins  59,  83  and  92  formulae  have  been  given  for  many  of  the 
more  useful  fungicides,  but  as  they  may  not  be  at  hand  we  repeat  several 
that  will  be  found  valuable. 

Bordeaux  Mixture.— Slake  two  pounds  of  stone  lime,  and  dissolve  two 
pounds  of  copper  sulphate  in  a wooden  or  earthen  vessel,  pour  together 
and  dilute  so  as  to  make  from  twenty  to  forty  gallons  as  desired.  Care 
should  be  taken  to  properly  slake  the  lime,  as  injury  to  the  foliage  may 
otherwise  result.  A small  amount  of  hot  water  may  be  used,  or  if  cold 
water  is  employed  it  should  be  added  only  as  fast  as  the  lime  will  take  it 
up.  Air-slaked  lime  may  be  used,  but  the  amount  should  be  increased 
one-lialf.  To  make  sure  that  all  of  the  free  acid  of  the  copper  sulphate  has 
been  neutralized  by  the  lime,  after  they  have  been  poured  together,  and 
been  thoroughly  stirred,  add  a few  drops  of  ferro-cyanide  of  potassium, 
and  if  it  gives  a brown  color  it  indicates  that  more  lime  is  needed,  and  it 
should  be  added  until  no  effect  can  be  produced  by  the  ferro-cyanide. 
When  that  condition  can  be  secured  it  shows  that  the  free  acid  has  been 
taken  up,  and  that  there  will  be  no  danger  from  using  the  mixture 
properly  diluted  upon  any  foliage.  Of  the  various  strengths  for  this  mix- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


39 


ture  there  seems  to  be  little  difference  in  the  effect,  whether  one  pound  of 
copper  sulphate  is  used  to  ten  gallons  of  water  or  for  fifteen  gallons,  but  if 
much  more  water  is  used  the  efficiency  is  reduced.  For  all  applications 
before  the  leaves  appear  we  prefer  to  use  at  the  rate  of  two  pounds  of 
copper  sulphate  to  twenty  gallons  of  the  mixture,  and  increase  the 
amount  of  water  by  about  five  gallons  for  each  subsequent  application.  If 
the  first  and  second  sprayings  are  made  in  a thorough  manner  at  the  proper 
times,  i.  e.,  before  the  buds  start,  and  just  after  the  petals  have  fallen  from 
the  blossoms — a third  application  at  from  three  to  four  weeks  after  the  sec- 
ond will  suffice  unless  it  is  desired  to  control  the  curculio  by  means  of 
Paris  green,  in  which  case  an  intermediate  spraying  with  that  material  alone, 
about  two  weeks  after  the  second  application  of  Bordeaux  mixture,  will  be 
desirable  although,  as  the  cost  of  the  material  is  so  small,  it  will  be  well  to 
add  the  copper  sulphate,  the  lime  being  necessary  to  prevent  the  burning 
of  the  foliage  by  the  Paris  green. 

Ammoniacal  Carbonate  of  Copper. — Dissolve  three  ounces  of  copper 
carbonate  in  3 pints  of  ammonia  water  (26°)  and  dilute  before  using  with 
32  gallons  of  water.  The  original  solution  if  kept  in  a glass  stoppered 
bottle  will  retain  its  strength  for  a long  time. 

This  mixture  seems  rather  less  effective  than  the  Bordeaux  mixture  in 
the  destruction  of  fungi  and  is  more  likely  to  injure  the  foliage;  in  fact  it 
is  hardly  safe  to  use  it  upon  the  peach,  particularly  as  it  is  only  applied  in 
midsummer,  when  it  is  not  desirable  to  use  lime  upon  the  ripening  fruits. 
So  far  as  the  spotting  and  poisoning  of  the  fruit  with  the  preparation  are 
concerned  there  is  but  little  danger,  although  it  is  not  advised  to  spray 
fruits  with  it  that  are  to  be  gathered  within  three  weeks. 

As  sold  upon  the  market  copper  carbonate  costs  from  30  to  50  cents  per 
pound,  but  it  can  be  made  for  less  than  half  those  prices.  To  make  it 
dissolve  one  pound  of  copper  sulphate  and  one  pound  of  carbonate  of  soda. 
Pour  together  and,  in  the  precipitate  that  forms,  there  will  be  the  equiva- 
lent of  eight  ounces  of  copper  carbonate.  Turn  the  water  off  and  either 
allow  the  precipitate  to  dry,  or  use  at  once  as  desired.  The  modified 
eau  celeste  is  practically  the  same  as  the  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper, 
made  as  above,  except  that  it  contains  more  copper  carbonate  and  it  is 
rather  more  effective. 


INSECTICIDES. 

In  order  to  make  an  efficient  use  of  insecticides  one  must  not  only  under- 
stand the  methods  in  which  they  act,  but  he  should  have  at  least  so  me 
general  information  regarding  the  habits  of  the  insects  to  be  treated. 
Many  of  the  failures  reported  are  due  to  lack  of  this  knowledge,  since  a 
remedy  may  be  used  that  is  unsuited  to  the  purpose,  as  a little  knowledge 
would  have  shown.  Not  only  are  remedies  for  sucking  insects  used  upon 
leaf-eating  forms  and  vice  versa , but  many  persons  seem  to  have  an  idea 
that  spraying  will  prevent  all  injuries  to  their  fruit,  and  without  giving 
thought  to  the  proper  remedy  expect  to  destroy  insects  by  the  use  of 
fungicides,  or  the  reverse. 

Arsenites. — For  all  leaf-eating  insects  some  form  of  poison  should  be 
used,  when  it  can  be  placed  so  that  they  will  obtain  it.  The  more  com- 
mon remedies  are  Paris  green  (arsenite  of  copper)  and  London  purple 
(arsenite  of  lime).  White  arsenic  and  corrosive  sublimate  are  used  by 


40 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


some  persons,  but  while  less  expensive  are  rather  more  dangerous  to  have 
around. 

Paris  green  is  rather  more  efficient  than  London  purple  and  being  less 
soluble  is  not  so  likely  to  injure  the  foliage.  When  purchased  in  "large  quan- 
tities the  cost  is  little  if  any  more  and  if  to  be  used  in  combination  with 
Bordeaux  mixture,  as  is  generally  desirable,  it  is  preferable  to  London 
purple,  as  the  Paris  green  itself  is  quite  a valuable  fungicide.  When  used 
alone,  however,  the  water  must  be  kept  continually  in  agitation  to  pre- 
vent it  from  settling  and  as  there  is  less  danger  of  this  with  London 
purple  it  has  the  preference  under  those  conditions. 

Neither  of  these  arsenites  can  be  used  alone  in  a proper  strength  upon 
the  peach,  except  very  early  in  the  spring,  without  danger  of  burning  the 
foliage.  They  can,  however  be  added  to  Bordeaux  mixture  at  the  rate 
of  one  pound  of  arsenite  to  250  gallons  of  the  mixture,  and  the  lime  will 
serve  to  neutralize  any  free  acid.  If  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  them 
independent  of  the  Bordeaux,  they  can  be  rendered  innocuous  if  one 
pound  of  lime  is  added  for  each  pound  of  the  arsenite.  Combined  in  this 
way,  it  can  be  used  even  upon  the  peach,  as  strong  as  one  pound  of  London 
purple,  or  Paris  green  to  200  gallons  of  water. 

Kerosene  Emulsion. — This  is  the  best  known  specific  for  such  insects  as 
obtain  their  food  by  sucking  it  through  a tube-like  proboscis,  although  it 
is  fatal  to  nearly  all  insects  with  whose  bodies  it  is  brought  in  contact.  It 
can  be  readily  prepared  by  heating  one  quart  of  soft  soap  until  it  becomes 
liquid,  then  remove  from  near  the  fire  and  add  one  pint  of  kerosene.  With 
a force  pump  violently  agitate  the  mixture  for  from  three  to  five  minutes  until 
it  becomes  homogeneous  and  cream-like  throughout.  Stirring  should  not  be 
relied  upon,  and  even  when  the  pump  is  employed  there  will  be  danger 
from  its  use  if,  on  standing,  the  oil  collects  upon  the  surface.  Every  pre- 
caution should  be  taken  to  secure  a perfect  and  stable  emulsion  for  which 
rapid  work  is  necessary,  which  should  be  kept  up  until  a foamy  mass  is 
secured.  Before  using  add  six  quarts  of  water  so  that  the  kerosene  will 
be  about  one-sixteenth  part  of  the  mass.  If  soft  soap  is  not  at  hand  from 
two  to  four  ounces  of  hard  soap  may  be  used  instead.  Dissolve  it  in  a quart 
of  hot,  soft  water  and  after  bringing  it  the  boiling  point,  remove  from  the 
fire,  add  the  kerosene  and  proceed  as  before.  Even  more  care  will  be  nec- 
essary in  securing  a stable  emulsion  than  when  soft  soap  without  water 
was  used. 

It  should  be  remembered  that,  to  be  effectual,  this  remedy  must  be 
bought  in  contact  with  the  body  of  the  insects,  and  as  the  leaves  often- 
times act  as  a shield,  it  will  need  to  be  applied  with  considerable  force 
through  a fine  nozzle  in  order  to  produce  a mist-like  spray. 

Carbolic  Acid. — The  use  of  this  substance  about  plum  and  peach  trees 
seems  to  prevent  the  curculioand  other  insects  from  depositing  eggs.  The 
usual  way  of  applying  it  is  as  carbolate  of  lime,  or  as  “carbolized  plaster.” 
A half  pint  of  crude  carbolic  acid  is  mixed  with  about  fifty  pounds,  either 
of  air-slaked  lime,  or  with  land  plaster  (gypsum),  and  thrown  over  the 
trees  while  the  dew  is  on,  about  the  time  the  blossom  have  fallen.  It  should 
be  repeated  twice  at  intervals  of  ten  days,  or  oftener  if  washed  off  by 
rains. 

Carbolic  acid  can  also  be  used  to  advantage,  combined  with  kerosene 
emulsion,  for  washing  the  trunks  of  peach,  plum,  and  other  fruit  trees,  for 
the  destruction  of  insects;  one  pint  will  answer  for  ten  gallons. 

Other  Remedies. — For  the  destruction  of  aphides,  scale,  and  simi- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


41 


lar  insects,  there  are  several  effective  remedies,  although  none  of  them 
equal  kerosene  emulsion.  Strong  soap-suds  will  be  found  a simple  and 
quite  effective  remedy,  and  tobacco  tea  is  even  more  reliable.  This  can  be 
made  by  soaking  tobacco  stems  in  hot  water.  For  some  purposes  pyreth- 
rum,  or  buhack,  will  be  of  value.  This  can  be  applied  as  a powder  with  a 
bellows,  or  in  water  at  the  rate  of  a teaspoonful  to  the  gallon. 

LEAF-EATING  INSECTS. 

Under  this  heading  we  may  include  any  forms  that  injure  the  foliage  by 
biting  and  chewing  the  foliage.  The  plum  has  something  like  forty  insects 
that  have  been  known  to  feed  upon  it,  and  there  are  at  least  ten  that  have 
been  found  injuring  the  foliage  of  the  peach.  None  of  them,  however, 
are  particularly  troublesome,  as  it  is  only  in  rare  instances  that  they  become 
sufficiently  numerous  to  be  injurious.  When  their  presence  is  discovered, 
it  will  be  a very  simple  thing  to  destroy  them  by  the  use  of  Paris  green, 
and  as  a safeguard  we  would  always  recommend  the  addition  of  a small 
quantity,  say  two  oz.  to  forty  gallons,  whenever  Bordeaux  mixture  is 
applied  during  the  growing  season,  and  at  the  present  time  the  extent  of 
the  injury  caused  by  fungous  diseases  is  such  that  the  application  of  this 
fungicide  should  not  be  neglected. 

The  cherry  slug  ( Erioccimpa  cerasi ) sometimes  appears  upon  the  plum, 
but  can  be  controlled  by  the  arsenites. 

SNOWY  TREE  CRICKET.- {Oecantlius  niveus , Serv.) 

The  branches  of  the  plum  and  peach  are  often  punctured  by  this  insect 
and  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  punctures.  They  select  the  young  growth 
of  the  trees  and  make  their  punctures  in  long  lines  one  above  the  other, 
until  from  thirty  to  fifty  eggs  have  been  deposited;  sometimes  a half  dozen 
or  more  groups  of  punctures  are  made  upon  a single  branch.  The  injured 
tissues  become  dry  and  the  branch  is  much  weakened,  although  if  in  a vig- 
orous, growing  condition  the  injury  soon  becomes  covered  up.  Some  of 
the  punctured  branches  can  be  cut  away  but  in  recently  set  trees  it  is  gen- 
erally impossible  to  cut  all  of  them  out  without  removing  too  many  of  the 
shoots. 

The  eggs  hatch  in  the  early  Summer  and  the  mature  insects  are  rather 
beneficial  than  otherwise,  as  they  feed  upon  plant  lice.  In  the  Fall  they 
deposit  eggs  and  if  they  are  so  numerous  as  to  need  a remedy,  this  is  the 
best  time.  As  soon  as  they  are  found  to  be  at  work,  the  trees  should  be 
sprayed  with  kerosene  emulsion  to  which  one  pint  of  crude  carbolic  acid 
has  been  added  for  fifteen  gallons  of  the  emulsion.  It  must  be  confessed 
that  this  is  not  an  ideal  remedy,  as,  while  the  kerosene  will  kill  all  the 
insects  it  touches,  its  effects  are  not  lasting,  the  carbolic  acid  merely  tend- 
ing to  keep  the  insects  from  depositing  eggs  in  the  trees  sprayed,  and 
driving  them  to  other  plants.  The  raspberry,  currant  and  grape  are  also 
injured  by  the  snowy  cricket. 

PLUM  CURCULIO.—  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar , Herbst.) 

The  fruit  of  the  plum,  peach  and  cherry,  as  well  as  the  apple  and  pear, 
are  often  much  injured  by  the  larvae  of  this  pest,  so  much  so  that  unless 
precautions  are  taken  it  is  almost  impossible  to  secure  a crop.  The  plum 
6 


42 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


and  peach  are  so  injured  that  they  drop  from  the  trees,  while  the  presence 
of  the  worms  in  ripe  cherries  not  only  ruins  those  containing  them,  but 
renders  the  others  objects  of  suspicion. 

The  perfect  insect  is  a grayish-black  beetle  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long,  with  a hump  upon  each  wing  cover  and  a short  curved  snout,  which 
is  turned  back  beneath  the  thorax  when  not  in  use. 

The  insects  appear  about  the  time  the  trees  blossom  (sometimes  a few 
days  before),  and,  as  soon  as  the  fruits  form,  deposit  one  or  more  eggs  in 
each.  With  the  snout  a small  hole  is  made,  upon  the  side  of  the  fruit, 
and  a cavity  is  excavated  just  under  the  edge  of  the  skin,  in  which  an  egg  is 
deposited.  To  cause  the  growth  of  this  part  of  the  fruit  to  stop  and  thus 
to  prevent  the  egg  from  being  crushed,  the  beetle  makes  a crescent-shaped 
cut  (thus  c)  around  the  egg.  In  this  mark  we  have  an  infallible 
sign  of  the  work  of  this  insect.  Ovipositing  continues  for  about  ten  days, 
from  five  to  ten  being  deposited  daily. 

The  eggs  generally  hatch  in  from  four  to  seven  days,  the  larvm  being  small, 
white  grubs.  They  feed  upon  the  flesh  and  quickly  eat  in  to  the  stone, 
around  which  they  feed.  They  reach  full  size  in  from  three  to  five  weeks, 

and  the  fruits  are  often  so  injured  that  they 
fall  to  the  ground  before  this  time.  When 
full  grown  the  larvte  emerge  from  the  fruit 
and  enter  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  five 
inches  where  they  change  to  pupae  and  at 
the  end  of  from  four  to  six  weeks  become 
fully  developed  beetles.  In  this  form  they 
pass  the  winter  hidden  under  the  rough  bark, 
or  other  similar  protection,  and  come  out  in 
the  spring  ready  for  work.  The  mature 
beetles  contrary  to  former  belief,  feed  upon 
the  foliage  and  bark,  and  even  eat  holes  in 
the  young  fruits  merely  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  food.  From  the  life  history  as 
given  above,  various  preventive  remedies  are  self  evident.  It  will 
always  be  well  to  have  all  fruit  as  it  falls  eaten  by  hogs  or  sheep, 
while  poultry  are  quite  useful  in  a plum  orchard.  In  thinning  the  fruit 
those  removed  can  readily  be  dropped  into  baskets  and  then  burned. 
Frequent  cultivation  at  the  time  the  insects  are  entering  the  ground  will 
destroy  many  of  them,  and  fall  plowing  will  also  be  beneficial.  If  the 
trunks  of  the  trees  are  washed  in  the  early  spring  with  kerosene  emulsion 
we  shall  both  kill  many  curculio,  as  well  as  other  insects,  and  deprive  them 
of  a hiding  place  under  the  bark  as  the  growth  will  be  less  likely  to  crack. 
As  a rule,  however,  this  will  not  suffice  and  other  remedies  must  be 
resorted  to.  The  most  effectual  is  the  shaking  or  jarring  of  the  trees  at 
the  time  the  insects  are  depositing  their  eggs.  While  the  curculio  may  fly 
from  tree  to  tree  during  the  day,  in  the  early  morning  they  are  not  active 
and  if  disturbed  they  generally  fall  upon  their  backs  and  play  possum. 
By  jarring  the  trees  at  this  time  they  are  thrown  down  and  can  be  caught 
upon  sheets.  A screen  is  made  from  eight  to  twelve  feet  square  by  tack- 
ing cotton  cloth  upon  a light  frame-work,  with  an  opening  in  one  side 
large  enough  to  admit  the  body  of  the  trees,  or  two  narrow  frames  may  be 
used,  one  upon  each  side  of  the  trees.  Another  form  of  screen  is  often 
made  by  tacking  strips  of  wood  to  two  opposite  sides  of  a square  of  cloth 
of  suitable  size,  which  is  open  to  the  center  from  one  end  to  admit  the 


Fig.  7.— Plum  Curculio, 
a larva,  b pupa,  c adult,  d plum  stung. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


43 


tree.  Sometimes  a screen  is  mounted  upon  a wheel -barrow.  The  trees  are 
jarred  by  bumping  them  with  a maul  padded  with  rubber  to  prevent 
injury  to  the  bark.  To  admit  of  giving  heavy  blows  to  large  trees,  some 
of  the  branches  are  cut  off  leaving  stubs  to  pound  against,  or  pieces  of 
half-inch  gas  pipe  or  large  nails  may  be  set  in  the  trees  for  this  purpose. 
The  frequency  and  number  of  jarrings  will  depend  upon  the  abundance 
of  the  curculio,  varying  from  daily  to  three  or  four  days  apart  and  con- 
tinuing for  from  one  to  three  weeks.  The  insects  should  be  collected  upon 
the  screen  and  placed  in  a pan  with  a little  kerosene  in  the  bottom. 

While  the  jarring  is  the  surest  way  of  fighting  this  insect,  the  use  of 
arsenites  will  generally  be  effectual  in  saving  enough  for  a crop  if  they 
have  been  kept  in  check  in  previous  years. 

With  a good  setting  of  fruit  and  a comparatively  small  number  of  insects, 
a good  crop  will  be  insured  by  spraying,  and  where  the  treatment  is  kept 
up  from  year  to  year  little  or  no  harm  is  done  by  the  curculio,  even  when  no 
jarring  has  been  done.  While  spraying  is  sure  enough  to  be  recommended 
as  above,  especially  if  Bordeaux  mixture  is  also  used,  we  advise  all  to  watch 
their  trees,  and  if  the  curculio  are  present  in  numbers  to  jar  and  thus 
make  sure  of  them. 

The  first  spraying  should  be  made  as  soon  as  the  blossoms  fall,  and  will 
need  to  be  repeated  about  twice,  at  intervals  of  ten  days.  If  rains  inter- 
vene three  or  four  applications  at  shorter  intervals  should  be  made. 

By  combining  arsenites  with  Bordeaux  mixture  we  shall  also  have  a 
remedy  for  the  various  fungous  diseases  of  these  fruits,  and  will  both 
render  impossible  the  burning  of  the  foliage  and  make  it  more  efficacious 
as  an  insecticide,  as  the  lime  will  tend  to  hold  it  for  a longer  time  upon 
the  foliage,  and  will  also  in  part  prevent  the  deposition  of  the  eggs. 

The  use  of  carbolized  lime  also  will  be  found  of  value,  when  the  arsen- 
ites are  not  employed,  or  a similar  result,  i.  e.,  the  driving  of  the 
insects  away  from  the  trees  can  be  secured  by  the  addition  of  about  one 
pint  of  crude  carbolic  acid  to  twenty  gallons  of  Bordeaux  mixture. 

THE  PLUM  GOUGER.  ( Coccotorus  prunicida .) 

The  gouger  in  some  respects  resembles  the  curculio,  but  it  differs  in 
being  of  a grayish-brown  color  with  frequent  white  and  black  spots  upon 
its  back;  its  legs  and  thorax  are  of  a dull  yellow  color.  In  size  it  is  some- 
thing over  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  and  its  snout  is  stout,  projecting  to 
the  front,  so  that  it  cannot  be  doubled  back  under  the  body.  The  eggs 
are  placed  in  pits  that  the  insect  bores  in  the  fruit  of  the  plum  nearly  as 
deep  as  its  snout  is  long.  The  pits  are  enlarged  at  the  bottom  and  the 
snout  is  used  in  pushing  the  eggs  to  the  lower  end.  The  larva  upon 
hatching  eats  its  way  into  the  seed  and  feeds  upon  its  kernel.  It  pupates 
within  the  stone,  and  then  emerges  as  a perfect  beetle  in  September.  The 
gouger  is  seldom  very  injurious  but  the  same  remedies  answer  for  it  as  for 
the  curculio,  whenever  it  does  appear. 

THE  ROSE  CHAFER— ( Macrodactylus  subspinosus) . 

The  rose  chafer,  rose  beetle  or  rose  bug,  as  it  is  variously  called,  is  fre- 
quently quite  injurious  from  its  eating  the  flowers,  young  fruits,  and  leaves 
of  the  peach  and  plum,  as  well  as  the  grape,  apple  and  other  fruits,  and 
various  flowers. 

It  proves  ironclad  against  the  arsenites  and  kerosene  emulsion,  and  the 


44 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


only  effectual  remedy  is  hand  picking  in  the  cool  of  the  day.  The  use  of 
carbolic  acid  as  recommended  for  the  plum  curculio  seems  to  be  distasteful 
to  the  beetles  and  tends  to  drive  them  away.  Clean  cultivation  undoubt- 
edly tends  to  destroy  them  to  some  extent,  as  they  pupate  in  the  soil. 

THE  APHIDES  OF  PEACHES  AND  PLUMS. 

Both  fruits  are  often  injured  by  plant-lice.  The  foliage  of  the  plum  is 
attacked  by  the  so-called  plum-tree  aphis  (Aphis  prunifolia , Fitch), 
while  the  peach  tree  aphis  ( Myzus  percicae , Sulzer),  attacks  the  leaves 
and  twigs  of  the  peach,  and  the  black  peach  aphis  ( Aphis  persicae-niqer. 
Smith),  attacks  roots,  leaves  and  tender  shoots. 

The  plum  tree  aphis,  when  first  hatched,  is  of  a greenish- white  color, 
but  it  soon  grows  darker,  and  later  in  the  season  becomes  nearly  black. 
Like  other  plant  lice,  these  insects  obtain  their  food  by  sucking  the  juice 
from  the  leaves  and  young  shoots.  This  tends  to  weaken  the  plants  and 
the  leaves  become  more  or  less  blistered,  and  finally  roT  up.  If  the  attack 
is  severe  they  may  drop  from  the  trees. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  upon  the  branches,  at  the  base  of  the  buds  or  in 
cracks  in  the  bark,  in  the  Fall.  The  insects  are  hatched  about  the  time  the 
buds  open  in  the  Spring.  The  first  brood  consists  entirely  of  females, 
which  develop  in  ten  or  twelve  days,  after  which,  for  some  three  weeks, 
they  give  birth  to  about  two  young  aphides  daily,  and  then  they  die. 
This  is  repeated  by  the  successive  broods  until # cold  weather  approaches, 
when  both  males  and  females  are  produced.  After  pairing,  the  females- 
deposit  eggs  as  noted  above. 

These  insects  obtain  their  food  by  sucking  the  juice  of  plants  through 
their  long,  slender  beaks.  It  will  be  seen  that  they  cannot  be  destroyed 
by  the  use  of  arsenites,  and  some  remedy  must  be  employed  that  will  kill 
by  contact. 

For  the  aphides  upon  our  fruit  trees  we  have  no  better  remedy  than 
kerosene  emulsion,  although  tobacco  water,  soap  suds,  and  pyrethrum  in 
water  are  valuable. 

The  peach-tree  aphis  works  in  about  the  same  way  as  does  the  plum 
aphis  and  the  same  remedies  should  be  employed.  Like  the  plum  aphis, 
some  of  the  females  and  also  the  males  are  winged,  to  permit  them  to  seek 
fresh  pastures  after  one  has  been  fully  occupied.  The  winged  females  are 
nearly  black  in  color  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  while  the 
wingless  individuals  are  of  a yellowish  red  color.  The  males  are  yellow 
with  brown  markings. 

The  black  peach  aphis  has  been  very  destructive  in  the  eastern  States, 
where  it  is  found  in  large  numbers  upon  the  branches  in  the  Spring,  often 
killing  outright  small  trees  and  the  younger  branches  of  the  older  ones;  they 
have  destroyed  entire  orchards  in  some  localities  and  are  particularly 
troublesome  to  the  young  tress  in  nursery  rows.  They  are  dark  brown  or 
black  in  color,  and  have  unusually  large  beaks. 

As  noted  above,  this  aphis  also  feeds  upon  the  roots  of  the  trees  and  upon 
sandy  soil  it  is  particularly  destructive.  Dr.  E.  F.  Smith  who  first  dis- 
covered its  workings  attributes  to  it  many  so-called  cases  of  yellows.  The 
trees  made  a weak  growth,  the  leaves  were  yellow  and  shrivelled,  but  none 
of  the  distinctive  features  of  yellows  were  present.  The  fact  that  this 
insect  has  an  underground  existence  favors  its  development,  as  it  is  out  of 
the  reach  of  ordinary  remedies.  They  are  most  likely  to  appear  upon  trees 
growing  in  exhausted  soil,  hence  we  should  ward  off  their  attack  by  sup- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


45 


plying  proper  food.  If  they  appear,  the  use  of  several  pounds  of  com- 
mon salt,  kainit  or  muriate  of  potash  to  the  tree  will  destroy  the  subterra- 
nean form.  All  of  the  above  species  are  destroyed  by  the  common  “ lady- 
birds.” These,  as  mature  insects,  are  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length 
and  nearly  as  wide.  They  are  beetles  and  somewhat  resemble  a small  Colo- 
rado potato  beetle  except  in  color,  which  in  this  insect  is  generally  yellow 
or  red,  or  some  intermediate  shade,  with  from  one  to  fifteen,  generally  round, 
spots  upon  the  wing  covers.  The  larvae  of  this  insect  and  of  the  lace  wing 
and  syrphus  flies  are  also  quite  destructive.  They  should  be  recognized 
as  friends,  and  not  treated  as  enemies. 


THE  PLUM-TREE  BORER.  ( Aeqeria  pictipes.) 

The  trunk  and  branches  of  plum  trees  are  often  considerably  injured  by 
the  larvae  of  this  insect,  which  gnaw  the  inner  bark  and  new  wood  of  the 
trees.  The  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer  and  the  peach-tree  borer  are  also 
sometimes  found  in  the  plum  tree.  An  idea  of  the  life  history  of  these 
insects  and  the  remedies  for  them  can  be  obtained  from  the  following  lines 
regarding  the  peach-tree  borer. 

THE  PEACH-TREE  BORER. —(Sannina,  exitiosa.) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  destructive  insects  that  the  peach  grower  has  to 
contend  with,  as,  unless  its  attacks  are  guarded  against,  the  very  life  of  the 
trees  is  menaced.  The  borers  are  hatched  from  eggs  that  are  deposited 
upon  the  trunk  by  moths  that  have  a general  resemblance  to  wasps,  and  at 
first  sight  are  often  mistaken  for  them.  The  male  has  transparent  wings  with 
a spread  of  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch.  It  has  a slender  bluish-colored 
body  with  yellowish  markings.  The  female  has  a wing  spread  of  fully  one 
and  one-fourth  inches,  the  front  pair  being  opaque  and  of  a glossj7,  blue  color, 
the  same  as  the  body,  while  the  hind  pair  are  transparent  with  dark  margins. 
The  body  of  the  female  is  cylindrical  and  considerably  larger  than  that  of 
the  male.  As  a rule,  the  eggs  are  deposited  close  to  the  ground,  but  are 
sometimes  placed  higher  up  on  the  trunk.  They  soon  hatch  and  the  larva* 
eat  their  way  through  the  bark  and  generally  work  their  way  towards  the 
roots.  The  sap  together  with  the  castings  extrudes  and  form  a gummy 
mass  at  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  full  grown  larvae  measure 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  of  a yellowish-white 
color  with  black  jaws  and  a yellow  head.  The  larvae  remain  at  rest  dur- 
ing the  winter,  but  in  the  spring  after  completing  their  growth  they  form 
cocoons  at,  or  just  beneath,  the  surface  of  the  soil  and  close  to  the  root  of 
the  tree.  After  three  or  four  weeks,  the  perfect  moths  appear,  generally 
during  July  or  August,  and  soon  deposit  eggs  of  other  broods.  The  pres- 
ence of  the  bbrers  can  readily  be  detected  by  the  gummy  exudation  and 
steps  should  at  once  be  taken  to  remove  them.  The  tree  should  be  exam- 
ined in  the  autumn  and  again  in  the  Spring,  and  all  borers  dug  out  with  a 
sharp-pointed  knife.  In  order  to  find  them  readily,  the  soil  should  be 
drawn  away  from  around  the  trees,  but  it  must  be  replaced  lest  the  trees 
be  injured  during  the  winter.  Under  all  conditions,  the  destruction  of  the 
larvae  should  not  be  neglected  and  as  a rule  it  will  be  sufficient,  but,  in 
localities  where  they  are  very  troublesome  it  is  well  to  apply  some  kind  of  a 
wash  to  the  trunks  of  the  trees  about  the  first  of  July,  to  prevent  the 
deposition  of  the  eggs.  One  of  the  best  washes  is  made  by  thinning  down 
soft  soap  until  it  is  of  the  consistency  of  thick  paint  and  adding  a table- 


46 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


spoonful  of  crude  carbolic  acid  to  each  gallon  of  wash.  Paris  green  and 
lime  are  also  added  by  some  people.  The  wrapping  of  thick  paper,  or  of 
fine,  wire  netting,  about  the  tree  trunks  will  also  keep  the  insects  from 
depositing  their  eggs. 


MICE  AND  RABBITS. 

In  orchards  where  the  trees  are  growing  in  sod,  or  where  there  is  litter 
of  any  kind  about  the  trees,  mice  sometimes  girdle  them,  and  rabbits 
are  frequently  quite  troublesome.  In  the  first  case,  a remedy  will  be 
found  by  removing  the  conditions  that  favor  the  mice,  which  are  also  of 
themselves  injurious  to  the  trees.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  a mound  of  soil 
free  from  litter  placed  around  the  trees  to  a height  of  one  foot  will  save 
them  from  the  mice.  Mice,  and  to  some  extent  rabbits,  can  be  fenced 
out  by  wrapping  the  trees  in  the  fall  with  paper  or  netting.  Another 
remedy  is  to  paint  the  tree  trunks  in  the  fall  with  a lime,  or  cement  wash, 
to  every  ten  quarts  of  which  a heaping  tablespoonful  of  Paris  green  has 
been  added.  The  smearing  of  the  tree  trunks  with  blood  is  claimed  by 
some  to  keep  away  rabbits. 


PEACH  YELLOWS. 

Of  all  plant  diseases  none  is  to  be  more  dreaded  than  the  one  that  for 
the  want  of  a better  name  is  known  as  the  “yellows  ” of  the  peach.  The 
character  of  the  soil,  its  location  and  the  variety  of  the  peach  seem  to  have 
no  effect  upon  its  appearance,  and  whenever  it  manifests  itself  the  best 
thing  to  do  is  to  immediately  dig  out  and  burn  the  trees.  Nothing  is  pos- 
itively known  of  the  nature  of  the  disease,  but  as  it  is  undoubtedly  conta- 
gious it  is  probably  caused  by  some  low  form  of  vegetable  parasite  allied 
to  the  bacteria.  The  disease  has  been  studied  by  many  persons  both  chem- 
ically and  microscopically  and  for  six  years  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
has  had  an  expert  who  has  given  his  entire  attention  to  studying  and  exper- 
imenting with  diseased  trees;  every  means  has  been  afforded  him,  but, 
although  much  valuable  knowledge  has  been  acquired  regarding  the 
disease,  nothing  has  been  learned  of  its  real  nature.  The  disease  has 
been  at  various  times  ascribed  to  the  effect  of  soil  exhaustion,  of  borers, 
of  cold,  of  root  aphides,  of  eel  worms  ( Anguillulce ),  of  wet  subsoil, 
neglect  of  cultivation  or  of  pruning,  the  excessive  use  of  nitrogenous 
manures,  or  the  use  of  pits  or  buds  from  diseased  trees.  If  trees  are  pro- 
pagated from  either  pits  or  buds  of  diseased  trees  the  yellows  will  undoubt- 
edly appear,  but  experiments  by  Dr.  Erwin  F.  Smith,  the  expert  mentioned 
above,  and  others,  seem  to  show  conclusively  that  the  other  conditions  will 
not  of  themselves  cause  yellows  to  appear  in  the  peach  .although  they 
may  induce  an  appearance  that  to  the  inexperienced  eye  may  resemble  that 
disease.  It  is  also  very  probable  that  trees  weakened  by  any  of  the  • 
above  adverse  conditions  may  be  particularly  susceptible  to  it. 

HISTORY  OF  YELLOWS. 

Although  we  have  no  definite  information  regarding  the  time  and  place 
of  the  appearance  of  yellows,  it  is  quite  certain  that  the  disease  has  been 
known  for  at  least  one  hundred  years  in  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia, 
and  from  that  point  it  gradually  spread  in  all  directions  appearing  in 
New  York  in  1801  and  in  Massachusetts  in  1818.  Within  recent  years  it 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


47 


has  exterminated  the  peach  orchards  of  Maryland  and  Northern  Delaware 
and  is  gradually  spreading  southward.  It  appeared  in  Berrien  Co.,  Mich- 
igan in  1866,  the  germs  being  presumably  brought  in  nursery  stock  from 
New  Jersey.  For  a few  years  it  spread  very  slowly  but  after  1875  it  became 
very  destructive  and  showed  itself  in  nearly  every  orchard  in  the  county. 
In  1874  there  were  fully  650,000  peach  trees  in  Berrien  county  and  in  1877 
the  shipments  were  more  than  a half  million  baskets,  but  such  was  the  vir- 
ulence of  the  disease  that  after  1875  few  orchards  were  planted,  as  young 
trees  were  carried  off  within  two  or  three  years.  The  attack  was  so  severe 
and  so  widespread  that  the  number  of  the  trees  in  the  county  fell  to  50,000  in 
1884  and  in  the  townships  of  Benton  and  St.  Joseph,  where  it  first  appeared 
hardly  a tree  remained.  It  worked  northward  and  appeared  at  South 
Haven  in  1869  and  at  Paw  Paw  about  1877.  The  disease  was  not  particu- 
larly destructive  at  South  Haven  until  1875,  but  from  that  year  until 
1880  it  increased  in  virulence.  The  fruitgrowers  of  South  Haven,  profiting 
by  the  experience  of  their  neighbors  at  the  south,  waged  a war  of  extermina- 
tion and,  where  it  was  followed  up,  the  loss  was  quite  small.  In  some  cases 
the  proper  precautions  were  not  taken  and  entire  orchards  were  destroyed. 
The  history  of  the  disease  is  about  the  same  in  Allegan,  Kent  and  Ottawa 
counties,  where  it  appeared  later.  While  it  has  undoubtedly  appeared  in 
other  counties  it  has  done  little  harm.  It  behooves  the  peach  growers  in 
all  parts  of  the  state  to  be  on  the  watch  and  on  its  first  appearance  to 
stamp  it  out.  With  our  present  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  real  cause  of  yel- 
lows, we  can  do  no  more  than  to  subject  the  trees  to  such  conditions  as  will 
be  most  likely  to  keep  them  healthy.  We  should  then,  use  trees  free  from 
taint  of  disease,  plant  upon  high,  well-drained  soil,  avoid  the  use  of  excessive 
quantities  of  nitrogenous  manures,  supplying  necessary  plant  food  for  the 
most  part  in  the  form  of  chemical  fertilizers;  give  frequent,  regular  cultiva- 
tion; cut  back  and  thin  out  the  trees  to  secure  a strong  growth;  remove  all 
surplus  fruit  while  still  small  and  thus  prevent  it  from  drawing  needlessly 
upon  the  trees ; fight  early  and  late  against  the  borers  and  other  in  sects,  the  curl 
leaf,  rot  and  other  fungous  diseases.  This  treatment  should  give  us  strong, 
vigorous  trees  that  will  be  more  likely  to  escape  the  attack  of  the  yellows 
than  those  grown  under  opposite  conditions  would  be.  While  it  is  believed 
that  favorable  conditions  for  the  growth  of  the  trees  will  render  them  less 
susceptible  to  this  and  all  other  diseases,  it  is  not  claimed  that  the  trees 
will  have  entire  immunity  and  it  is  not  likely  that  a case  of  yellows  can  be 
cured  if  it  once  appears  in  a tree,  but  if  yellows  make  their  appearance  in  an 
orchard  where  some  of  the  conditions  are  unfavorable,  it  is  probable  that, 
if  the  diseased  trees  are  at  once  removed  and  the  remaining  trees  are  given 
proper  care,  they  will  be  less  liable  to  attack  than  if  nothing  had 
been  done  except  to  remove  the  diseased  trees.  From  the  fact  that  we  have 
no  definite  information,  as  has  been  previously  stated,  regarding  the  exact 
nature  of  the  disease,  the  above  cannot  positively  be  stated  to  be  correct, 
but  from  our  general  knowledge  of  plant  physiology,  and  the  fact  that 
plants  as  well  as  animals  that  are  in  a healthy  condition  and  with  con- 
genial surroundings  are  less  subject  to  disease,  than  those  that  are 
weak  and  exposed  to  unfavorable  conditions,  it  will  be  well  for  the  prac- 
tical fruit  grower  at  least  to  hold  to  this  belief  until  it  has  positively  been 
demonstrated  to  be  false.  The  course  recommended  is  the  one  that  will  be 
most  likely  to  give  profitable  returns  and  if  in  any  way  it  aids  in  warding 
off  the  disease  it  will  be  so  much  gained,  while  if  it  fails  to  do  this  there 
will  be  no  loss. 


48 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


TREATMENT  FOR  YELLOWS. 

If  the  disease  makes  its  appearance,  there  is  but  one  thing  to  be  done, 
and  everyone  now  advises  that  the  tree  be  at  once  dug  out  and  burned.  It 
will  probably  be  best  to  dig  around  the  tree  and  take  out  the  trunk  and  the 
larger  roots  to  a distance  of  perhaps  two  feet  from  the  stem,  although 
some  growers  top  off  the  branches  and  later  on  cut  out  the  stump.  The 
removal  should  take  place  immediately  after  a tree  is  found  to  be  dis- 
eased, and  all  growers  should  familiarize  themselves  with  the  appearance 
of  the  disease  in  its  first  stage,  that  it  may  be  taken  in  hand  in  time. 

APPEARANCE  OF  YELLOWS. 

While  by  some  persons  the  term  “yellows”  is  applied  to  almost  any 
unhealthy  condition  of  the  trees  that  gives  them  a yellowish  appearance, 
the  true  “ yellows”  as  known  to  peach  growers  is  a specific  disease  with 
certain  well-defined  symptoms  by  which  it  can  be  recognized. 

While  it  may  be  somewhat  modified  by  local  conditions,  it  almost  inva- 
riably passes  through  certain  changes  and  runs  a definite  fixed  course. 
The  yellows  first  manifest  themselves  in  a tree,  in  the  premature  ripening 
of  the  fruit.  In  a healthy  tree  each  variety  has  a somewhat  definite 
time  of  maturity,  but,  if  the  tree  is  attacked  by  this  disease,  the  fruit  may 
color  up  two  or  three  weeks  before  those  on  the  neighboring  trees  of  the 
same  variety  are  ripe.  The  time  of  ripening,  however,  is  variable,  as 
sometimes  the  difference  is  only  a few  days  but  in  other  cases  it  may  be 
four  or  five  weeks.  Not  only  do  they  ripen  prematurely,  but  the  fruit 
upon  diseased  trees  is  quite  different  in  appearance  from  that  on  healthy 
ones.  Besides  being  much  higher  colored  than  healthy  peaches,  the 
surface  is  more  or  less  blotched  with  dark  red  dots,  giving  the  fruit 
a speckled  appearance  (Fig.  8,  1).  As  a rule,  the  blotches  are  small 
and  show  quite  distinctly  against  a lighter  background,  but  sometimes 
they  are  so  numerous  as  to  run  together  and  give  the  face,  or  perhaps 
the  entire  surface  of  the  peach,  a purplish  appearance.  A still  more 
distinctive  feature  is  that  the  discoloration  is  not  confined  to  the  epidermis, 
but  extends  into  the  center  of  the  fruit  so  that  upon  being  cut  open  the 
flesh  has  a mottled  appearance,  the  coloring  being  in  the  form  of  streaks, 
dots  and  splashes;  around  the  pit  the  coloring  is  unusually  dark,  and 
sometimes  in  light  colored  varieties  the  entire  flesh  is  of  a uniform  red 
color.  As  a rule,  the  flesh  of  premature  peaches  has  but  little  flavor, 
although  in  some  cases  it  is  slightly  bitter.  The  fitness  for  food  of  pre- 
mature peaches  depends  upon  the  extent  to  which  they  are  affected,  as  if 
the  attack  is  but  slight  they  are  palatable,  but  in  the  advanced  condition 
they  are  not  fit  for  food.  The  safest  plan  is  to  destroy  all  affected  fruit. 
The  disease  may  not  appear  upon  all  parts  of  the  trees  the  first  season,  but 
if  a single  peach  ripens  prematurely  and  has  a spotted  flesh,  it  is  an  infal- 
lible indication  that  the  tree  has  the  yellows  in  its  incipient  stage,  and 
there  should  be  no  delay  in  destroying  it  and  its  fruit. 

We  give  here  a description  of  the  illustrations  on  the  next  page;  in  Fig.  8, 
1 represents  a peach  attacked  by  yellows.  2.  A healthy  peach  for  compari- 
son. 3.  Specimen  taken  in  the  Autumn,  showing  how  the  tree  has  put  out 
leaves  and  blossoms  from  the  Winter  buds.  The  Spring  foliage  has  already 
fallen.  6.  Represents  a similar  specimen.  4.  Shows  the  tufted  Spring 
growth  due  to  yellows.  5.  A branch  taken  in  the  Autumn;  the  Spring 
foliage  has  nearly  all  fallen,  and  autumn  leaves  have  developed  from 
Winter  buds.  7.  A healthy  peach  branch  for  comparison. 

( The  illustration  was  kindly  loaned  by  the  publisher  of  the  American  Cultivator,  Boston,  Mass.) 


50 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


SECOND  STAGE  OF  YELLOWS. 

Following  the  appearance  of  the  disease  in  the  fruit,  it  shows  itself  by 
the  development  of  small  wiry  twigs  (Fig.  8,4),  commonly  spoken  of  as  a fun- 
gous growth.  While  these  frequently  do  not  appear  until  after  the  tree  has 
given  a crop  of  premature  fruit,  a tree  showing  the  twigs  will  always  bear 
diseased  fruit.  As  a rule,  if  only  a small  portion  of  the  fruits  are  prema- 
ture, the  wiry  starved  growth  will  not  show  until  the  following  season, 
although  they  may  appear  in  the  autumn  on  the  trees  that  were  healthy 
the  previous  year.  These  shoots  grow  in  clusters  (Fig.  8.  4)  upon  any  part 
of  the  tree,  but  generally  are  most  numerous  upon  the  main  branches  and 
near  the  forks.  Sometimes  they  are  straight  and  unbranched,  but,  as  a 
rule,  especially  late  in  the  season,  they  are  branched,  the  buds  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  making  a premature  growth  the  same  season  they  are  formed. 

* The  shoots  are  often  short-jointed  and  form  thick  tufts.  The  leaves  are 
small,  being  about  half  as  long  and  wide  as  healthy  ones  and  have  a 
yellowish  tinge.  The  buds  are  small  and  generally  winter-kill,  as  the 
shoots  do  not  mature  their  growth. 

Another  way  that  it  appears,  is  when  apparently  healthy  trees  send  out 
in  the  autumn  the  small  shoots  distinctive  of  yellows,  with  the  pale  yellowish- 
green  foliage.  The  trees  show  the  same  symptoms  the  second  year,  as 
were  noticed  the  first,  and  in  addition  the  fruit,  if  any  is  borne,  is  small, 
both  in  size  and  quantity,  bitter  in  taste,  or  at  least  of  inferior  flavor.  All 
of  the  tree  is  now  generally  involved,  and  the  foliage  is  quite  yellowish 
and  even  red  in  color  and  considerably  curled,  particularly  on  the  shoots 
sent  out  in  the  spring.  Sometimes  the  tree  dies  the  second  year,  but  it  is 
usually  the  third,  or  perhaps  the  fourth  year  that  it  finally  succumbs.  The 
diseased  shoots  are  quite  brittle  and  seem  to  have  little  life.  There  are  no 
well  authenticated  cases  of  recovery  from  this  disease.  After  a tree  affected 
with  the  yellows  has  been  removed,  it  is  a common  practice  to  set  a young 
tree  in  its  place,  and  no  harm  has  been  noticed  from  replanting  the  spring 
following  the  removal  of  the  diseased  tree.  In  case  the  affected  tree  was 
left  long  enough  to  transmit  its  contagion  to  the  neighboring  trees  there 
would  undoubtedly  be  danger  of  the  newly  planted  tree  becoming  in  time 
infected  by  its  diseased  neighbors,  but  at  any  rate  the  young  tree  would  be 
less  likely  to  be  attacked  than  other  trees  in  the  orchard.  In  practice,  with 
prompt  removal  of  diseased  trees,  there  seems  to  be  no  danger  in  replants 
ing  the  next  year,  and  peach  orchards  of  recent  years  have  suffered  but 
little  from  the  yellows,  when  steps  were  taken  to  promptly  eradicate  the 
disease  as  soon  as  it  appeared.  This  indicates  that  up  to  the  time  of  its 
outward  manifestation,  the  disease  is  not  readily  transmitted. 

YELLOWS  FROM  DISEASED  PITS  AND  BUDS. 

While  there  can  be  no  question  that  the  disease  can  be  communicated  to 
the  nursery  stock  by  the  use  of  pits  or  the  buds  from  diseased  trees,  we 
believe  there  is  less  danger  of  introducing  yellows  into  a locality  in  this 
way  than  by  means  of  nursery  trees  grown  in  the  vicinity  of  diseased 
orchards,  or  where  the  trees  themselves  were  from  healthy  stocks  but  were 
infected  by  neighboring  nursery  trees  which  may  have  acquired  the  dis- 
ease either  through  the  pit  or  bud.  In  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Smith  less 
than  one  pit  in  a thousand  from  premature  peaches  grew,  but  there  may 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


51 


be  some  danger  of  the  disease  manifesting  itself  in  trees  grown  from  pits 
produced  by  portions  of  trees  that  as  yet  show  no  signs  of  yellows,  but  that 
will  exhibit  signs  of  yellows  the  following  year.  In  most  cases,  however,  the 
nursery  trees  from  such  pits  will  show  signs  of  the  yellows  the  first  year 
and  will  hardly  fail  to  escape  the  second,  so  that  on  purchasing  them  the 
fruit  grower  will  be  able  to  detect  the  disease  before  the  trees  are  planted. 

It  is  nearly  seventy  years  since  it  was  claimed  that  yellows  could  be 
spread  by  the  buds,  and  it  is  quite  certain  that  if  buds  are  taken  from  a 
tree  in  the  second  stage  of  the  disease  fewT  of  them  will  start  at  all,  and 
those  that  do,  will  make  but  a feeble,  unhealthy  growth.  When  from  trees 
that  are  just  coming  down  with  the  disease,  i.  e.,  when  if  in  bearing  a few 
of  the  fruits  will  be  premature, — the  disease  may  not  appear  to  any  extent  in 
the  nursery  and  an  unscrupulous  nurseryman  will  sell  the  trees  that  do 
not  show  it,  in  this  way  scattering  the  disease.  The  only  safe  way  is  to 
purchase  trees  in  localities  where  the  yellows  either  has  not  appeared  or 
is  in  check  and  where  one  has  good  evidence  that  the  pits  have  come  from 
uninfected  regions,  and  the  buds  are  from  healthy  trees.  If  any  of  these 
precautions  are  neglected  there  is  great  danger  of  obtaining  the  germs  of 
the  disease.  Many  growers  claim  that  if,  in  carrying  a diseased  tree  from 
the  orchard,  a branch  rubs  against  a healthy  tree,  it  will  convey  the  dis- 
ease, and  while  this  may  not  be  true,  it  is  very  probable,  and  prudence 
would  seem  to  dictate  that  the  tree  be  cut  up  and  burned  upon  the  spot,  or 
if  carried  to  a brush  pile  outside,  it  should  be  removed  -with  great  care  not 
to  bring  any  part  of  the  tree  in  contact  with  a healthy  one.  As  soon  as 
possible  the  trees  should  be  burned.  In  localities  where  the  disease  pre- 
vails, if  the  affected  trees  are  promptly  destroyed  the  loss  seldom  exceeds 
three  percent,  while  if  this  is  neglected  it  spreads  with  increasing  virulence 
until  every  tree  may  be  destroyed.  From  the  contagious  nature  of  the  dis- 
ease, it  can  be  seen  that  it  cannot  be  guarded  against  unless  there  is  con- 
certed action  in  the  infected  districts  and  to  secure  this  the  State  of  Mich- 
igan has  enacted  what  is  known  as  the  “ Yellows  Law,”  which  reads  as 
follows: 


THE  YELLOWS  AND  BLACK  KNOT  LAW. 


AN  ACT  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  contagious  diseases  known  as  yellows  and  black 
knot  among  peach,  plum,  cherry,  prune,  almond,  apricot  and  nectarine  trees,  or  the 
fruit  thereof,  by  providing  measures  for  the  eradication  of  the  same,  and  to  repeal 
act  number  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  of  the  public  acts  of  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety-one,  entitled  “An  act  to  prevent  the  spread  of  yellows,  a contagious  disease 
among  peach,  almond,  apricot,  and  nectarine  trees,  and  to  provide  measures  for  the 
eradication  of  the  same,  and  to  repeal  act  thirty-two  of  the  session  laws  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  seventy-nine,”  approved  April  four,  eighteen  hundred  Beventy-nine. 

Section  1.  The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact , That  it  shall  be  unlawful 
for  any  person  to  keep  any  peach,  almond,  apricot,  plum,  prune,  cherry  or  nectarine 
tree,  infected  with  the  contagious  diseases  known  as  yellows  or  black  knot,  or  to  offer 
for  sale  or  shipment,  or  to  sell,  or  to  ship  any  of  the  fruit  thereof,  except  the  fruit  of 
the  plum  and  cherry  tree;  that  both  tree  and  fruit  so  infected  shall  be  subject  to  des- 
truction as  public  nuisances  as  hereinafter  provided.  No  damages  shall  be  awarded  in 
any  court  in  the  state  for  entering  upon  the  premises  and  destroying  such  diseased 
trees,  or  parts  of  trees,  or  fruit,  if  done  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person  as  soon  as  he  becomes  aware  of  the  existence  of 
such  disease  in  any  tree,  parts  of  trees,  or  fruit  owned  by  him  to  forthwith  destroy,  or 
cause  said  trees  or  fruit  to  be  destroyed. 


52 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Sec.  2.  In  any  township,  city  or  village  in  this  State  in  which  such  contagious 
diseases  exist,  or  in  which  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  they  exist,  or  danger  may  be 
justly  apprehended  of  thbir  introduction,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  township  or  village 
board,  or  city  council,  as  soon  as  such  information  becomes  known  to  either  such  board 
or  council  or  any  member  thereof,  to  appoint  forthwith  three  competent  freeholders  of 
said  township,  village,  or  city  as  commissioners,  who  shall  hold  office  during  the  pleas- 
ure of  said  board,  village  or  city  council,  and  such  order  of  appointment  and  of  revoca- 
tion shall  be  entered  at  large  upon  the  township,  village  or  pity  records:  Provided , 
That  the  commissioners  now  appointed  and  in  office  shall  continue  in  said  office  until 
their  successors  are  appointed  and  qualified. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commissioners,  within  ten  days  after  appointment 
as  aforesaid,  to  file  their  acceptances  of  the  same  with  the  clerk  of  said  township, 
village  or  city,  and  said  clerk  shall  be  ex  officio  clerk  of  said  board  of  commissioners, 
and  he  shall  keep  a correct  record  of  the  proceedings  of  said  board  in  a book  to  be  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose,  and  shall  file  and  preserve  all  papers  pertaining  to  the  duties 
and  actions  of  said  commissioners,  or  either  of  them,  which  shall  be  a part  of  the 
records  of  said  township,  village  or  city. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  or  any  one  of  them  upon  or  without 
complaint,  whenever  it  comes  to  their  notice  that  either  of  the  diseases  known  as  yellows, 
black  knot,  or  other  contagious  diseases  exist,  or  are  supposed  to  exist  wfithin  the  limits 
of  their  township,  village,  or  city,  to  proceed  without  delay  to  examine  the  tree  or  fruit 
supposed  to  be  infected,  and  if  the  disease  is  found  to  exist,  a distinguishing  mark 
shall  be  placed  upon  the  diseased  trees  and  the  owners  notified  personally,  or  by  a 
written  notice  left  at  his  usual  place  of  residence,  or  if  the  owner  be  a non-resident,  by 
leaving  the  notice  with  the  person  in  charge  of  the  trees  or  fruit,  or  the  person  in 
whose  possession  said  trees  or  fruit  may  be.  The  notice  shall  contain  a simple  state- 
ment of  the  facts  as  found  to  exist,  with  an  order  to  effectually  uproot  and  destroy,  by 
fire,  or  as  the  commissioner  shall  order,  the  tree  so  marked  or  designated,  or  such  parts 
thereof  within  ten  days,  Sundays  excepted,  from  the  date  of  the  service  of  the  notice; 
and  in  case  of  trees  known  as  nursery  stock,  or  fruit  so  infected,  such  notice  shall 
require  the  person  in  whose  possession  or  control  it  is  found  to  immediately  destroy  the 
same,  or  cause  it  to  be  done,  said  notice  and  order  to  be  signed  by  the  full  board  of 
commissioners. 

Sec.  5.  Whenever  any  person  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  the  order  to 
remove  and  destroy  the  trees  or  parts  of  trees  so  designated  and  marked  by  the  com- 
missioner as  aforesaid,  it  shall  become  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  to  cause  said  trees 
or  parts  of  trees  to  be  removed  and  destroyed  forthwith,  employing  all  necessary  aid  for 
that  purpose.  The  expenses  for  such  removal  and  destruction  of  trees  or  parts  of  trees  to 
be  a charge  against  the  township,  village  or  city;  and  for  the  purpose  of  such  removal 
and  destruction,  the  said  commissioners,  their  agents  and  workmen,  shall  have  the  right 
and  power  to  enter  upon  any  and  all  premises  within  their  township,  village  or  city. 

Sec.  6.  If  any  owner  neglects  to  uproot  and  destroy  or  cause  to  be  removed  and 
destroyed  as  aforesaid,  such  diseased  trees  or  parts  of  trees  or  fruit,  after  such  examina- 
tion and  notification,  and  within  the  time  hereinbefore  specified,  such  person  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  punished  by  a fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred 
dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  three  months,  or  both,  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court;  and  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  township  or  city  where 
such  trees  may  be,  or  where  such  nursery  stock  or  fruit  is  sold,  shipped,  disposed  of,  or 
delivered  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  jurisdiction  thereof.  The  words  “parts  of  trees,” 
wherever  used  in  this  act,  shall  refer  to  black  knot  only,  and  not  to  trees  affected  with 
yellows. 

Sec.  7.  The  commissioners  shall  be  allowed  for  services  under  this  act  two  dollars 
for  each  full  day,  and  one  dollar  for  each  half  day,  and  their  other  charges  and  dis- 
bursements hereunder,  to  be  audited,  as  well  as  any  other  charges  and  disbursements 
under  this  act,  by  the  township  board,  village  or  city  council,  all  of  which  costs,  charges, 
expenses  and  disbursements  may  be  recovered  by  the  township,  village  or  city  from  the 
owner  of  said  diseased  fruit  or  nursery  stock  or  from  the  owner  of  the  premises  on 
which  said  diseased  trees  stood,  in  action  of  assumpsit. 

Sec.  8.  All  of  act  number  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  of  the  public  acts  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  ninety-one  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed. 

This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 

Approved  May  25,  1893. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


53 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  fruit  growers  of  any  section  have  it  in  their 
power  to  secure  the  prompt  destruction  of  all  fruit  and  trees  in  which  the 
disease  appears.  In  Berrien,  Van  Buren  and  Allegan  counties  there  are 
numberless  cases  where  the  disease  has  been  kept  in  check,  even  after  it 
has  appeared  in  an  orchard,  and  one  can  also  find  in  those  same  counties 
other  instances  in  which  the  law  has  not  been  enforced  where  the  yellows 
appeared  in  fully  30  per  cent  of  the  trees  in  1893,  and  even  then  nothing 
was  done  beyond  cutting  off  the  branches  and  leaving  them  on  the  ground 
to  scatter  their  contagion,  while  the  trunks  of  the  trees  left  standing 
sprouted  and  sent  up  wiry  shoots  that  show  unmistakably  signs  of  the  yel- 
lows. If  the  owners  alone  are  to  be  the  sufferers,  after  all  that  has  been 
said  and  written  on  the  subject,  one  would  hardly  waste  a thought  upon  it, 
but  one  cannot  help  feeling  sorry  for  the  neighbors  whose  orchards  seem 
doomed  to  destruction  even  though  they  have  not  shown  public  spirit 
enough  (to  say  nothing  of  their  private  interests)  to  secure  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law.  As  will  be  noticed,  the  law  also  provided  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  “black  knots,”  upon  plum  trees,  which  is  a disease  fully  as 
fatal  as  peach  yellows,  where  its  appearance  is  not  guarded  against.  With 
a little  concerted  effort,  however,  this  disease  also  can  be  readily  controlled. 

BLACK  KNOT.  ( Plowrightia  morbosa.  Sacc.) 

In  some  parts  of  the  State  entire  plum  orchards  have  been  destroyed  by 
this  disease,  and  there  is  great  danger  of  its  obtaining  a strong  foothold 
in  the  plum-growing  districts  and  crippling  that  thriving  industry.  The 
only  hope  of  safety  is  in  the  thorough  awakening  of  every  plum  grower  to 
the  danger  that  menaces  him.  If  they  could  see  the  thousands  of  acres  of 
plum  orchards  that  have  been  blotted  out  by  this  disease  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  during  the  last  five  years,  they  might  be  upon  their  guard. 

In  order  to  successfully  combat  this  disease,  all  the  plum  growers  in  a 
given  locality  must  be  leagued  in  an  intelligent  warfare  against  it.  If  one 
man  allows  the  knots  to  form  upon  his  trees  he  will  spread  the  disease  to 
his  neighbor’s  orchards.  As  much  of  the  danger  comes  from  the  disper- 
sion of  the  spores,  formed  by  the  knots  before  they  have  taken  on  the  black 
pimply  appearance  (Fig.  9,  1)  that  is  usually  regarded  as  distinctive,  every 
one  should  be  familiar  with  the  changes  through  which  the  knots  pass.  The 
spores  (seeds)  are  borne  through  the  air  and,  falling  upon  the  branch  of  a 
plum  tree,  soon  germinate  and  penetrate  the  tissues.  They  grow  there 
until  the  following  Spring  without  manifesting  their  presence.  A swell- 
ing will  then  be  seen  at  the  point  infected,  generally  two  or  three  inches 
long;  the  bark  cracks  and  the  branch  seems  to  puff  out  to  twice  its  normal 
size.  If  these  incipient  knots  are  cut  off  and  burned  at  this  time,  the 
injury  to  the  tree  will  be  stopped  and,  what  is  of  most  importance,  it  will 
be  destroyed  before  it  has  had  time  to  ripen  and  scatter  its  spores.  In  one 
or  two  months  if  left  upon  the  tree,  the  knot  becomes  covered  with  an 
olive-green  mold,  made  up  of  an  immense  number  of  spores  upon  their 
supporting  stalks;  these  are  soon  scattered  by  the  wind  and  disseminate 
the  disease.  In  the  Autumn,  a hard  black  crust  forms  over  the  knot;  this 
is  covered  with  minute  pimples  in  which  a second  form  of  spores  is  pro- 
duced. They  ripen  late  in  the  Winter  and  are  the  source  of  other  knots. 
Hundreds  of  knots  often  appear  upon  a single  tree,  and  as  they  not  only 
rob  the  tree  of  food,  but  practically  strangle  and  starve  the  branches  upon 
which  they  are  located  by  girdling  them  arid  thus  shutting  off  the  supply 
of  food,  the  tree  is  soon  destroyed. 


54 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


One  source  of  contagion  is  through  nursery  stock  and  young  orchards 
should  be  carefully  watched,  when  trees  are  obtained  from  infected  dis- 
tricts. Not  only  is  there  danger  from 
knots  upon  other  plum  trees,  but  it 
seems  probable  that  the  knots  upon 
the  cultivated  cherries,  choke  and 
other  wild  cherries  and  wild  Ameri- 
can and  other  wild  plums  may  be  of 
the  same  species  and  be  able  to  com- 
municate the  disease  to  plum  trees 
in  our  orchards.  Experiments  by 
inocculation  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  the  knots  upon  choke  cherries 
will  communicate  th<?  disease  to  cul- 
tivated plums,  and  the  only  thing 
that  points  to  the  contrary  is  that 
the  plum  orchards  in  Oceana  county 
are  sometimes  surrounded  by  thick- 
ets of  the  wild  pin  cherry  ( Prunus 
Pennsylvanica  L. ),  and  yet  remain 
free  from  disease.  However,  as  these 
thickets  of  wild  plums  and  cherries 
are  at  best  a nuisance,  prudence 
would  indicate  the  desirability  of 
applying  the  ax  and  fire  to  them, 
as  there  may  be  conditions  under 
which  the  disease  may  be  transmit- 
ted. It  has  been  noticed  that  there 
are  unknown  conditions  under 
which  the  disease  has  greatly  in- 
creased^virulence . F or  several  years 
it  may  make  but  little  headway,  but 
at  length  a time  will  come  when  it 
will  sweep  like  fire  throuah  the 

7 7 7 / • '7  7 7 _l  Fig.  9.  Black  Knot.  Plovrrightia  morbosa.  Sacc. 

plum  orchards  and  entirely  blot  i.  Stem  of  plnm  tree  with  knot  upon  it,  as  it  appears 

them  Out  *n  anc*  winter. 

rr,1  V . . 2.  Perithecium  with  mycelinm,  a a between  the  cells 

lhe  disease  IS  certainly  getting  a Of  the  stem,  and  covered  with  filaments  bearing  spores, 

strong  foothold  in  some  sections,  6,3!tK?lment^mdM8porMtlo(?M&!“mS«  highij 
and  it  behooves  every  plum  grower,  throoRh  a cavity  containing  .tyiocpo™. 

even  ii  he  has  but  a single  tree,  to  After  Fariow. 
be  upon  the  alert. 

It  is  now  nearly  five  years  since  the  writer  began  a crusade  against  the 
disease,  and,  from  the  reports  that  come  in,  it  is  encouraging  to  see  that 
the  growers  appreciate  the  danger  that  menaces  them,  and  are  acquiring 
the  knowledge  of  its  appearance  necessary  to  enable  them  to  combat  it 
upon  its  manifestation.  What  is  needed  now  is  a united  public  sentiment 
against  it  that  will  secure  prompt  action  upon  the  part  of  all. 

While  the  destruction  of  the  outside  sources  of  contagion  should  not  be 
neglected,  it  seems  desirous  that  the  trees  should  be  kept  in  such  a condi- 
tion as  will  enable  them  to  withstand  the  disease;  hence,  thorough  cultivation 
and  liberal  quantities  of  mineral  manure  should  be  given  the  orchards.  As 
severe  outbreaks  of  the  disease  often  follow  years  of  full  crops  of  fruit,  it 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


55 


will  be  a wise  precaution  to  prevent  overcropping,  and  the  consequent 
weakening  of  the  trees,  by  a judicious  thinning  of  the  fruit. 

As  indicated  above,  whenever  a knot  appears  it  should  be  cut  off,  while 
still  but  partly  developed,  and  destroyed  by  fire.  The  cut  should  be 
made  several  inches  below  the  lowest  point  where  any  discoloration  can  be 
seen  in  the  wood,  in  order  to  remove  all  of  the  tissues  of  the  fungus  and 
prevent  its  spread  down  the  branches.  If  the  knot  is  upon  the  trunk  of 
the  tree,  while  it  might  be  economy  to  remove  and  burn  the  entire  top  of 
the  tree,  if  not  the  tree  itself,  it  can  generally  be  prevented  from  spreading 
if  the  swelling  is  carefully  pared  away  and  the  wound  treated  with  tincture 
of  iodine,  which  seems  to  have  the  power  of  destroying  the  tissues  of  the 
fungus  without  injuring  the  tree.  The  wound  should  then  be  covered  with 
linseed  oil  paint.  Good  results  have  been  found  from  the  use  of  the  oil 
alone  but  the  treatment  with  iodine  seems  more  efficient. 

Cut  off  or  treat  the  knots  whenever  they  are  found,  but  careful  examina- 
tions of  the  trees  should  be  made  in  the  Spring  and  again  in  the  Fall  to 
prevent  the  knots  that  may  have  escaped  attention  during  the  Summer  from 
developing  spores. 

To  secure  the  proper  attention  to  the  destruction  of  the  knots,  a law  was 
enacted  by  the  last  legislature,  as  a part  of  the  Yellows  law  (which  is  given 
in  this  Bulletin  under  that  heading).  The  intelligent  and  wide-awake  fruit 
grower  does  not  need  to  be  compelled  to  destroy  his  knots,  by  legislative 
enactment,  but  he  should  avail  himself  of  its  aid  in  securing  the  destruction 
of  the  knots  upon  the  trees  of  his  criminally  careless  neighbor. 

PLUM  BLADDERS.  ( Exoascus  prmii.  Fnckl.) 

The  fruits  of  the  European  plums  and  both  branches  and  fruit  of  Amer- 
ican sorts  are  often  attacked  by  a fungus  causing  them  to  swell  up.  The 
fruits  in  particular  are  greatly  distended,  the  contents  are  destroyed,  and 
only  a hollow  shell  remains,  hence  the  name.  The  diseased  twigs  and  fruits 
should  be  removed  and  burned.  While  entire  immunity  may  not  be  secured 
by  spraying  as  for  the  rot  and  shot-hole  fungus,  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture, 
there  are  no  other  known  remedies. 

THE  PEACH  AND  PLUM  ROT.  ( Monilia  fructigena.  Pers.) 

Particularly  in  wet  seasons  this  disease  has  caused  frequent  losses  to  the 
peach  and  plum  growers,  the  entire  crops  m some  cases  being  destroyed. 
The  apricot  and  cherry  also  are  subject  to  the  same  disease.  It  is  most  inju- 
rious to  the  early  sorts,  but  few  if  any  varieties  are  proof  against  it.  In  the 
case  of  the  cherry  and  plum  the  foliage  as  well  as  the  fruit  is  attacked  and 
the  young  twigs,  particularly  of  American  varieties  may  also  be  involved. 
Not  only  does  the  presence  of  moisture  seem  necessary  for  the  germination 
of  the  spores,  but  the  spread  of  this  disease  is  in  proportion  to  the  humidity 
of  the  season.  The  appearance  of  the  disease  is  familiar  to  all,  but  it  may 
not  be  generally  understood  that  the  patches  of  yellowish-brown  dust 
seen  upon  the  surface  are  the  spores,  or  seeds  of  the  disease,  by  which  it 
is  disseminated.  When  two  or  more  fruits  grow  so  closely  together  that 
they  touch,  the  sides  in  contact  are  generally  covered  with  moisture,  and 
the  germination  of  the  spores  is  hastened;  it  is  a matter  of  general  obser- 
vation that  if  one  fruit  is  attacked  the  rot  always  spreads  to  all  fruits  that 
touch  it.  By  the  proper  thinning  of  the  fruit,  the  rot  is  made  less  destruc- 


56 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


tive.  From  the  fact  that  the  early  varieties  of  the  peach  seem  most  sub- 
ject to  the  disease,  many  growers  have  given  them  up  entirely.  In  seasons 
when  damp,  muggy  weather  prevails,  it  is  doubtful  if  the  rot  can  be  entirely 
kept  in  check  by  fungicides,  but  under  fairly  favorable  conditions,  there 
will  be  little  if  any  loss  from  this  disease,  if  Bordeaux  mixture  is  used  as 
directed  for  the  treatment  of  the  peach  curl,  and  of  course  there  will  be  no 
additional  expense.  When  we  consider  the  loss  that  often  occurs  from  even 
one  of  these  diseases  it  should  induce  every  fruit  grower  to  make  use  of 
this  simple  and  cheap  remedy. 

In  case  the  month  of  July  is  wet  and  lowery,  there  will  be  danger  that 
the  early  applications  of  Bordeaux  mixture  may  not  be  sufficient  to  hold 
the  rot  in  check,  while  in  the  case  of  the  plum,  the  shot-hole  fungus  may 
need  treatment.  For  late  varieties  that  will  not  be  harvested  for  six  or 
eight  weeks,  the  Bordeaux  mixture  may  aghin  be  used,  but  for  the  August 
sorts  it  will  be  better  to  use  the  ammoniacal  solution  of  copper  carbonate, 
although  this  should  not  be  used  within  three  weeks  of  the  time  the  fruit 
is  to  be  gathered. 

PEACH-LEAF  CURL.  (Exoascits  deformans . Berk.) 

This  disease  which  is  known  to  be  of  a fungus  nature  is  in  wet,  cold 
seasons  very  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  peach  trees,  often  causing  all  of 
. the  older  leaves  to  drop  from  the  tree,  and  the  result  is  that  much  of  the 
fruit  also  falls.  The  tissues  of  the  affected  leaves  become  thick  and  later 
on  are  blistered  and  distorted.  At  first  they  are  of  a light  olive  color 
but,  later  on  as  the  spores  develop,  they  are  covered  with  a whitish 
powder.  It  was  at  first  thought  that  as  the  conditions  that  favored 
the  appearance  of  the  disease  (wet,  cold  weather)  were  so  unsuited  to  suc- 
cess in  the  application  of  fungicides,  that  at  best  they  would  prove  only 
partially  satisfactory,  but  although  the  past  season  was  so  wet  during  May 
and  June  that  in  some  parts  of  the  State  the  disease  was  quite  trouble- 
some the  results  were  unexpectedly  favorable.  At  the  college,  little  curl 
appeared,  but  along  the  lake  shore  many  growers  were  considerably 
troubled  and  where  tested  the  fungicides  were  of  value  in  keeping  the  dis- 
ease in  subjection. 

When  in  attendance  at  the  summer  meeting  of  the  State  Horticultural 
Society  at  Shelby  it  was  my  pleasure  in  company  with  others  to  visit  many 
of  the  neighboring  peach  and  plum  orchards.  The  curl  was  quite  pre- 
valent but  where  the  trees  were  sprayed  a marked  difference  was  noticed, 
In  the  extensive  orchard  of  A.  Adams  about  one-half  of  the  trees 
received  a single  application  of  Bordeaux  mixture  after  the  disease 
appeared,  but  at  the  time  of  our  visit  (June  15)  the  effect  was  very  notice- 
able, as  the  loss  of  foliage  and  fruit  was  far  less  upon  the  sprayed  trees. 
At  our  South  Haven  sub-station,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  acompanying 
report  of  Pres.  Lyon,  the  curl  was  almost  completely  held  in  check, 
although  fully  half  of  the  leaves  had  fallen  from  unsprayed  trees  in  the 
neighborhood. 

With  such  a cheap  and  effective  remedy  at  hand,  this  disease  need  not 
be  especially  feared.  To  secure  the  best  results  the  trees  should  be 
thoroughly  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  in  the  spring  before  the  leaves 
start,  the  application  should  be  repeated  within  a week  after  the  petals 
have  fallen  and  a third  application  should  be  made  in  about  three  weeks.  If 
very  rainy  a more  frequent  use  of  the  fungicide  may  be  necessary,  and  an 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


57 


additional  application  can  often  be  used  with  profit,  as,  even  if  the  curl  is 
not  particularly  troublesome,  the  treatment  will  be  found  effective  against 
the  rot  of  the  peach  which  in  wet  seasons  is  so  destructive,  and  by  the 
addition  of  Paris  green  the  ravages  of  the  curculio  will  be  lessened. 

SHOT-HOLE  FUNGUS—  (Sep toria  pruni.) 

The  disease  to  which  this  very  distinctive  name  has  been  given  has, 
during  the  past  two  years,  caused  the  death  of  thousands  of  plum  trees  in 
the  State  of  Michigan,  and  yet,  had  proper  precautions  been  taken  they 
could  have  been  saved  at  a cost  of  not  over  three  cents  per  tree. 

The  leaves  of  plum  trees  during  July  and  August  are  often  found  pierced 
with  a number  of  holes  about  the  size  of  a pinhead,  the  tissue  which  filled 
them  having  been  destroyed  by  the  above  fungus,  and  the  dead  structure 
then  dropped  out. 

In  severe  cases,  the  injury  to  the  foliage  is  so  great  that  all  of  the  leaves 
upon  the  trees,  except  a few  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  drop  off,  generally 
before  the  middle  of  August.  A tree  thus  denuded  of  its  leaves  is  in  a 
poor  condition  to  ripen  its  growth  and  prepare  for  winter,  and  not  only  are 
the  watery,  unripened  branches  injured  but  the  entire  tree  is  often  killed 
to  the  ground.  If  the  ravages  of  the  fungus  can  be  checked,  the  foliage 
will  be  able  to  perform  its  functions,  and  the  trees  will  in  most  cases  sur- 
vive the  winter  without  injury. 

As  a rule,  if  the  trees  have  been  treated  with  Bordeaux  mixture,  as  rec- 
ommended for  the  plum  rot,  there  will  be  but  little  injury  from  the  disease. 
It  will  be  well  to  spray  young  trees  that  are  not  yet  in  bearing  about  the 
middle  of  July  and  again  early  in  August,  and  the  spread  of  the  disease 
can  be  almost  entirely  prevented. 

PLUM  AND  PEACH  SCAB.— (Cladosporium  carpophilum.) 

This  fungus  is  in  some  seasons  quite  injurious  to  the  fruits  of  both  of 
these  fruits,  and  it  also  attacks  the  leaves  and  tender  shoots  of  the  peach. 

At  the  time  the  fruits  begin  to  color,  small  greenish  spots  appear;  as 
these  spread  the  centers  take  on  a brown  and  even  a black  appearance. 
When  the  spots  are  numerous  they  unite  and  may  cover  the  entire  surface 
of  the  fruits.  The  De  Soto  plum  and  Russian  apricots  seem  particularly 
subject  to  this  disease;  in  1893  the  crop  was  practically  ruined  by  it.  Its 
workings  were  not  noticed  until  too  late  to  test  the  efficacy  of  fungicides. 
Prof.  Pammel  reports  the  disease  upon  the  increase  in  Iowa,  and  it  may 
become  generally  troublesome. 

BROWN  SPOT  ( Helminthosporiurn  carpophilum.) 

In  September,  1893,  a basket  of  seedling  peaches  in  a pedlar’s  wagon 
was  noticed  to  be  badly  spotted  with  some  fungus,  that  although  it  had  some 
slight  resemblance  to  Cladosporium , was  manifestly  distinct  from  it.  Super- 
ficial examination  failed  to  reveal  any  specific  spores  and  specimens  were 
sent  to  Prof.  Galloway  of  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Pathology  at  Wash- 
ington, for  identification.  He  was  not  familiar  with  it,  however,  and  was 
not  able  to  make  out  any  distinctive  spores.  Dr.  Beal  had,  however,  inde- 
pendently obtained  specimens  of  the  disease  and  after  long  and  careful 
search  found  the  spores  and  was  able  to  identify  it  as  the  above  disease. 
The  fungus  seems  to  be  quite  superficial  in  its  workings  and  the  fruits 


58 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


were  not  noticeably  distorted.  Many  of  the  fruits  were  badly  spotted  and 
in  some  cases  nearly  covered  with  yellowish  brown  scabs.  From  the  fact 
that  the  disease  was  not  more  widely  known  it  evidently  has  not  been  very 
destructive,  but  if  it  becomes  distributed  it  may  become  quite  injurious  to 
our  peach  crop. 

GATHERING  AND  MARKETING. 

Even  if  a good  crop  is  grown,  success  is  not  assured  until  it  has  been 
gathered  and  put  upon  the  market,  in  fact  success  or  failure  will  often 
depend  upon  the  ability  with  which  this  is  done. 

From  the  fact  that  both  of  the  fruits  under  discussion  are  of  a decidedly 
perishable  nature,  great  care  must  be  taken  to  gather  them  at  sueh  a period 
that  they  will  be  still  in  good  condition,  when  placed  upon  the  market. 

With  the  peach,  for  such  markets  as  are  likely  to  be  supplied,  the  fruit 
should  be  gathered  just  as  it  is  reaching  a ripe  condition,  a period  which 
can  better  be  shown  than  described.  The  green  color  should  be  just  dis- 
appearing from  the  under  side  of  the  fruit,  giving  way  to  a yellowish-white 
or  flesh  color,  as  the  case  might  be.  As  an  indication  to  the  touch,  the 
flesh  of  the  upper  side  should  give  slightly,  when  pressed  with  the  ball  of 
the  thumb.  The  latter  sign  is  not  infallible,  but  the  former  seldom  ever 
fails.  With  a little  experience,  a man  can  judge  of  the  condition  of  a 
peach  without  employing  either  method  except  occasionally  as  a test. 
Under  no  circumstances  should  the  thumb  nail  be  used  to  test  the  fruits, 
and  every  precaution  should  be  taken  not  to  bruise  them.  Taking  a fruit 
lightly  and  yet  firmly,  between  the  thumb  and  fingers  a slight  twist  of  the 
hand  will  serve  to  separate  it  from  its  stem.  The  rule  of  4 handling  as  if 
they  are  eggs’  will  not  apply  with  peaches,  since  they  need  even  greater 
care. 


PACKAGES  FOR  PEACHES. 

The  packages  best  adapted  for  the  shipping  of  peaches  depend,  first, 
upon  the  wants  of  the  market  and,  second,  upon  the  grade  of  fruit  and  the 
distance  it  is  to  be  transported. 

For  a local  market  it  is  generally  best  to  use  either  peck  or  fifth  bushel 
baskets  for  the  best  quality  of  fruit,  and  the  bushel  or  half  bushel  size  for 
seconds.  Much  the  same  rule  holds  good  when  shipments  are  made  by 
rail  or  boat.  It  is  best,  however,  to  study  well  the  wants  of  a market 
and  to  use  the  size  and  style  of  package  that  is  most  in  favor  with  the 
middlemen  and  the  consumers,  as,  however  it  may  be  in  other  things,  it 
will  not  pay  to  attempt  to  educate  the  taste  of  the  public  in  the  style  or 
size  of  package  to  be  used.  With  the  packing,  however,  it  is  different, 
and  an  endeavor  should  be  made  to  put  up  the  fruit  in  such  a way  that  it 
can  be  transported  without  unnecessary  bruising,  and  at  the  same  time  be 
attractive  to  the  eye.  The  packing,  however,  should  be  honest,  and  all 
the  peaches  should  be  of  the  grade  indicated  by  the  top  layer. 

Regarding  the  use  of  the  fifth  bushel  and  other  sizes  of  packages  that 
were  brought  out  as  snides,  it  should  be  said  that  in  some  markets  they  are 
recognized  as  standard  sizes  and  are  sold  on  their  merits.  If  the  middlemen 
prefer  to  handle  that  size,  and  if  the  consumers  desire  it,  the  producer 
should  by  all  means  supply  the  demand,  as,  if  the  fruit  is  shipped  in  pecks, 
the  jobber  or  retailer  will  quite  likely  repack  it.  The  price  being  by 


HORTICULTURAL.  DEPARTMENT. 


59 


the  basket  he  will  be  a gainer  to  the  extent  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  which 
really  belongs  to  the  producer.  On  the  other  hand,  where  the  best  trade 
recognizes  the  peck  basket  only,  as  a legitimate  size,  it  will  be  very  unwise 
to  ship  in  fifths,  as  the  shipments  from  parties  who  use  peck  baskets  will 
receive  first  attention,  while  those  in  fifths  which  are  here  regarded  as 
“ snides  ” are  sold  for  what  they  will  bring. 

No  arbitrary  rule  can  be  given  for  the  grading  of  peaches,  but  for  an 
appreciative  trade  the  number  of  grades  should  be  two,  if  not  three.  On 
the  other  hand,  in  some  markets  and  with  some  dealers  as  much  can  be 
obtained  when  packed  without  being  assorted,  as  they  can  when  graded 
and  put  up  in  the  most  careful  manner. 

For  the  average  market,  after  rejecting  all  decayed  and  badly  injured 
fruits,  two  grades  are  all  that  it  will  be  desirable  to  make.  The  method 
of  grading  will  depend  something  upon  the  market,  but,  in  a general  way, 
the  first  grade  should  contain  only  large,  well-colored  peaches  that  are 
perfect  in  form  and  free  from  blemishes.  All  other  marketable  specimens 
should  go  into  the  second  grade;  the  distinctive  line  between  the  second 
grade  peaches  and  those  that  are  to  be  rejected,  will  depend  upon  the  mar- 
ket and  the  abundance  of  the  crop. 

If  a person  can  secure  a reputation  for  the  grading  and  perfect  packing 
of  his  first-class  peaches,  his  brand  will  secure  him  an  advance  of  from  ten 
to  twenty-five  cents  per  basket  above  his  neighbors,  who  may  have  shipped 
just  as  good  peaches,  but  for  all  that  the  dealer  or  purchaser  may  know, 
unless  he  inspects  every  package  before  buying,  he  has  stuffed  with  “culls” 
and  the  price  given  will  be  sufficiently  low  to  insure  against  loss.  The 
grower  who  desires  to  work  up  a reputation  and  thus  obtain  this  extra 
price  should  carefully  brand  his  packages,  showing  in  addition  to  his  name 
and  address,  the  grade  of  peaches  contained  in  the  package  and  a guaran- 
tee that  the  packing  is  honest.  If  he  does  this,  and  lives  up  to  his  repre- 
sentations, he  may  be  sure  of  an  advance  over  the  market  price,  and  in  the 
case  of  a glut,  when  his  neighbor  may  not  get  enough  from  his  shipment 
to  pay  charges,  he  will  be  sure  of  a sale  at  a fairly  remunerative  price. 
Many  growers  do  not  place  their  names  upon  the  packages  in  which  the 
“seconds”  are  shipped,  although  the  same  guarantee  of  honest  packing 
would  have  fully  as  good  an  effect  with  them,  as  with  the  first-class  fruit, 
in  securing  its  full  value  and  a ready  sale  when  the  glut  comes.  Even  if 
the  packages  do  not  have  the  name  of  the  shipper  upon  them,  they  should 
bear  a private  mark  that  would  be  recognized  by  the  commission  merchant, 
or  retailer,  and  enable  him  to  guarantee  the  honest  packing  of  the  baskets. 

The  growers  in  the  “peach  belt”  are  as  fast  as  possible  releasing  them- 
selves from  the  grasp  of  the  South  Water  street,  Chicago,  commission  men, 
and  are  so  far  as  possible  seeking  out  markets  for  themselves.  The  ship- 
ments are  generally  made  by  express  to  consumers  and  retailers  in  country 
towns  and  small  cities  in  non-peach-growing  districts,  and  if  well  managed 
a desirable  trade  can  be  built  up.  For  shipping  in  this  way  the  first-class 
peaches  only  are  used. 

The  so-called  wagon  trade  is  of  considerable  importance.  This  consists 
in  the  sales  made  to  men  who  have  driven,  oftentimes,  fifty  or  seventy-five 
miles,  from  points  in  Indiana  or  Illinois,  perhaps,  for  the  purpose  of  buy- 
ing ten  to  forty  bushels  of  peaches.  They  peddle  them  out  on  their  way 
home,  reserving  enough  for  the  use  of  themselves  and  their  neighbors. 

One  should  have  some  ready  communication  with  his  market.  The 
growers  in  most  sections  of  the  “peach  belt”  can  ship  either  by  water  to 


60 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Chicago  or  Milwaukee,  or  by  rail  to  all  points.  In  this  way  they 
secure  competition  in  rates,  gentler  handling  of  their  shipments  and  more 
courteous  treatment,  when  favors  are  requested  or  complaints  made. 
In  localities  where  one  or  more  cars  can  be  loaded  in  a day,  very  low 
transportation  rates  and  prompt  service  can  be  secured,  either  by  fast 
freight  or  by  express.  The  thing  most  needed  by  the  grower  is  a low 
express  rate  to  small  interior  points  on  small  lots. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  market  for  the  fruits  and  by  cooperation 
obtaining  the  highest  market  prices  the  so-called  “Shippers’  Exchanges”  or 
similar  organizations  have  been  found  very  successful  in  some  States,  but 
although  they  have  been  formed  at  various  shipping  points  in  Michigan, 
through  no  fault  of  their  own,  they  have  not  proved  as  successful  as  they 
should.  Fairly  successful  in  securing  low  rates  of  transportation,  they 
have  failed  in  raising  the  price  obtained  for  fruit  by  guaranteeing  the 
packing,  through  the  selfishness  of  parties  who  persisted  in  using  snide 
packages  and  stuffing  them  at  that. . 

PICKING  AND  MARKETING  THE  PLUM. 

The  general  rules  given  for  the  peach,  apply  also  to  the  harvesting  and 
packing  of  the  plum,  but  need  to  be  slightly  modified  in  some  of  their 
details. 

The  plum  for  any  except  local  markets  will  need  to  be  picked  slightly 
before  it  is  ripe,  the  amount  depending  upon  the  length  of  time  necessary 
for  transportation. 

The  color,  firmness,  attachment  to  the  branch,  and  the  taste,  are  all 
employed  in  determining  the  fitness  of  a variety  for  market  but  with  the 
differences  that  exist  in  the  long  list  of  commercial  sorts,  no  infallible 
description  will  be  attempted  as  a guide  for  picking.  A little  practice 
will  soon  teach  one  the  proper  conditions. 

In  handling  the  plum,  the  same  care  is  needed  as  for  the  peach,  and 
particular  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  preservation  of  the  bloom. 
The  usual  packages  for  plums  are  the  fifth  or  peck  baskets  or  the  ten 
pound  Climax  basket.  The  style,  however,  changes  from  year  to  year  and 
differs  with  the  market. 

Agricultural  College,  ) 

January  25 , 1894.  j 


INDEX  TO  BULLETIN  103. 


Age  and  size  of  trees 

American  plnms 

Aphides,  peach  and  plum. 

Arranging  trees,  methods  of 

Arsenites 

Black  knot  of  the  plum 

Bordeaux  mixture  

Borer,  peach-tree 

plum-tree 

Brown  spot 

Budding  the  peach 

Carbolic  acid.. 

Carbonate  of  copper,  ammoniacal 

Care  of  the  trees  before  planting 

Chafer,  the  rose  

Climate  and  soil  for  the  plum 

Copper,  ammoniacal  carbonate  of 

Cricket,  Snowy  tree 

Crotches,  pruning  of  

Cultivation  of  peach  orchards 

Culture  of  the  peach,  the  nursery 

Curcnlio,  plum.. 

Curl,  peach  leaf 

Diseases  and  insects  of  the  peach  and  plum 

Distances  for  planting  the  peach.. 

Elevation  and  exposure.. 

Fertilizers  and  manures 

the  rational  use  of 

Fungicides 

Fungus,  shot-hole 

Gathering  the  peach 

plum 

Gouger,  the  plum 

Hardiness  of  the  peach 

Insecticides... 

Insects  and  diseases  of  the  peach  and  plum 

leaf  eating  

Japanese  plums 

June-budded  trees 

Kerosene  emulsion 1 

Lake  Michigan,  influence  of 

Leaf  eating  insects 

Manures  and  fertilizers. 

Marketing  the  peach... 

plum 

Mice  and  rabbits 


Page 

11 

35 

44 


39 
53 

38 
45 
45 
57 
28 

40 

39 
11 
43 
30 
39 

41 
19 
14 
25 
41 
56 


21 

24 

88 


58 

60 

43 

5 

39 
88 
41 
37 
30 

40 
5 

41 
21 
58 
60 
46 


62 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Nursery  culture  of  the  peach,  the 

soil  for  a peach 

Packages,  fruit . 

Paris  green 

Peach  belt,  the 

and  plum,  insects  and  diseases  of  the 

aphides .. .. . 

culture 

and  plum  rot 

scab  

diseases  of 

hardiness  of  the 

leaf  curl _ 

the  nursery  culture  of  the 

nursery,  soil  for 

Peach-tree  borer 

Peach  yellows 

law 

Planting  the  trees  ._ 

seed ... 

Plums,  American 

Plum  bladders 

climate  and  soil  for  the 

cultivation  of,  orchards 

curculio ... 

diseases  of 

Plums,  European  

Plum  gouger,  the . 

Plums,  Japanese 

Plum-tree  borer 

Plum  and  peach  aphides 

insects  and  diseases  of  the. 

rot 

scab 

Plums,  picking  and  marketing 

stocks  for 

varieties  of 

Pruning  at  time  of  transplanting 

of  peach  trees 

Rabbits  and  mice 

Rose  chafer,  the 

Rot,  plum  and  peach 

Scab,  peach  and  plum 

Seed  and  its  preparation,  the  peach 

planting  the 

Shot-hole  fungus 

Size  and  age  of  trees... 

Snowy  tree  cricket 

Soil  and  climate  for  the  plum 

for  a peach  nursery 

orchard 

Thinning  the  fruit 

Trees,  care  of,  before  planting 

Tree  cricket,  snowy 

Trees,  size  and  age  of 

Varieties  of  the  peach 

plum 

Watering  the  trees 

Yellows,  history  of 

peach.. 

law,  peach.. 

treatment  for 


Page 

25 

25 

58 

39 

4 

38 

44 

4 

55 

57 

38 

5 

56 

25 

25 

45 

46 

51 

9 

27 

35 

55 

30 

32 

41 

38 

32 

43 

37 

45 

44 

38 

55 

57 

60 

31 

32 

16 

17 

46 

43 

55 

57 

25 

27 

57 

11 

41 

31 

25 

8 

20 

11 

41 

11 

12 

32 

14 

46 

46 

51 

48 


BULLETIN  104. 


FEBRUARY,  1894. 


A YEAR  AMONG  FRUITS. 


It  is  now  five  years  since  arrangements  were  made  for  a fruit  testing 
sub-station  at  South  Haven,  in  the  midst  of  the  great  commercial  fruit 
interests  of  the  State,  and  the  fifth  annual  report  of  the  superintendent, 
Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  is  appended.  The  fifteen  acres  at  our  disposal  are 
closely  planted  with  the  leading  tree  and  vine  fruits  hardy  in  this  latitude; 
in  making  the  selection  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  secure  all  of  the 
promising  new  varieties  that  are  brought  out,  if  possible,  in  advance  of 
their  introduction.  As  the  first  planting  was  done  in  1888,  with  large 
additions  in  1889,  1890  and  down  to  1893.  many  of  the  large  fruits  are  as 
yet  not  in  bearing,  but  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  work  that  has  been  done 
can  be  obtained  from  the  report. 

Under  the  skillful  and  painstaking  care  of  Pres.  Lyon,  the  plantation 
has  been  in  splendid  condition,  and  is  well  worthy  of  a visit  from  any  one 
interested  in  pomology;  all  such  will  always  find  a welcome. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  following  points  in  the  bulletin: 

First , The  elaborate  notes  upon  the  varieties  under  test;  as  they  give 
the  unbiased  opinion  of  one  of  the  most  experienced  pomologists  in  the 
country,  they  are  certainly  worthy  of  careful  study.  The  lists  of  peaches 
and  grapes  contain  quite  a number  of  Michigan  seedlings  that  should  be 
watched  with  interest. 

Second,  The  methods  used  in  combating  the  insects  and  diseases. 
Although  the  treatment  was  rather  more  thorough  than  would  be  used  by 
commercial  fruitgrowers  (or  than  will  be  necessary  a second  year,  so  well 


64 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


are  they  in  hand),  the  results  have  been  so  beneficial  in  the  freedom  of 
both  foliage  and  fruit  from  their  attack  that  all  expense  has  been  well 
repaid.  In  previous  years,  the  injury  from  raspberry  anthracnose,  currant 
and  gooseberry  mildew,  strawberry  leaf-blight,  peach  curl  and  rot,  plum 
rot  and  shot-hole  fungus,  pear  and  quince  leaf-blight,  and  from  various 
insects,  has  been  quite  severe,  but  the  treatment  given  has  sufficed  to  keep 
the  trees  and  plants  in  almost  perfect  health. 

It  has  for  some  years  been  known  that  the  Bordeaux  mixture  and  other 
copper  compounds  were  reliable  remedies  for  many  fungous  diseases,  but 
although  our  previous  experience  upon  a small  scale  had  led  us  to  believe 
them  of  value  for  strawberry  leaf-blight,  raspberry  anthracnose  and  peach 
leaf-curl,  the  experiments  at  South  Haven  the  past  year  have  fully  con- 
vinced us  that  they  should  be  freely  used  upon  these  plants  whenever  the 
diseases  are  troublesome.  As  is  well  known,  certain  varieties  of  straw- 
berries are  much  injured  by  leaf  blight,  but  where  they  were  properly 
sprayed  the  plants  were  practically  free  from  the  disease;  the  same  thing 
was  true  of  peach  curl  and  of  raspberry  anthracnose. 

Elaborate  experiments  were  carried  out  upon  several  varieties  of  grapes, 
to  ascertain  the  number  of  applications,  and  the  time  of  making  them, 
desirable  in  combating  the  various  diseases  to  which  they  are  subject. 
The  black  rot  did  not  show  itself,  and  there  was  but  slight  injury  from 
other  fungi.  Attention  is  called  to  the  results  upon  the  Brighton,  which 
was  considerably  troubled  with  powdery  mildew;  as  the  number  of  appli- 
cations increased  from  none  to  five,  the  health  of  the  plants  improved  in 
the  same  degree.  Much  of  the  benefit  derived  from  the  fungicides  was 
undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  that  all  of  the  plants  were  sprayed  before  the 
growth  started. 

L.  R.  TAFT, 

Horticulturist. 


To  Professor  L.  R.  Taft , Horticulturist: 

Sir — In  submitting  my  report  of  operations  for  the  season  of  1 893,  at 
the  South  Haven  fruit  testing  sub-experiment  station,  it  seems  convenient 
to  consider  the  several  classes  of  fruits  in  the  order  of  their  maturing. 

The  preceding  season  (1892)  proved  to  be  specially  favorable  for  the 
development  of  the  various  species  of  fungi,  the  ravages  of  which  proved 
more  than  usually  injurious.  The  entire  plantation  was  given  a spraying 
during  the  late  autumn,  after  the  foliage  had  fallen,  and  prior  to  the 
advent  of  freezing  weather,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  winter  or 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


65 


resting  spores,  and  thus,  at  least  to  some  extent,  preventing  their  develop- 
ment the  following  season. 

The  apparent  effect  of  such  fall  spraying,  as  well  as  of  those  applied 
during  the  present  season,  will  be  noticed  in  connection  with  each  class  of 
fruits  in  its  order,  as  will  also  the  depredations  of  insects  and  the  reme- 
dies applied. 


STRA  W BERRIES — {Frag  aria). 

The  plat  of  which  the  following  is  a record  was  planted  in  the  spring  of 
1892.  The  stand  of  each  variety,  when  full,  consisted  of  twenty-six 
plants,  of  which  one-half  were  kept  in  hills,  by  the  removal  of  all  runners, 
while  the  remaining  half  were  allowed  to  form  a matted  row. 

Very  soon  after  the  planting  had  been  completed,  a series  of  almost 
continuous  rains  commenced;  the  showers  followed  each  other  in  such 
rapid  succession  that  the  soil  remained  saturated  for  a considerable  period, 
while  the  recently  set  plants  were  gaining  a hold  upon  the  soil. 

The  enfeeblement  consequent  upon  this  trying  condition,  occurring  at  so 
critical  a juncture,  proved  so  serious  that,  followed  as  it  was  by  drouth  in 
late  summer  and  early  autumn,  many,  if  not  most  varieties,  failed  to  fully 
recover  their  pristine  vigor;  the  result  being  fewer  crowns,  in  the  case  of 
hills,  and  more  limited  stands  of  plants  in  matted  rows,  though  the  latter 
obviously  overcame  such  check  more  promptly  than  did  the  larger  hill 
plants,  a circumstance  which  may  be  supposed  to  acoount  for  the  fact  that 
the  relative  productiveness  of  varieties  under  hill  and  matted  row  culture 
is  very  generally  reversed,  as  compared  with  that  of  1891,  at  which  time 
no  serious  checks  upon  the  development  of  the  plants  occurred  during 
their  season  of  growth. 

The  present  piat  was  treated  to  a spray  of  Bordeaux  mixture  (4  lbs. 
copper  sulphate,  3 lbs.  lime  and  32  gallons  of  water),  prior  to  the  advent 
of  freezing  weather  last  fall,  and  it  was  repeated  on  the  sixth  of  April 
last.  Apparently  from  this  cause,  the  entire  plat  has  been  free  from 
attacks  of  fungi  throughout  the  season — at  least  till  the  29th  of  July  when 
it  was  plowed  under. 

Whether  ‘from  the  same  cause  or  otherwise,  the  plat  was  also  almost 
wholly  free  from  the  depredations  of  insects.  Only  a very  few  leaf 
rollers  were  observed,  which  were  at  once  destroyed  when  discovered. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  naming  of  varieties  we  have  applied  the 
rules  of  nomenclature  of  the  American  Pomological  Society,  and  the 
practice  of  the  National  Division  of  Pomology  under  them;  in  case  of 
possible  doubt,  inserting  the  objectionable  word  in  parenthesis  as  a 
synonym. 

We  omit  all  tabulated  descriptions  of  varieties,  since  such  must  neces- 
sarily be  too  brief  and  imperfect  to  be  valuable  for  identification. 

9 


£ 

£ 

5 

a 

2: 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

8 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

>53 

54 

55 

56 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


STRAWBERRIES — (Frogaria.) . 


a « 


a .£ 

. ft 
D 


; Origin. 

FirBt  planted. 

First  bloom. 

li 

a 

M 

0 

‘3. 

43 

co 

Pi 

!X4 

as 

a 

"S 

+3 

3 

J 

Vigor— Scale,  1 to  10. 

Product  with  hill  j 0 
culture.  1 2 

Product  in  matted  ; g 
row.  1 ? 

Del 

1892 

May  22 

June  21 

July 

7 

3 

29 

20 

N.  Y.  ... 

1892 

“ 

25 

44 

21 

44 

3 

5 

14 

16 

Ala. 

1890 

22 

21 

44 

7 

5 

22 

20 

Ont 

1881 

** 

22 

41 

21 

44 

7 

6 

30 

18 

N.  J 

1878 

“ 

20 

44 

17 

17 

6 

54 

192 

N.  J 

1890 

* 

22 

21 

14 

8 

86 

197 

N.  Y 

1892 

26 

44 

21 

12 

9 

29 

74 

1892 

44 

22 

44 

21 

44 

14 

9 

44 

181 

N.  Y.  ... 

1892 

44 

10 

44 

8 

ti 

14 

8 

50 

160 

Div.  Pom. 

1891 

44 

22 

44 

23 

44 

14 

8 

63 

130 

in. 

1890 

12 

22 

14 

8 

100 

485 

iN.  J 

1892 

44 

22 

23 

44 

5 

Mass.,.. 

1885 

44 

22 

“ 

23 

44 

10 

'7 

"40 

"79 

Ala 

1890 

44 

15 

44 

16 

44 

3 

10 

88 

79 

1892 

12 

44 

17 

44 

14 

10 

70 

32 

Ind. 

1892 

M 

17 

21 

4« 

5 

6 

29 

65 

Mass 

1892 

3 

Mich 

1876 

May  22 

June  21 

July  10 

6 

”45 

"42 

Ohio 

1891 

fc4 

22 

5 

Ind 

1892 

44 

19 

June  16 

July 

5 

7 

24 

29 

111. 

1888 

44 

22 

44 

21 

M 

12 

8 

73 

159  j 

111 

1890 

44 

19 

44 

19 

44 

a 

5 

21 

75 

111. 

1890 

44 

17 

44 

19 

7 

7 

85 

90 

III. 

1890 

44 

12 

44 

17 

44 

7 

5 

85 

66 

N.  Y.  ... 

1889 

44 

19 

44 

19 

7 

8 

64 

174 

Del 

1891 

Ohio 

1892 

May  22 

June  23 

July  12 

9 

46 

91 

Ohio 

1892 

44 

24 

44 

23 

44 

17 

5 

74 

191 

Ohio... 

1890 

II 

22 

<4 

23 

44 

12 

4 

13 

12 

Md 

1892 

10 

17 

June  30 

8 

41 

38 

j Ohio 

1888 

17 

44 

19 

July  10 

6 

56 

83 

Ohio 

1890 

12 

23 

44 

10 

4 

18 

33 

La. 

1888 

28 

44 

23 

44 

10 

7 

62 

135 

N.  J 

1888 

10 

44 

16 

June  30 

6 

63! 

93 

Ohio 

1889 

12 

“ 

21 

July 

7 

7 

32 

Conn.  .. 

1880 

17 

44 

21 

7 

7 

43 

227 

I Penn.  .. 

1880 

24 

44 

21 

14 

9 

56 

136 

Ill 

1892 

15 

“ 

21 

1 4 

5 

5 

41 

31 

111 

1892 

20 

44 

21 

it 

12 

8 

35 

126 

Ohio 

1890 

24 

21 

tl 

7 

6 

65 

71 

Ohio 

1892 

22 

44 

21 

June  30 

8 

10 

L. 

Mich 

1889 

it 

29 

“ 

26 

July  12 

10 

30 

43 

Ind 

1889 

44 

24 

44 

26 

12 

6 

27 

38 

111 

1890 

1 1 

20 

44 

23 

17 

7 

101 

168 

Mich... . 

1890 

8 

44 

21 

17 

8 

8 

120 

Ohio 

11890 

12 

4* 

19 

10 

6 

88 

50 

Mich 

; 1891 

44 

20 

44 

26 

17 

6 

36 

87 

Ohio 

1888 

41 

22 

44 

26 

14 

7 

78 

131 

N.  J 

1891 

ti 

20 

44 

21 

10 

7 

76 

163 

Ohio 

1891 

22 

21 

14 

5 

27 

104 

Ohio 

; 1890 

17 

7 

56 

84 

Ohio 

11888 

22 

“ 

21 

14 

6 

38 

38 

N.  J 

il887 

24 

26 

14 

7 

13 

112 

111 

|1890 

17 

19 

12 

10 

48 

| 79 

Ohio 

11882 

22 

23  " 

12 

8 

48 

135 

Ohio  ... 

1891 

12 

21 

7 

5 

38 

28 

Not,  folly  tested. 
New. 

Needs  farther  trial. 


Planted  too  late. 
Needs  farther  trial. 

Try  farther. 

Needs  a longer  trial 
Imperfectly  tested. 


Much  like  Wilson. 

Untested. 

Needs  farther  trial. 
Promising. 

Try  farther. 

Not  productive  enough. 

Southern. 

Plants  lacking. 

Large;  lacks  color. 


Bat  imperfectly  tested. 
Large;  late. 

Uncertain  value. 

New;  promising. 

Of  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 

Usually  very  productive. 
From  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 

Promising 


Popular;  late. 
Usually  productive. 
Old;  late. 

Needs  farther  trial. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT 


67 


STRAW  BERRIES — Conti  nttki>. 


u 

J 

Z 

Names. 

b,  bi-sexual;  n p,  nearly 
pistillate;  p,  pistillate. 

c 

3 

o 

| First  planted. 

0D 

U 

J* 

be 

a 

Ht 

I 

X 

Last  picking. 

| Vigor— Scale,  1 to  10. 

Product  with  hill  j Q j 
i culture.  g | 

Product  in  matted  g i 
row.  1 ® 

57 

Greenville 

p 

Ohio 

1891 

May  19 

June  23 

July  12 

7 

42 

147 

Promising. 

58 

Hampden .. 

p 

Mass 

1889 

20 

* 4 

26 

44 

7 

5 

52 

59 

Hatfield 

b 

N.  J 

1890 

t k 

20 

4k 

21 

7 

7 

11 

57 

60 

Hattie  (Jones) 

p 

Ind.  .... 

1892 

20 

23 

44 

12 

7 

1 121 

1 93 

Promises  well . 

61 

N.  J 

1887 

19 

21 

12 

7 

81 

| 179 

Valuable. 

62 

Henderson 

b 

N.  J..... 

1888 

26 

23 

7 

5 

j 18 

17 

Snperior  quality 

63 

Hermit 

b 

Ohio 

1892 

19 

28 

U 

12 

9 

54 

; 120 

Promising. 

64 

Hinman  __ 

b 

1890 

22 

21 

** 

14 

8 

64 

69 

65 

b 

Wie. 

1888 

19 

23 

10 

8 

51 

135 

Worthy  of  trial. 

66 

Hoffman 

b 

N.  J.  ... 

1889 

22 

21 

“ 

5 

rj 

9 

29 

Soathern. 

67 

Holyoke  

b 

Mass 

1891 

15 

21 

- 

12 

6 

86 

194 

Try  further. 

68 

Howard 

p 

Mass 

1892 

26 

21 

44 

5 

6 

16 

92 

69 

b 

N.  J. 

1891 

12 

16 

7 

7 

118 

147 

Named  for  Victor  Hugo. 

70 

Huntsman 

b 

Mo 

1892 

15 

17 

44 

8 

8 

15 

31 

New. 

71 

Hyslop..  ...  . .. 

Del.  .... 

1892 

4 

Not  fruited. 

72 

Iowa  (Beauty) 

Iowa  ... 

1892 

5 

Not  fruited. 

73 

Ivanhoe 

b 

Ohio 

1889 

May  22 

June  21 

July 

"7 

6 

53 

101 

74 

Jessie  . 

b 

Wis 

1889 

44 

15 

21 

44 

10 

5 

63 

89 

75 

Jones 

b 

Ind 

1892 

4k 

19 

21 

44 

5 

7 

20 

41 

Nepd  longer  trial. 

76 

Jucunda  Improved 

b 

N.  J 

1890 

i 4 

30 

23 

44 

12 

7 

61 

56 

Scarcely  improved. 

77 

Katie 

b i 

Ind. 

1892 

(4 

22 

j ;; 

21 

- 

12 

7 

1 30 

50 

Try  further. 

78 

Kentucky  . 

b 1 

Ken. 

1876 

<» 

24 

26 

17 

10 

| 70 

95 

Old ; late. 

79 

Leader  

b 1 

Ohio 

1892 

12 

;; 

16 

10 

7 

39 

41 

Needs  further  trial. 

80 

Lehigh . 

p 

Pa 

1891 

12 

16 

- ** 

7 

7 

! 65 

123 

Promises  well. 

HI 

Leroy  . 

Ind. 

1892 

17 

23 

12 

6 

1 43 

I 78 

82 

! Leviathan 

b 

Ohio 

1892 

19 

16 

44 

5 

8 

16 

11 

Imperfectly  tested 

83 

: Lida  

P 

N.  J 

1886 

10 

16 

“ 

10 

4 

38 

41 

84 

j Lillie  (Monroe)... 

b 

Cal 

1891 

19 

23 

44 

7 

5 

27 

43 

From  California. 

85 

Lincoln  

P 

Del.  .... 

1892 

19 

21 

*4 

7 

7 

70 

216 

May  be  a re-in (reduction. 

86 

| Logan  . . | 

b 

Ind.  ... 

1888 

22 

21 

44 

12 

6 

48 

76 

87 

Louise 

b 

N.  y. ... 

1889 

31 

26 

12 

6 

51 

48 

Huh  desirable  qualities. 

88 

Lovett  

b 

N.J.  ,. 

1891 

24 

21 

44 

12 

7 

57 

! 188 

Of  medium  season. 

89 

Mammoth  

b 

N.J.  .. 

24 

23 

44 

17 

8 

53 

I 87 

90 

Manchester 

p 

N.  J. 

1880 

17 

28 

* * 

17 

6 

137 

: 280 

! Old;  valoable. 

»L 

Mark  i 

b 

Ohio... 

1890 

22 

23 

“ 

17 

5 

37 

; 64 

92 

Martha  

n p 

Minn.  . 

1887 

17 

21 

** 

12 

7 

139 

108 

93 

Miami ... 

n p 

Ohio 

1889 

22 

21 

44 

14 

6 

67 

86 

94 

Miller . 

b 

N.  J. 

1890 

20 

23 

** 

12 

7 

49 

63 

95 

Michel  . . . 

b 

Ark.  . 

1890 

15 

16 

5 

8 

65 

105 

j Of  little  value  here. 

96 

Miner  . 

b 

N.J.  . 

1878 

22 

4 4 

23 

4‘ 

10 

7 

65 

164 

97 

Monarch  < Ohio)  . . 

b 

Ohio  ... 

1891 

20 

23 

- 

7 

H 

1 25 

102 

98 

Monmouth 

b 

N.J 

1888 

26 

23 

44 

14 

6 

! 44 

79 

99 

Moore 

b 

Mich. . . 

18X9 

27 

23 

10 

6 

1 35 1 

99 

100 

Muskingum 

b 

Ohio 

1892 

24 

it 

21 

44 

12 

6 

28 

92 

Needs  further  trial. 

101 

Mystic  

b 

Ind 

1892 

20 

“ 

26 

44 

10 

6 

28 

36 

| Try  fnrther. 

102 

Neptune  

P 

Ohio  ... 

1890 

26 

“ 

26 

** 

17 

6 

47 

122 

103 

Novelty  (White) . . 

b 

N.J 

1892 

22 

“ 

16 

June  21 

2 

8 

A fancy  variety,  F.  ucwv*. 

104 

Oliver ... 

b 

111. 

1890 

22 

26 

Jnlv  17 

9 

65 

118 

105 

Omega 

p 

N.  J. 

1891 

22 

“ 

21 

44 

10 

9 

86 

116 

106 

Oregon  (Everbearing) 

P 

Ohio 

1891 

15 

" 

21 

44 

17 

7 

66 

173 

Try  further. 

107 

Osceola  (Michel).. 

b 

Mo. 

1S90 

9 

21 

J une  26 

8 

19 

58 

Identical  with  Michel. 

108 

Pacific  (Great) 

p 

111.  ..... 

1890 

22 

22 

July  14 

8 

109 

137 

A market  variety. 

109 

Parker  Earle 

b 

Texas  . 

18X9 

24 

23 

44 

17 

8 

82 

127 

One  of  the  best. 

110 

Parry  - - 

b 

N.J. 

1886 

22 

23 

14 1 

6 

38 

89 

Large;  high  quality. 

111 

Pearl 

b 

N.  J. 

1888 

19 

23 

14! 

8 

130 

115 

112 

Pineapple  . . 

b 

Ohio 

1889 

22 

“ 

23 

7 

1 

7 

82 

66 

68 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


STRAWBERRIES— Continued. 


Numbers. 

Names. 

b,  bi-sexual;  n p,  nearly 
pistillate;  p,  pistillate. 

a 

u. 

g 

First  planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  picking. 

Last  picking. 

| Vigor— Scale,  1 to  10.  | 

Ounces. 

Product  with  hill 
culture. 

Product  in  matted 
row. 

118 

Porter 

b 

N.  J 

1890 

May  27 

Jnne21 

July  10 

6 

64 

75 

114 

Price.  

b 

N.Y.  . 

1892 

20 

“ 21 

5 

9 

48 

58 

Try  further. 

115 

Princess  

P 

Minn.  .. 

1892 

tl 

27 

“ 23 

fct 

10 

6 

; 35 

97 

1 Give  further  trial. 

116 

Prince  (of  Berries) 

b 

N.  J 

1888 

64 

22 

“ 17 

** 

7 

4 

19 

501 

Excellent;  unprofitable. 

117 

Puritan 

P 

Ohio 

1887 

12 

“ 17 

“ 

7 

6 

33 

19 

118 

Pntnam  (Gen’l)  . 

b 

Ct 

1-890 

19 

“ 21 

12 

10 

62 

105 

Promising. 

119 

Regina 

P 

Ala. 

1890 

29 

“ 26 

“ 

14 

9 

25 

63 

120 

Rnsk 

n p 

111. 

1889 

12 

“ 21 

12 

7 

89 

160 

Market  variety. 

121 

Sadie  

p 

Ohio 

1890 

9 

“ 16 

7 

8 

54 

187; 

122 

Sandoval  . 

b 

I Li 

1890 

12 

“ 21 

14 

j 4 

51 

126 

Warfield,  No.  1. 

123 

b 

Out 

1889 

26 

“ 21 

10 

1 9 

83 

ns! 

Valuable. 

124 

Scarlet  Ball. 

1892 

44 

29 

“ 26 

14 

9 

33 

35 

Needs  longer  trial. 

125 

Sharpless 

b 

Pa 

1878 

44 

24 

“ 23 

12 

8 

30 

80 

126 

Shaw. 

b 

Ont 

1890 

» • 

24 

“ 23 

14 

55 

86 

127 

Shuster 

b 

N.  J 

1891 

23 

“ 21 

10 

6 

74 

157 

Valued  east. 

128 

Southard 

b 

iCt 

1892 

15 

“ 19! 

3 

5 

37 

67 

129 

b 

Mo.. 

1890 

4k 

20 

“ 19 

10 

7 

102 

122 

Promising. 

130 

Standard 

b 

Ct 

1892 

44 

12 

“ 17 

3 

6 

41 

Try  more  fully. 

131 

Stayman  (1) 

n p 

Kas 

1890 

26 

“ 21 

10 

9 

i 104 

156 

Good. 

132 

Stayman  (2) 

n pi 

Kas 

1890 

“ 

17 

21 

10 

*! 

w 

88 

133 

Stevens ...  

b 

Aia 

1890 

12 

“ 17 

.. 

3 

7 

88 

86 

134 

Sucker  (State) 

b 

ill 

1890 

29 

“ 23 

i “ 

12 

7 

26 

49 

135 

Surprise 

b 

Del 

1892 

“ 

30 

“ 26 

; June30 

7 

17 

May  be  the  old  Surprise. 

186 

Swindle..  

p 

Vt.  .... 

1392 

! “ 

22 

“ 23 

! July  12 

6 

124 

124 

An  unfortunate  name. 

137 

Thompson  (1) 

! b 

Ohio 

1890 

i “ 

22 

“ 23 

5 

3 

12 

6 

- 

188 

Thompson  (4) 

1 b 

Ohio 

1890 

1 “ 

12 

“ 19 

** 

10 

8 

50 

61 

139 

Thompson  (5) i 

i b 

Ohio..  . 

! 1890 

I “ 

15 

“ 21 

7 

- ! 

140 

Thompson  (7) i 

P 

Ohio... 

i 1890 

19 

“ 21 

1 July  12 

«! 

;""85 

! 185, 

Promising. 

141 

Thompson  (8) 

P 

Ohio 

1*90 

12 

“ 21 

“ 

12 

8! 

! 70 

i ii' ; 

142 

Thompson  (9) 

b 

Ohio 

'1890 

19 

“ 21 

3 

71 

52 

i 60 

143 

Thompson  (17) 

P 

Ohio 

1890 

20 

26 

1 - 

12 

6 

39 

83 

144 

Thompson  (25) 

b 

Ohio.... 

1890 

26 

“ 23 

12 

7 

57 

83 

145 

Thompson  (26) 

P 

Ohio 

1890 

22 

“ 23 

12 

8 

46 

1871 

Promising. 

146 

Thompson  (31) 

P 

Ohio 

1890 

20 

“ 21 

u 

10 

9 

98 

213! 

147 

Thompson  (34) 

P 

Ohio 

1890 

19 

“ 21 

“ 

10 

5 

95 

78) 

l 

148 

Thirty-one 

b 

Ind 

1892 

12 

8! 

34 

72| 

I 

149 

Tippecanoe 

b 

Ind 

1890 

“ 

17 

“ 19 

•• 

5 

? 

35 

78! 

150 

Townsend  (2) 

b 

Ohio.... 

1888 

4k 

24 

“ 26 

1 “ 

10 

13 

i 89! 

151 

Townsend  (3) 

p 

Ohio.... 

1888 

44 

24 

“ 23 

“ 

10 

6 

j 47 

! 76! 

152 

Townsend  (19)  ... 

P 

Ohio 

1888 

19 

“ 21 

“ 

12 

8 

! 118 

183 

1 

Promises  well. 

153 

Townsend  (20)  _ ; 

P 

Ohio 

1883 

29 

“ 23 

12 

6 

73 

142 

154 

Triomphe  (he  Gand); 

b 

Belg.  ... 

1876 

27 

“ 26 

“ 

17 

j 7 

41 

1 57 

1E£ 

Vernon  (Mt.) 1 

! b 

Kas. 

1877 

19 

“ 21 

“ 

14 

! 53 

122 

15B 

Vick .. 

b 

Mo 

1878 

22 

! “ 23 

“ 

10 

|*6! 

! 97 

; 206 

Fruit  lacks  size. 

157 

Viola 

b 

Ohio 

1890 



1 ...... 

— 

... 

! 7i 

.... 

— 

| Not  fruited. 

158 

Waldron 

! p 

Ohio  .. 

1891 

May  20  Jane  17 

July 

7 

5 

! 27 

1 43! 

! Try  further. 

159 

Walton 

p 

N.  J,... 

1890 

u 

20 

i “ 23 

14 

6 

51 

! 130 

! Promises  well 

160 

Warfield  (2) 

p 

Ill 

1890 

11 

201 

| “ 21 

“ 

10 

9 

! 94 

349 

! Well  known. 

161 

Westbrook . 

p 

N.  Y.  ... 

1891 

15 

“ 17 

June30 

1 7 

i 25 

! 75 

! 

162 

Weston 

i p 

Wis 

1891 

1 It 

1 

29 

! « 23 

July  12 

1 5 

! 37 

i 62 

j Or  Blue  Vine. 

163 

I Williams 

1 b 

Ohio.... 

1892 

1 » 

39 

“ 21 

14 

1 8 

56 

152 

j Very  promising 

164 

Wilson  i 

| b 

N.  Y.  ... 

1876 

I “ 

151 

1 *•  21 

12 

8 

124 

168 

J Old;  well  known. 

165; 

Windsor  

P 

Mich.... 

1880 

11 

17 

| “ 17 

14 

6 

96 

125 

Old;  well  known. 

166! 

Woolverton 

b 

Ont 

1891 

17 

i “ 16 

7 

9 

88 

41 

Give  it  a better  trial . 

167! 

Yale  . 

! b 

Ct 

1890 

24 

! ‘i  23 

14 

8 

44 

49 

I Valued  at  the  east. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT 


69 


Brief  notices  are  appended  of  such  varieties  only  as  have  yielded  not 
less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  ounces  of  fruit  from  a row  of  thirteen 
plants,  either  in  hills  or  in  a matted  row. 

American  (Great  American),  bisexual;  originated  in  New  Jersey.  It 
was  exhibited,  by  the  originator,  at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  where  it 
received  the  highest  commendation.  It  originated  under  high  cultivation 
and  has  only  proved  satisfactory  when  grown  under  similar  conditions. 

Atlantic,  bisexual,  is  a comparatively  old  variety  which,  though  fairly 
productive  and  generally  acceptable,  has  not  gained  a high  standing,  so  far 
as  profitableness  is  concerned. 

Augwick,  pistillate,  is  but  recently  introduced.  The  plant  is  vigorous 
and  productive,  and  the  berry  large,  firm,  and  of  medium  quality.  It  has 
only  fruited  here  this  season. 

Banquet,  pistillate,  is  new,  having  only  fruited  here  this  season.  The 
plant  is  vigorous  and  fairly  productive,  and  the  fruit  of  medium  size  and 
quality. 

Beder  Wood,  bisexual,  has  now  fruited  here  three  years,  and,  both  here 
and  elsewhere  has  won  high  reputation  for  vigor  and  productiveness.  In 
form,  color,  firmness  and  quality,  it  promises  well  as  a market  berry. 
Origin,  Illinois. 

Centennial  (Ohio  Centennial),  bisexual,  is  a seedling  from  southwestern 
Ohio,  and  was  so  named  from  having  first  fruited  during  Ohio’s  centen- 
nial year.  It  is  vigorous  and  fairly  productive,  and  the  fruit  quite  large, 
and  of  much  more  than  average  quality.  It  promises  value  for  market 
purposes. 

Crescent,  pistillate,  has  been  too  long  and  favorably  known  to  require  a 
lengthy  notice.  Too  soft  for  distant  marketing,  its  hardiness,  vigor  and 
great  productiveness  render  it  desirable  for  near  markets,  though  it  is,  to 
a considerable  extent,  confined  to  a low  grade  of  cultivation. 

Edgar  (Edgar  Queen),  pistillate,  is  a fairly  vigorous  and  productive 
plant;  named  for  Edgar  county,  111.,  its  place  of  origin.  It  is  compara- 
tively new,  and  has  not  yet  a well  established  reputation.  The  fruit  is 
large,  of  good  form,  attractive  color;  of  high  quality  for  so  large  a fruit. 

Fairmount,  bisexual,  originated  in  New  Jersey;  was  received  for  trial 
from  the  National  Division  of  Pomology,  during  the  hot,  dry  summer  of 

1890.  We  have  been  unable  to  fruit  it  satisfactorily  till  this  season.  The 
plant  is  of  fully  average  vigor,  and,  so  far,  is  fairly  productive.  Size, 
above  medium;  quality,  medium. 

Haverland,  pistillate,  introduced  several  years  since,  as  larger  and  of 
higher  quality  than  Crescent,  as  well  as  its  rival  in  productiveness,  has 
scarcely  verified  this  latter  claim  and,  either  for  that  reason  or  for  the  less 
satisfactory  character  of  the  plant,  the  variety  has  not  acquired  the  antici- 
pated popularity  with  commercial  planters. 

Holyoke  (Mount  Holyoke),  bisexual,  although  received  as  early  as 

1891,  has  not  been  in  condition  to  satisfactorily  manifest  its  qualities  till 
the  present  season.  So  far,  the  plant  seems  to  possess  more  than  aver- 
age vigor  and  productiveness.  The  fruit  also  ranks  high,  so  far  as  both 
size  and  quality  are  concerned. 

Hugo  (Victor  Hugo),  bisexual,  originated  in  New  Jersey,  but  was 
received  for  trial  from  the  Division  of  Pomology.  The  plant  is  very  vig- 
orous, and  of  more  than  medium  productiveness.  The  fruit  is  large  to 
very  large,  and  of  satisfactory  form,  color  and  quality.  So  far  it  seems  to 
be  well  worthy  of  trial  as  a market  variety. 


70 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Lincoln,  pistillate,  is  of  more  than  average  vigor,  and  very  productive; 
fruit  large,  color  attractive,  but  of  scarcely  medium  quality.  In  the 
absence  of  a history  of  its  origin,  its  tendency  to  grow  misshapen  or 
cockscombed  fruits  would  seem  to  warrant  the  suspicion  that  it  may  be 
merely  a re-introduction  of  the  President  Lincoln  of  the  previous  decade. 

Manchester,  pistillate,  is  too  well  known  to  require  extended  notice. 
Inclined,  as  it  is,  to  overbear,  if  in  good  soil,  with  high  culture  and  a 
renewal  of  the  plantation  after  each  full  crop,  it  proves  eminently 
profitable. 

Miner,  bisexuai.  though  an  old  and  productive  variety,  under  favorable 
conditions,  may  now  be  properly  laid  aside  in  favor  of  newer  and  more 
desirable  varieties. 

Oregon  (Oregon  Everbearing),  pistillate,  hails  from  Ohio.  Whatever 
its  habit  may  be  in  its  original  locality,  it  is  not  a continuous  bearer  here, 
although  the  plant  is  vigorous  and  fairly  productive  in  the  usual  season  of 
this  fruit.  In  size  and  quality,  it  is  fully  medium.  This  is  its  first  fruit- 
ing here,  and  improved  conditions  in  the  future  may  develop  more  favor- 
able results. 

Rusk  (Lady  Rusk),  nearly  pistillate,  was  received  from  Illinois  in  1889. 
In  vigor  of  plant  it  is  above  medium.  In  productiveness  it  scarcely  real- 
izes the  commercial  requirement  of  the  day.  Fruit  of  more  than  medium 
size,  firm,  of  good  form  and  color,  and  of  medium  quality. 

Sadie,  pistillate,  is  vigorous,  and  has,  this  season,  proved  more  than 
usually  productive.  The  fruit  is  of  less  than  medium  size,  and  of  medium 
quality  and  texture. 

Saunders,  bisexual,  is  a very  vigorous  and  productive  plant;  originated 
by  John  Little  of  Ontario  and  named  for  one  of  the  most  noted  horticult- 
urists of  the  Dominion.  In  size,  quality  and  firmness,  it  is  quite  above 
medium.  It  is  worthy  of  extensive  trial  as  a market  berry. 

Shuster  (Shuster’s  Gem),  nearly  pistillate,  is  a popular  variety  in  some 
parts  of  the  east,  though  apparently  less  in  favor  at  the  west.  Here  the 
plant  is  above  medium  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  and  slightly  so  also  in 
size  of  fruit,  though  of  only  medium  firmness  and  quality. 

Stayman  (No.  1),  nearly  pistillate,  is  very  vigorous  and  productive;  of 
only  medium  size  and  scarcely  of  medium  quality.  It  is  probably  more 
at  home  in  its  native  Kansas. 

Thompson  (No.  7),  pistillate,  comes  to  us  from  Ohio.  It  has  not  been 
favorably  conditioned  heretofore.  This  season  it  has  proved  quite  pro- 
ductive; above  medium  in  vigor,  quality  and  firmness,  though  of  only 
medium  size. 

Thompson  (No.  26),  pistillate,  from  the  same  source  with  the  foregoing, 
has  more  vigor  of  plant  and  rather  larger  fruit,  of  only  medium  firmness, 
and  quite  low  in  quality. 

Thompson  (No.  31),  pistillate,  is  vigorous  in  plant  and  large  in  fruit, 
but  only  medium  in  texture  and  quality.  Its  more. than  usual  productive- 
ness and  size  render  it  desirable  for  a near  market. 

Townsend  (No.  19),  pistillate,  has, this  season,  shown  more  than  medium 
vigor  and  productiveness.  The  fruit  is  large,  though  only  medium  in 
texture  and  quality. 

Vick  (James  Vick),  bisexual,  is  a low  growing,  very  hardy  plant,  of 
scarcely  more  than  medium  vigor,  which,  this  season,  has  fairly  exceeded 
itself  in  productiveness.  The  fruit,  though  rich  and  bright  in  color,  is  of 
less  than  medium  size,  though  of  firm  texture  and  high  flavor.  • 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


71 


Warfield  (No.  2),  pistillate,  is  too  well  and  favorably  known  to  require 
description.  It  is  generally  prized  as  a market  fruit. 

Williams,  bisexual,  is  vigorous,  and  of  more  than  average  productive- 
ness. The  fruit  is  large,  firm,  and  of  more  than  medium  quality.  It  may 
be  regarded  as  a promising  variety  for  both  home  use  and  market. 

Wilson,  bisexual.  This  old  and  once  universally  popular  variety  is 
noticed  here,  mainly  as  a medium  for  comparison.  When  well  grown,  and 
free  from  fungous  diseases,  it  is  yet  fairly  productive,  and,  when  allowed 
to  thoroughly  ripen  upon  the  plant,  it  has  even  yet  few.  if  any,  superiors, 
all  things  considered. 

RASPBERRIES  (Bubus). 

bo  many  plants,  in  the  trial  plat  of  raspberries,  were  either  killed  or 
seriously  injured  by  the  persistent  rainy  weather  of  the  spring  of  1892, 
that  although  those  remaining  have  generally  recovered  quite  rapidly,  and 
are  now  generally  in  thrifty  condition,  there  are  so  many  vacancies  and 
such  unevenness  in  the  size  and  fruiting  condition  of  the  remaining 
plants  that  a comparison  of  actual  products  would  afford  but  an  imperfect 
and  even  erroneous  idea  of  the  relative  productiveness  of  the  varieties 
when  under  equivalent  conditions.  For  this  reason  the  productiveness  of 
the  several  varieties  is  estimated  upon  a scale  of  1 to  10. 

The  plat  of  raspberries  was  included  in  the  general  spraying  with  Bor- 
deaux mixture  of  the  usual  strength  (4  pounds  copper  sulphate,  3 pounds 
of  lime  and  32  gallons  of  water)  applied  to  the  plantation  late  last  fall, 
with  the  purpose  to  destroy,  as  far  as  possible,  the  winter  spores  of  fungi. 

A spray  was  again  given  on  the  3d  of  April  last,  prior  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  season’s  growth,  with  the  same  material  and  strength. 

This  was  repeated  on  April  24th,  with  the  same  mixture,  and  with  the 
addition  of  two  ounces  of  Paris  green  for  each  32  gallons  of  water. 

On  the  9th  of  May  the  plat  received  a final  spray,  with  a still  weaker 
solution,  consisting  of  2 pounds  of  copper  sulphate,  1^  pounds  of  lime, 
and  2 ounces  of  Paris  green,  in  22  gallons  of  water. 

Early  last  spring  all  canes,  whether  new  or  old,  seriously  affected  with 
anthracnose  were  cut  away  and  burned. 

Whether  as  the  result  of  these  sprayings  and  pruning,  or  otherwise, 
scarcely  a trace  of  anthracnose  has  been  visible  upon  the  growths  of  this 
season,  while  the  foliage  has  remained  perfect  throughout  the  entire 
period,  and  neither  the  attacks  of  fungi  nor  the  depredations  of  insects 
have  at  any  time  proved  troublesome. 

Dry  weather  and  extreme  heat  during  the  ripening  season  occasioned 
the  blasting  or  withering  of  more  or  less  of  the  immature  fruit  of  several 
varieties. 

1.  Bubw s Idceux. 

Varieties  of  European  origin. 


I 

i . 

is  . 

E 

22 

s 

**- 

® c 

i 

Name. 

a 

*8  ! 

1 

3 

£ 

u 

Li;*5 

♦3  — 
O . 

a * 

Remark*. 

s 

a 

| 

8 

1 

<5 

11 s 

z 

o 

£ 

1 

£ 

l 

Heretine 

Penn. 

1888 

June  12 

July  6. 

44  19.., 

"e 

Excellent;  requires  protection. 
Hardy;  frnit  large,  dark  porple. 

2 

Superb 

N.J.  . 

1888  | 

11  18 

; 4 

72 


AGRICULTURAL.  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


2.  Rubus  ncglectus. 


Botanists  include,  in  this  species,  several  varieties,  by  many  assumed  to  be  hybrids  between  Occidental is 

and  other  species. 


Number. 

Name. 

1 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Productiveness, 
| Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

Caroline 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

June  12. 

July  10.. 

10 

Yellow;  hardy;  very  productive- 

2 

Griesa 

Kan..... 

1890 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

8 

Roots  by  both  tips  and  suckers. 

3 

Muskingum  

Ohio 

1890 

“ 15. 

“ 14.. 

10 

Very  vigorous;  new;  valuable. 

4 

Reliance 

N.  J 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 12.. 

8 

Very  hardy ; dark;  purple. 

5 

Shaffer 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

“ 15. 

“ 14.. 

9 

Tip  rooting;  large;  dark  purple. 

3.  Ritbus  occidentals. 
Black  and  yellow  tip-rooting. 


Number. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

i Productiveness,  i 
Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

Ada 

Ohio 

1888 

June  15. 

July  17.. 

6 

So  far  is  not  valuable. 

2 

American  Everbearing 

Ohio 

1893 

Has  not  yet  fruited. 

3 

Beebe 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

June  10. 

July  10. . 

9 

Yellow;  unsightly  if  overripe. 

4 

Canada 

Ont 

1891 

“ 13. 

“ 12.. 

6 

Of  doubtful  value. 

5 

Carman 

Conn.  .. 

1888 

“ 10. 

“ 8.. 

8 

Good ; but  not  relatively  profitable. 

6 

Centennial 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 12.. 

8 

Not  relatively  profitable. 

7 

Conrath  (Early) 

Mich,... 

1891 

“ 15. 

“ 15.. 

9 

Highly  promising. 

8 

Cromwell... 

Conn.  .. 

1888 

“ 10. 

“ 10.. 

5 

Injured  by  last  year’s  wet- 

9 

Doolittle 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

“ 10. 

“ 8.. 

5 

Generally  profitable. 

10 

Doomore 

Ohio 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

4 

Is  unprofitable. 

11 

Earhart...  

111 

1888 

“ 10. 

8.. 

8 

Yields  a second  crop  in  autumn. 

12 

Farnsworth  . 

Ohio 

1891 

“ 12.. 

3 

Promising ; needs  further  trial. 

13 

Gregg 

Ind. 

1888 

June  14. 

“ 29.. 

Badly  injured  last  year. 

14 

Hathaway  (1)  .. 

Mich..  . 

1891 

Not  yet  fruited. 

15 

Hathaway  (2) 

Mich,... 

1891 

Not  yet  fruited. 

16 

Hilborn 

Ont. 

1888 

June  14. 

July  21.. 

Badly  injured  by  last  year’s  wet. 

17 

Hopkins 

Mo 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

"T 

Suffered  from  wet  last  year. 

18 

Idaho.. 

Ohio?  .. 

1889 

13. 

“ 17.. 

4 

Badly  killed  last  year. 

19 

Indiana...  

Ind. 

1888 

“ 10. 

“ 8.. 

4 

Badly  injured  last  year. 

20 

Johnston  (Sweet) 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

“ 13. 

“ 14.. 

Nearly  ruined  last  year. 

21 

Kansas 

Kan.  . 

1889 

“ 13. 

“ 19.. 

2 

Nearly  ruined  last  year. 

22 

Lovett  (Early) 

N.J.  __ 

1892 

Not  yet  fruited. 

23 

Mammoth  Cluster 

N.  Y. ... 

18*8 

June  10. 

July  14.. 

6 

Plants  considerably  injured. 

24 

Mohler 

Ohio 

1892' 

A few  fruits  on  current  year’s  canes. 

25 

Nemaha 

Neb 

1888 

Nearly  ruined  by  wet  last  year. 

26 

Ohio 

N.  Y.  ... 

1888 

June  10. 

July  10.. 

10 

Very  productive,  too  seedy. 

27 

Older 

N.J. 

1891 

“ 12.. 

Fruited  but  slightly. 

28 

Palmer  

Ohio  ... 

1890 

June  10. 

“ 8.. 

io~ 

The  best  early  blackcap. 

29 

Progress 

N.J. 

1890 

No  fruit  this  year. 

30 

Rundell  

Mich,... 

1890 

June  10. 

July  12.. 

10 

A reproduction  of  Beebe. 

31 

Smith  (Giant) 

Ont 

1889 

“ 13. 

“ 17.. 

10 

Very  vigorous  and  productive. 

32 

Souhegan 

N.  E.  ... 

1888 

“ 10 

“ 7 

6 i 

Usually  an  excellent  early  variety. 

33 

Surrey 

Ohio  .. . 

1889  I 

“ 13 

“ 20  ~ 

1 

But  imperfectly  tested. 

34 

Sweet  Home 

Ohio  . . . 

1890  ! 

“ 14. 

“ 15.. 

2 

So  far,  not  promising. 

35 

Tyler  

1888  ! 

“ 10. 

“ 8.. 

7 

Practically  identical  with  Souhegan. 

36 

Virginia 

Ohio  ... 

1889 

“ 10 

“ 10. 

6 

Not  promising,  so  far. 

37 

Winona 

Ohio_  . 

1891 

“ 14 

“ 17.. 

Was  nearly  ruined  last  season  by  wet. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT 


73 


4.  Rubus  phcenicolasius. 


5.  Rubus  strigosus. 


Number. 

Name 

’5 

•e 

o 

Planted. 

1 

First  bloom. 

1 

First  ripe  fruit,  j 

Productiveness. 
Scale,  I to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

Brandywine 

Penn 

1888 

June  15. 

July  10  _ 

9 

Hardy.  A good  market  variety. 

2 

Church  (Royal  Church) 

Ohio 

1892 

“ 14. 

17.. 

1 

Has  not  yet  shown  its  true  quality. 

3 

4 

Cuthbert 

Early  King 

N.  Y.  ... 
Va.? 

1888 

1893 

“ 17. 

“ 11.. 

8 

Has  no  superior  in  its  class. 
Not  yet  fruited. 

A good  family  berry  . 

5 

Eastern  King 

N.  E. ... 

1888 

June  12. 

July  10.. 

7 

6 

Gladstone 

N.  Y.  ... 

1892 

“ 14. 

“ 14.. 

5 

Needs  further  trial. 

7 

Golden  Queen 

N.  J 

1888 

“ 15. 

“ 14.. 

8 

Excellent  for  home  use. 

8 

Hansell . 

N.  J 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 8.. 

6 

One  of  the  earliest. 

9 

Marlboro 

N.  Y. ... 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10. 

4 

Next  to  Cuthbert  for  market. 

10 

Reder 

Mich.... 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

4 

Large,  bright  colored,  high  quality. 

11 

i Scarlet  Gem 

| 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

6 

Beautiful;  but  not  relatively  profit- 
able. 

12 

Thompson 

Ohio 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 8.. 

9 

A good  early  variety. 

13 

! Thwack _ . 

1892 

“ 18. 

“ 15  . 

1 

Vigorous,  productive,  poor  in  quality. 
Very  hardy;  canes  without  spines. 

14 

Turner _ 

111 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 10.. 

4 

Notices  are  appended  of  the  more  desirable  varieties,  also  of  other  more 
recent  ones  not  yet  fully  tested. 


BLACK  OK  YELLOW  CAPS.  -TIP-ROOTING. 

Beebe — A yellow  variety,  very  productive;  of  fair  quality  if  used 
promptly,  but  if  allowed  to  become  overripe,  the  color  becomes  dark  and 
forbidding,  with  loss  of  flavor. 

Rundeli  (the  name  of  the  originator),  a more  recent  seedling  from  south- 
western Michigan,  is  merely  a reproduction  of  the  Beebe,  with  the  same 
general  characteristics. 

Cromwell  has  now  been  several  years  before  the  public,  and  seems  to  be 
winning  a good  reputation  as  an  early  blackcap,  ripening  nearly  with 
Tyler,  and  surely  quite  as  early  as  Doolittle. 

Doolittle  was  the  forerunner,  introducing  the  blackcaps  to  cultivation. 
It  even  yet  maintains  a creditable  standing  among  the  various  rivals 
which  have  since  arisen  to  contest  with  it  for  popular  favor. 

Earhart  produces  a light  crop  at  the  usual  blackberry  season,  and  also 
a second  crop  in  autumn,  upon  the  canes  of  the  current  season’s  growth. 
It  may  be  desirable  in  the  home  plat,  as  a means  of  supplying  this  fruit 
out  of  the  usual  season. 

Farnsworth,  a recent  variety  from  Ohio,  has  only  fruited  here  this  sea- 

10 


74 


AGRICULTURAL.  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


son  It  gives  indications  of  value,  as  a fruit  of  medium  season,  for  both 
the  home  and  market. 

Gregg  is  too  well  known  as  a profitable,  strictly  market  variety  to 
require  special  notice.  Aside  from  its  dense  pubescence  and  rather  low 
quality,  its  chief  fault  is  lack  of  hardiness. 

Hilborn  has  not,  so  far,  acquired  a wide  reputation  as  either  a family  or 
market  variety,  although,  to  the  writer’s  apprehension,  it  deserves  a posi- 
tion nearly  or  quite  at  the  head  of  the  list,  so  far  as  quality  is  concerned. 

Nemaha  is  a reproduction  of  the  Gregg,  with  improved  hardiness,  as 
alleged  by  those  who  claim  to  have  thoroughly  tested  it. 

Ohio  is  popular  as  a hardy,  vigorous  and  very  productive  variety.  It  is 
specially  commended  for  its  large,  proportionate  yield  of  the  dried  pro- 
duct; but  it  is  doubtless  true  that  the  increased  yield  consists  not  of  dried 
pulp,  but  of  seeds  instead. 

Palmer,  origin  Ohio,  proves  to  be  early  for  a blackcap,  and  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  vigorous  and  productive  of  its  season. 

Smith  (Smith’s  Giant),  so  far,  has  proved  to  be  exceedingly  vigorous  and 
very  productive.  It  hails  from  Ontario,  which  may  be  taken  as  assurance 
of  its  hardiness. 

Souhegan  and  Tyler,  although  doubtless  of  separate  origin,  are,  for  all 
practical  purposes,  identical.  They  are  valued  especially  for  earliness, 
although  somewhat  lacking  in  both  size  and  productiveness,  as  compared 
with  several  later  varieties. 

Sweet  Home  is  an  old  variety  which  seems  not  to  have  taken  a hold 
upon  popular  favor,  or  to  have  developed  specially  valuable  qualities.  A 
limited  experience  with  it  here  gives  little  promise  of  better  results. 

BED,  YELLOW  AND  PURPLE  VARIETIES. 

Increasing  by  root-snckere;  a few  of  which  are  also  tip-rooting. 

Brandywine,  though  by  no  means  new,  is  still  valued  as  one  of  the  best 
red  raspberries  for  marketing.  Even  when  so  overripe  as  to  drop  from 
the  plant,  it  may  yet  be  marketed  in  fair  condition. 

Caroline  is  an  alleged  hybrid  between  R.  Idceus  and  R.  occidentalis . It 
is  very  hardy,  and  roots  from  either  suckers  or  tips,  though  somewhat 
reluctantly  from  either.  The  fruit  is  of  scarcely  medium  size,  pale  yel- 
low, of  delicate  texture,  and  produced  very  abundantly.  The  quality  is 
only  medium.  Origin,  New  York. 

Cuthbert  still  holds  an  unquestioned  position,  as  one  of  the  most  desir- 
able of  the  red  varieties,  whether  for  the  home  plat  or  for  market.  The 
plant  is  very  vigorous,  and  resists  mildew  of  the  foliage  unusually  well. 

Golden  (Golden  Queen)  is  clear  bright  yellow  in  color.  Otherwise  it  is 
very  much  like  Cuthbert,  in  both  plant  and  fruit.  For  the  home  plat  it  is 
excellent. 

Griesa  (the  name  of  the  introducer,  temporarily  applied)  is  a red  vari- 
ety. The  habit  of  the  plant  is  intermediate  between  R.  strigosus  and  R. 
occidentalis.  Like  Caroline,  it  roots,  rather  reluctantly,  from  both  suckers 
and  tips.  The  fruit  possesses  the  general  characteristics  of  R.  strigosus. 
It  requires  further  trial  to  determine  the  question  of  productiveness.  It 
hails  from  Kansas. 

Hansell  is  early,  and  the  plant  hardy.  It  is  valued  for  planting,  to  a 
limited  extent,  for  both  home  use  and  market,  on  account  of  its  earliuess. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


75 


Marlboro,  though  rather  low  in  quality,  is  large  and  bright  colored.  It 
is  popular  as  a rather  early  market  variety. 

Muskingum  is  of  comparatively  recent  introduction,  coming,  as  we 
understand,  from  Ohio.  The  plant  is  exceedingly  vigorous  and  very  pro- 
ductive, with  characteristics  referable  mainly  to  the  species  stngosus , 
while  the  fruit  has  the  large  size,  dark  color  and  general  appearance  of 
Shaffer.  It  equals  Shaffer  in  productiveness  and,  like  it,  is  excellent  for 
canning. 

Reder  (although  the  plant  may  not  be  satisfactory  for  commercial  uses) 
has  few  if  any  superiors  in  size;  rich,  bright  color,  fine  texture  and  flavor, 
for  the  table.  It  is  fairly  productive.  A native  of  Berrien  county, 
Michigan. 

Reliance,  like  its  parent,  the  old  and  now  abandoned  Philadelphia,  is 
very  hardy  and  productive.  The  fruit  is  high  flavored,  but  dark  colored, 
and  rather  small.  It  is  well  adapted  to  localities  in  which  great  hardiness 
is  requisite. 

Shaffer  is  too  widely  known  to  require  extended  notice.  The  vigor  and 
productiveness  of  the  plant,  with  the  high,  rich  flavor  and  large  size  of  the 
fruit,  especially  adapt  it  for  canning,  for  which  purpose  it  has  long  been 
popular. 

Thompson  has,  this  season,  proved  highly  productive.  Should  it  con- 
tinue thus,  it  may  prove  desirable  as  an  early  market  variety. 

Thwack,  though  only  planted  last  year,  was  well  tested  here  several 
years  since.  It  is  hardy,  vigorous,  of  good  size,  and  productive,  although 
very  low  in  quality.  Although  old,  it  has  never  become  popular  for  either 
amateur  or  market  purposes. 

Turner  is  small  and  very  mild  in  flavor.  The  plant  is  vigorous,  and  the 
canes  destitute  of  spines.  It  is  the  hardiest  of  the  red  raspberries  and 
(doubtless  for  that  reason)  is  somewhat  popular  at  the  west  and  north. 

Herstine,  like  all  varieties  of  its  species  ( Idaeus ),  tested  in  this  country, 
lacks  hardiness,  requiring  winter  protection,  even  in  the  comparatively 
mild  winter  climate  of  southwestern  Michigan.  On  account  of  its  large 
size,  bright  color,  and  superior  flavor,  it  is  deemed  worthy  of  the  needful 
winter  protection.  Origin,  Pennsylvania,  from  seed  of  a foreign  variety. 


BLACKBERRIES  ( Rubu*  villosus ). 

The  entire  loss  of  many  plants,  and  the  serious  injury  of  others,  result- 
ing from  the  almost  continuous  drenching  rains,  during  the  late  spring 
and  early  summer  of  1892,  were  but  partially  remedied  by  the  subsequent 
growth  of  that  year,  leaving  the  stand  of  plants  decimated  or  uneven  to 
such  extent  that  comparisons  of  actual  fruitage  during  this  season  will 
afford  no  just  indication  of  the  comparative  productiveness  of  the  varieties 
under  ordinary  conditions.  Under  such  circumstances,  therefore,  resort  is 
had  to  estimates,  based  upon  the  actual  performance  of  such  plants  as 
appear  to  be  most  nearly  in  a normal  condition,  results  being  indicated 
upon  a scale  of  one  to  ten. 

Anthracnose  having  been  very  prevalent  during  the  year  1892,  attacking 
nearly  or  quite  all  the  varieties  of  blackberries  as  well  as  of  raspberries, 
the  plat  was  included  in  the  spraying  which  the  plantation  received,  after 
the  dropping  of  the  foliage  in  late  autumn,  1892.  Early  last  spring 


76 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


examination  was  made,  and  all  canes  showing  indications  of  anthracnose 
were  cut  out  and  burned. 

On  April  1 to  3 last,  the  plants  received  a spray  of  Bordeaux. 

Again  on  April  2d  and  25,  they  were  sprayed  with  reduced  Bordeaux, 
using  32  gallons  of  water  and  adding  two  ounces  of  Paris  green. 

A final  spray  was  given  on  May  8 and  9,  using  two  pounds,  of  copper 
sulphate,  with  one  and  one-half  pounds  of  lime  in  22  gallons  of  water, 
and  adding  two  ounces  of  Paris  green. 

As  the  apparent  result  of  these  several  sprayings,  with  the  removal  of 
the  previously  diseased  canes,  scarcely  a trace  of  fungus  has  at  any  time 
during  the  season  appeared  upon  blackberries,  while,  in  all  cases,  satis- 
factory growths  have  been  made. 

The  leaf  miner  is  apparently  not  amenable  to  spraying,  having  proved 
increasingly  troublesome  this  season,  confining  its  attacks  almost  wholly 
to  the  blackberry. 

BLACKBERRIES— (Rubus  villosus) . 


Number. 

Name. 

. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

t Productiveness. 
Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

Agawam ..  

N.  E 

1888 

June  12. 

July  27.. 

4 

Usually  large  and  fine. 

2 

Bonanza . 

1888 

“ 14. 

“ 27.. 

4 

Name  a misnomer. 

3 

Briton  (Ancient  Briton) 

Eng 

1888 

“ 12. 

“ 28.. 

3 

Usually  over-productive. 

4 

Childs  (Tree)  ...  __ 

1892 

Not  yet  tested. 

5 

Cluster  (Early  (’luster). 

N.J. 

1888 

June  13. 

July  25. _ 

10 

Of  little  value. 

6 

Eldorado. . 

Ohio  . . 

1892 

Not  yet  tested. 

7 

Erie ..  

Pa.  . . 

1888 

June  12. 

Aug.  2.. 

5 

Generally  productive. 

8 

Fruitland .. 

Ohio  . .. 

1892 

Good  grower.  Not  fruited. 

9 

Harvest  (Early  Harvest) 

N.  J 

1888 

June  13. 

July  17.. 

5 

Small.  Very  early. 

10  j 

Hoosac  

Mass.. 

1891 

Old.  Thornless. 

11 

King  (Early  King)  . 

N.J.  .. 

1890 

June  14 

July  21. . 

10 

Very  desirable  so  far. 

12 

Kittatinny 

j N.J 

1888 

“ 14. 

“ 29.. 

6 

One  of  the  best;  rather  tender. 

13 

Knox 

I 

1888 

“ 15. 

“ 27.. 

5 

Large.  Bears  thinly. 

14 

Lawton  ... 

N.  Y..  .. 

1888 

“ 13 

“ 27.. 

4 

Old.  Often  winter-killed. 

15 

Lincoln 

1891 

“ 12. 

New.  Not  yet  fruited  here. 

16 

' Mammoth  (Early  Mammoth). 

Ohio . . . 

1891 

“ 14. 

July  31.. 

4 

Needs  farther  trial. 

17 

1 Minnewaska 

N.  Y... 

1888 

“ 15. 

Aug.  2 . 

4 

Is  generally  more  productive 

18 

1 Nevada .. 

1888 

“ 15. 

July  27.. 

3 

Not  valuable  here. 

19 

j Ohmer . 

Ohio 

1892 

“ 29.. 

2 

But  partially  tested. 

20 

; Oregon  (Everbearing) 

Oregon  . 

1892 

Not  yet  fruited  here. 

21 

; Snyder . ... 

1888 

Juno  10. 

July  25 

10 

Rather  small.  Very  hardy. 

22 

1 Stone.  . 

Wis. 

1890 

“ 10 

Aug.  5.. 

3 

Small.  Very  hardy. 

23 

Taylor 

1888 

“ 12. 

July  29.. 

6 

Hardy.  Excellent. 

24 

Thompson  (Early)  ._ 

Ohio  . . 

1890 

“ 13. 

“ 28.. 

9 

New.  Promising. 

25 

Triumph  (Western  Triumph). 

1888 

“ 14. 

Aug.  1.. 

2 

Small-  Hardy.  Vigorous. 

26 

Wachusett 

Mass 

1890 

“ 10. 

July  27.. 

1 5 

Old.  Thornless. 

27 

Wallace 

I 1888 

“ 13. 

“ 29:. 

5 

Large.  Very  good. 

28 

Wilson. 

N.J. 

1888 

“ 13 

“ 28 

6 

Canes  tender.  Large.  Early. 

29 

Wilson,  Jr.  

N.J 

1888 

“ 13. 

“ 25.. 

6 

Is  Wilson  reproduced. 

Notices  are  appended  of  some  of  the  older  varieties,  with  their  per- 
formance during  the  current  year,  together  with  a few  of  the  more  recent 
introductions. 

Agawam  has  been  fruited  here  for  several  years.  It  has  rarely,  if  ever, 
suffered  injury  from  the  lake  shore  winters.  It  is  productive,  and  the 
fruit  is  large  and  excellent.  It  is  eminently  worthy  of  a place  in  the  home 
plat. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


77 


Briton  (Ancient  Briton)  has  been  a long  time  in  cultivation  in  this 
country,  and  is  popular  at  the  west,  where  the  larger  varieties  fail  from 
lack  of  hardiness.  It  has  been  assumed  to  be  a native,  but  recent  investi- 
gation determines  that  it  was  originally  imported  from  England.  Its  com- 
paratively small  size  renders  it  unpopular  where  larger  though  less  hardy 
varieties  can  be  profitably  grown. 

Erie  is  very  vigorous,  with  many  large,  strong,  prehensile  spines,  and  is 
hardy  in  this  climate,  though  it  suffered  seriously  from  the  long  wet  spell 
of  last  year.  The  fruit  is  very  large,  and  of  fair  quality,  if  allowed  to 
fully  ripen  upon  the  plant.  The  habit  is  spreading,  and  the  canes 
should  be  tied  to  a trellis  or  stakes,  to  prevent  injury  from  high  winds. 

Harvest  (Early  Harvest)  is  a moderately  vigorous,  very  upright  grower 
and  very  productive.  The  fruit  is  rather  small,  of  firm  texture,  ripening 
quite  in  advance  of  the  usual  blackberry  season,  and,  for  that  reason, 
profitable.  A spurious  variety,  of  similar  habit,  has  been  disseminated 
under  this  name. 

King  (Early  King),  received  from  New  Jersey,  has  fruited  here  this 
season  only.  The  plant  is  vigorous  and  productive,  and  the  fruit  quite 
large  and  of  good  quality,  ripening  rather  early. 

Kittatinny  has  long  been  recognized  as  the  best  of  the  large  varieties, 
though  deficient  in  hardiness.  For  some  years  it  has  been  more  or  less 
subject  to  attacks  of  the  fungus  known  as  red  rust,  which  has,  in  many 
cases,  proved  a serious  drawback  upon  the  value  of  the  variety,  though  it 
may  be  held  in  check,  and  even  exterminated,  by  promptly  digging  and 
burning  the  diseased  plants  when  discovered. 

Lawton,  though  not  the  first  blackberry  subjected  to  cultivation,  was  the 
first  one  extensively  disseminated  for  such  purpose.  It  lacks  hardiness 
and,  as  usually  marketed,  is  objectionably  acid,  though,  when  thoroughly 
ripened  upon  the  plant,  it  is  large,  sweet  and  delicious. 

Mammoth  (Early  Mammoth),  was  received  from  a nursery  formerly  in 
Ohio  (now  in  Virginia),  and  has  only  fruited  here  this  season.  It  prom- 
ises well.  Fruit  large,  of  good  quality,  and  the  plant  is  vigorous. 

Mfnnewaski  was  received  some  years  since  from  its  originator,  the  late 
A.  J.  Cay  wood,  of  New  York.  The  plant  is  a strong,  rather  erect  grower; 
productive,  and  of  fully  medium  hardiness  The  fruit  is  large  and  of  good 
quality. 

Oregon  (Everbearing)  comes  to  us  as  an  estray  from  the  Pacific  coast, 
as  its  name  indicates.  It  has  not  yet  fruited  here,  though  it  seems  desir- 
able, if  only  as  a curiosity.  The  plant  has  the  trailing  habit  of  a dewberry 
with  the  usual  reflexed  spines  of  the  blackberry.  The  foliage  has  the 
usual  five  leaflet  arrangement  of  the  blackberry,  with  each  leaflet  some- 
what irregularly  divided,  lobed  and  serrated,  somewhat  after  the  manner 
of  the  cutleaved  birch  or  maple. 

Snyder  is  well  known  as  a hardy  and  productive  market  variety;  exten- 
sively planted  in  localities  in  which  special  hardiness  is  requisite. 

Stone  (Stone’s  Hardy)  hails  from  Wisconsin.  It  is  a spreading,  vigorous 
grower  and  very  hardy.  Fruit  too  Small  to  be  acceptable  where  larger 
varieties  are  successful. 

Taylor  is  nearly  as  hardy  as  Snyder,  with  more  branching,  light  colored 
shoots.  It  is  very  productive,  ripening  its  rather  large,  superior  flavored 
fruit,  somewhat  after  the  average  season. 

Thompson  (Early)  comes  to  us  from  Ohio.  It  proves  hardy  here,  and 


78 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN 


has  this  year  excelled  most  other  varieties  in  productiveness.  The  fruit  is 
of  fair  size  and  good  quality.  (Probably  Mammoth,  L.  R.  T.) 

Triumph  (Western  Triumph)  is  one  of  the  varieties  approved  at  the 
west  on  account  of  hardiness.  The  plant  is  tall,  rather  upright,  branch- 
ing; although  the  fruit  is  of  less  than  medium  size,  the  deficiency  is  more 
than  compensated  in  productiveness.  It  must  have  good  soil  and  culture 
to  produce  marketable  fruit. 

Wallace  came  to  us  from  the  west.  The  plant  is  vigorous  and  moder- 
ately productive.  Fruit  of  large  size  and  good  quality.  It  is  worthy  of 
more  attention  than  it  has  heretofore  received. 

Wilson,  and  Wilson,  Jr.,  (the  latter  a seedling  of  the  former)  are  for  all 
practical  purposes  identical.  Both  have,  to  a slight  extent,  the  spreading 
habit  of  the  dewberry  and,  like  it,  will  sometimes  root,  though  reluctantly, 
from  the  tips.  Both  are  deficient  in  hardiness.  Fruit  large  to  very  smalh 
and  not  of  high  quality. 

SE  RVIC  E B E RRY . ( Amelanchier . ) 

An  indigenous  form  of  this  plant,  forming  a large  bush  or  small  tree, 
occasionally  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  in  height,  is  more  or  less  dissemi- 
nated in  Michigan  forests.  It  varies  greatly  in  productiveness,  as  well  as 
in  size  and  quality  of  fruit.  As  far  as  known,  no  attempts  have  been 
made  to  subject  this  to  cultivation. 

The  dwarf  variety,  which  was  planted  here  as  early  as  1876,  under  the 
name  Service  Berry,  only  tends,  if  left  undisturbed,  to  form  dense  clumps, 
by  means  of  underground  branches  or  stolons,  under  which  conditions  it 
becomes  comparatively  unproductive.  When  such  tendency  is  prevented 
by  occasional  transplanting,  or  otherwise,  the  result  is  a very  considerable 
improvement  in  size,  as  well  as  in  quantity  of  fruit. 

Birds  have  a special  liking  for  the  fruit,  which  ripens  in  succession,  and 
invariably  falls  a prey  to  their  rapacity,  before  full  maturity. 

The  bushes  rarely  exceed  three  feet  in  height,  and  the  fruit,  which 
resembles  the  huckleberry,  is  by  no  means  its  equal  in  quality. 

Three  varieties  are  on  trial  here. 

The  first,  lacking  a varietal  name,  is  designated  as  common.  On  a scale 
of  one  to  ten,  it  ranks,  this  year,  about  eight  in  productiveness. 

The  second,  received  from  Indiana  as  Mammoth,  is  slightly  larger  in 
plant,  and  in  productiveness  ranks  nine. 

The  third  is  named  “ Success  ” by  the  recent  chief  of  the  Division  of 
Pomology  at  Washington.  In  productiveness  it  will  rank  ten. 

A few  plants  received  a covering  of  netting,  to  protect  the  fruit  from 
the  birds.  This  was  applied  on  July  7,  when  the  fruit  began  to  color. 
The  fruit  was  gathered  about  July  18,  fully  ripe,  and  beautiful  in  appear- 
ance, though,  from  lack  of  rich  flavor,  it  can  scarcely  supersede  the  better 
varieties  of  huckleberries,  where  such  are  obtainable. 

C URR  A NTS. — ( Ribes. ) 

The  plantation  of  currants  suffered  more  or  less  from  the.  long  contin- 
ued drenching  rains  of  the  spring  of  1892;  although  the  most  serious 
injury  arose  from  the  cutting  away  of  a large  portion  of  the  bearing  wood, 
in  the  effort  to  eradicate  the  twig  borer  ( Aegeria  tipuliformis , Linn. ) 
which  has  long  been  extremely  prevalent  in  this  region. 


HORTICULTURAL,  DEPARTMENT,  79 

The  currants  were  included  in  the  spraying  given  the  entire  plantation, 
after  the  fall  of  the  leaves  in  the  autumn  of  1892. 

A spray  with  Bordeaux  mixture  was  given  them  on  April  1-3, 1893.  They 
received  a second  spray  on  April  18,  using  4 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  3 lbs. 
lime  and  2 oz.  Paris  green,  in  32  gals,  water. 

Rain  having  intervened,  a reapplication  of  the  same  was  given  on 
April  24  to  25. 

On  May  8-9  another  spray  was  given,  using  3 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  1^ 
lbs.  lime,  and  2 oz.  Paris  green,  in  32  gals,  water. 

The  currant  worm  having  put  in  an  appearance,  a spray  of  2 oz.  potas- 
sium sulphide  (liver  of  sulphur),  and  one  oz.  Paris  green,  in  ten  gals, 
water,  was  applied  on  June  2. 

This  was  repeated  on  June  21,  using  3 oz.  potassium  sulphide  instead  of 
two.  Rain  having  intervened,  the  same  was  reapplied  J une  24. 

This  preparation  was  again  applied  on  July  6,  omitting  the  Paris  green; 
and  yet  again  for  the  last  time,  on  July  22. 

These  sprayings  have,  apparently,  had  the  effect,  not  only  to  hold  the 
currant  worm  in  subjection,  but  also  to  prevent  the  attacks  of  the  fungus, 
which  has  so  generally  ruined  the  foliage  early  in  August,  since,  under 
this  treatment  (which  was  also  applied  to  the  gooseberry),  there  has  been 
no  loss  of  the  foliage  of  either,  down  to  the  time  of  this  writing  (Oct.  1), 
while  the  plants  generally  have  made  satisfactory  growth. 

It  may  also  be  stated,  as  a possible  result  of  these  repeated  sprayings, 
that  few  indications  are  visible  of  the  attacks  of  the  twig  borer;  the  infer 
ence  being,  either  that  the  liver  of  sulphur  is  repulsive  to  the  moth  or, 
otherwise  that  the  Paris  green  may  have  proved  fatal  to  the  larvae  when 
making  their  first  meal  upon  the  recently  sprayed  twigs. 


1.  MISSOURI  OR  YELLOW  FLOWERING  CURRANT  —(liibes  aureum). 


Name. 

Origin. 



a 

; 

3 

*3 

00 

u 

£ 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Productiveness.  | 
Scale  1 to  10.  I 

Remarks. 

j Crandall 

Kan.  .. 

1889 

1 May  12.. 

July  8... 

5 

Of  doubtful  value.  * 

2.  BLACK.  FETID  CURRANTS- -(Rihe*  nigrum) 


Nwiw. 

a 1 

5 3 

o £ 

First  bloom. 

. i 

I 

Li 

i 

c 

J 

ta 

Productiveness. 
Scale  1 to  10.  j 

Remarks 

Champion  (Black  Champion) . 

Europe  . 1889 

May  12.. 

July  11 

7 

Try  further. 

Needs  further  trial. 

English  (Black  English) 

“ 1892 

“ 13.. 

“ 14.. 

2 

Lee  

“ 1888 

**  12.. 

“ 8.. 

4 

One  of  the  best  blacks. 

Naplee  (Black  Naples) 

**  ' 1888 

“ JR.. 

“ 10.. 

4 

Old ; well  known. 

Saunders . 

Ont.  . 1890 

“ 15.. 

“ 10 

4 

Yet  too  recent. 

Wales  (Prince  of  Wales) 

“ 1890 

M 12.. 

“ 14. 

3 

Yet  too  recent. 

80 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


3.  RED  AND  WHITE  CURRANTS — Ribes  rubrum). 


| Number.  I 

Name. 

Origin.  J 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

X 

30 

ax 

© i 
. 

11 

eu* 

1 

Cherry . 

Enr. 

1888 

May  12 .. 
“ 10.. 

July  14— 
“ 11- 

0 

21 

Fay _ 

N.  Y..._ 

188b 

1 ! 

3 

: Holland  (Long  bunch’d 
Holland). 

Enr. 

1889 

••  n ! 

6 I 

4 

Lakewood. 

Ohio  _.. 

1890 

■'  10.. 

••  i*:: 

1 

5 

London  (Red) . . 

Enr. 

1890 

“ 12.. 

“ 8 1 

10  1 

6 

Moore  Ruby..  

Am. 

1890 

“ 10.. 

“ 8'.. 

1 

o ; 

Moore  Select...  

Mass 

1S90 

“ 10.. 

o 

8 

North  Star... 

Minn : 

1892 

“ 14.. 

July  14. 

“ 8.. 

i 

9 

Red  Datcn. 

Enr. 

1888 

“ 10.. 

5 j 

10 

Rabv  Castle.. 

1892 

1 

11 

Versaillaise... 

1888 

May  12.. 
“ 10..' 

July  10— 

0 

12 

Victoria . 

44 

1688 

“ 10.. 

7 

13 

White  Dutch 

44 

1888 

“ 10-1 

“ 10— ; 

7 

14 

White  Gondoin 

41  ! 

1890 

“ 10.  J 

“ 8-1 

8 

If 

White  Grape... 

44  | 

1888 

“ 10.. I 

51  8-| 

7 J 

16 

Wilder 

Am ; 

1890 

“ 10i 

“ 10"! 

1 ; 

Remarks. 


Need  a fuller  trial. 


6 | Best  red  variety. 

Requires  further  trial. 
Very  vigorous.  Hardy. 


May  prove  to  be  Victoria,  but  said  to 
be  distinct. 

Much  like  Cherry. 

Seldom  attacked  by  borers 
Finest  flavored  currant. 

Needs  further  trial. 

Most  profitable  white  variety. 


Owing  to  the  operations  of  the  twig  borers  during  the  year  1892,  and  the 
amount  of  bearing  wood  unavoidably  destroyed  during  the  past  spring,  in 
the  effort  to  exterminate  them,  the  product  of  the  season  now  past  has 
been  greatly  diminished.  For  this  reason  the  estimates  of  productiveness 
given  in  the  foregoing  tabulation  indicate  but  imperfectly  what  would  be 
the  relative  yield  of  the  varieties  named  under  more  favorable  conditions. 
For  this  reason  short  notices  of  some  of  the  varieties  are  given,  for  the 
purpose  of,  at  least  in  part,  remedying  such  defect. 

Crandall  (when  the  heaviest  fruiting  plants  only  are  considered)  proves 
highly  productive.  The  quality  of  the  fruit,  when  well  cooked,  is  good, 
but  for  the  extreme  thickness  and  toughness  of  the  skin,  even  wheu  thor- 
oughly cooked — a difficulty  which,  apparently,  could  only  be  obviated  by 
straining  the  cooked  product. 

Naples  (Black  Naples)  and  Lee  are  the  only  fetid  black  currants  suffi- 
ciently tested  here.  How  the  remaining  varieties  upon  the  list  will  rank 
as  to-  quality,  size,  productiveness,  etc.,  can  only  be  surely  determined  after 
a somewhat  lengthened  trial.  From  present  indications,  they  differ  but 
slightly  in  these  respects. 

White  Dutch,  White  Gondoin  and  White  Grape  rank  in  about  the  order 
named,  so  far  as  rich,  mild  flavor  and  consequent  adaptation  as  dessert 
varieties  is  concerned.  In  these  particulars  they  are  quite  superior  to  any 
of  the  red  varieties,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Moore  Ruby,  which 
is  yet  but  imperfectly  tested. 

Cherry,  or  its  close  rival  Versaillaise,  must  be  allowed  to  stand  in 
advance  of  Fay  so  far  as  profitableness  and  adaptation  for  market  are  con- 
cerned. All  are  acid  and  large  and,  for  that  reason,  popular  in  the 
market. 

Red  Dutch,  although  one  of  the  oldest  varieties,  yet  stands  first  among 
the  red  currants,  so  far  as  quality  as  well  as  productiveness  is  concerned. 
But  for  a slight  lack  of  size,  it  would  doubtless  lead  also  in  the  market. 

Victoria  is  scarcely  as  large,  and  a little  later  than  Red  Dutch.  On 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


81 


account  of  its  comparative  exemption  from  the  attacks  of  the  twig  borer, 
and  the  greater  persistence  of  its  foliage,  it  is  popular  for  market  planting 
in  many  localities. 

Holland  (Long  Bunched  Holland)  is  doubtless  the  most  vigorous  of  red 
currants,  and  holds  its  very  large  foliage  more  persistently  than  any  other 
of  our  acquaintance.  It  is  productive  and  late,  the  cluster  long,  but  the 
berry  small. 

London  (London  Red)  is  exceedingly  productive;  the  berry  medium; 
said  to  be  superior  for  jams  and  jellies. 

Lakewood,  Moore  Select  and  Wilder,  though  some  time  on  trial,  cannot 
yet  be  definitely  characterized. 

North  Star  was  planted  only  last  year.  It  shows  unusual  vigor,  but  its 
other  qualities  remain  undetermined. 

Raby  Castle,  planted  in  1892,  may  prove  to  be  Victoria,  although  Mr. 
J.  H.  Haynes  of  Delphi,  Ind.,  from  whom  the  plants  were  obtained,  claims 
that  it  is  a new  variety,  quite  distinct  from  the  old  Raby  Castle. 

GOOSEBERRY  (Ribes). 


The  plantation  of  gooseberries,  being  adjacent  to  that  of  currants,  the 
two  have  been  subjected  to  the  same  treatment,  so  far  as  spraying  is  con- 
cerned, for  an  account  of  which  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  section  on 
currants. 

The  result  of  such  repeated  spraying  has  been  an  entire  absence  of  mil- 
dew, whether  of  foliage  or  fruit,  save  in  the  single  case  of  the  Smith,  which, 
apparently  from  previous  enfeeblement,  has  failed  to  fruit  this  year,  and 
has  also  prematurely  lost  more  or  less  of  its  foliage. 

The  use  of  a few  ounces  of  Paris  green  in  the  potassium  sulphide  spray 
has  kept  the  currant  worm  in  subjection. 

The  crumpling  of  the  young  leaves  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  (mainly 
of  the  Houghton),  attributable,  doubtless,  to  minute  aphides,  has  been 
but  slightly  troublesome  this  year,  it  having  been  cut  away  and  burned 
upon  its  appearance. 

Nearly  all  varieties,  whether  of  native  or  foreign  parentage,  have 
fruited  very  thinly,  a result  probably  due  to  the  enfeeblement  consequent 
upon  the  excessive  and  long  continued  wet  weather  of  early  1892,  together 
with  the  mildew  consequent  thereupon,  preventing,  as  it  doubtless  did,  the 
development  of  the  fruit  buds  necesssry  for  the  next  season’s  crop. 


1.  WILD  GOOSEBERRY—  ( Ribes  cynosbati). 


i Number. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Planted. 
First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Productiveness. 
Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

I 

Downing  _ 

N.  Y.  . 

1888  May  9 . 

July  14 

3 

Valued  for  market. 

2 

Mountain 

N.  Y.. 

1888  i “ 17.. 

“ 17.. 

0 

Not  desirable. 

3 

Smith 

N.  E.  ... 

1XXH  “ 10.. 

0 

Poor  grower.  Fruit  superior. 

4 

Strubler* 

111.  . 

1892  ! 

Strong  grower. 

5 

Tree*  ._ 

Ohio . . . 

1892  | 

Strong  grower. 

* Nos.  4 and  5 have  not  yet  fruited.  Their  correct  classification  is  donbtfnl. 


82 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


1.  EUROPEAN  GOOSEBERRY—  (Ribes  grossularia) . 


I Number. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Prod  ucti  veness. 
Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

' I 

Auburn  

N.  Y 

1890 

May  24.. 

1 July  15.. 

1 

The  correct  name  unknown. 

2 

Golden  (Golden  Prolific)  . . 
Industry... 

N.  Y 

1890 

“ 15 

o 1 

Quite  liable  to  mildew. 
Mildews,  unless  sprayed. 

3 

Eur 

1889 

“ 12.. 

July  14.. 

: - is.. 

4 

Orange  (Early  Orange) 

N.  Y 

1890 

“ «L- 

0 

Mildews,  unless  sprayed. 

5 

Pearl 

Ont 

1890 

“ 9.. 

. 

; “ 17.. 

8 

Very  promising. 

Not  yet  fruited. 
Objectionable  name. 

6 

7 

Oregon  (now  named  Apex) 
Triumph j 

Oregon.. 
N-J | 

1892 

1891 

May  16.. 

July  19.. 

0 

3.  SMOOTH  GOOSEBERRY—  (Ribes  hirtellum ). 


1 

1 

Name. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Productiveness. 
Scale,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

1 

Champion  

Ohio . . . 

1888 

May  10. . 

July  15..  j 
“ 17..! 

0 

Strong;  healthy;  unproductive. 

2 

Houghton 

! N.  E. ... 

1888 

“ 12.. 

5 

Hardy ; very  productive. 

3 

Pale  Red 

Am 

1890 

“ 10.. 

“ 17.. 

6 

Nearly  identical  with  Houghton. 

Downing  is  a strong  grower,  with  stout,  very  thorny  shoots.  Fruit 
large,  round*  green  when  mature.  Popular  in  the  market. 

Smith  is  not  a vigorous  plant;  very  thorny.  Fruit  large,  greenish- 
yellow,  oval;  of  superior  quality. 

Mountain  is  a strong  grower  and  free  from  mildew.  Fruit  large,  but 
variable  in  size;  poor  in  quality.  Worthless. 

Auburn  is  of  European  type,  a moderate  grower;  has  not  mildewed 
here.  Fruit  large,  light  red  when  mature.  The  true  name  is  unknown. 

Golden  (Golden  Prolific),  Orange  (Early  Orange)  and  Pearl  are  Ameri- 
can seedlings  of  the  European  type.  Industry  is  an  importation  from 
England.  They  are  all  more  or  less  liable  to  mildew  here,  requiring 
occasional  spraying  to  maintain  their  health  in  this  climate. 

Triumph,  received  from  New  Jersey,  and  Oregon  (now  named  Apex) 
from  the  Pacific  coast,  received  but  recently,  are  understood  to  be  Ameri- 
can seedlings,  the  former  of  the  European  and  the  latter  of  the  Pacific 
coast  type. 

Champion,  although  vigorous  and  apparently  mildew  proof,  is  so  unpro- 
ductive and  the  fruit  so  small  and  poor  as  to  render  it  practically  worthless. 

Houghton  and  Pale  Bed  are  much  alike.  Both  are  hardy,  productive 
and  mostly  free  from  mildew.  They  will  bear  neglect  better  than  most 
varieties.  Fruit  small. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


83 


CHERRIES  ( Prunus ). 

Probably  few,  if  any,  species  of  fruit  trees  are  as  impatient  of  excessive 
moisture  in  the  soil  as  are  the  cherries.  In  their  case  the  injury  from  the 
copious  and  long  continued  rains  of  the  spring  and  early  summer  of  last 
year  has  proved  more  serious  than  was  apparent  during  that  season,  since 
quite  a number  of  trees  have  this  season  shown  indications  of  injury 
obviously  attributable  to  that  cause. 

A large  number  of  varieties  have  bloomed  and  fruited  this  season,  but 
most  of  them  so  sparsely  that,  on  account  of  the  depredations  of  birds  in 
many  cases  it  has  been  difficult  to  accurately  determine  the  date  of 
ripening. 

The  cherry  plantations  were  included  in  the  spraying  given  the  entire 
plantation  in  November,  1892. 

April  10  and  11  cherries  were  sprayed  with  diluted  Bordeaux,  using  4 
pounds  copper  sulphate,  3 pounds  lime  and  2J  ounces  Paris  green,  in  32 
gallons  of  water. 

On  June  8 they  received  the  second  spray  this  season,  using  4 pounds 
copper  sulphate,  3 pounds  lime  and  2J  ounces  of  Paris  green,  in  32  gallons 
of  water. 

On  June  27  they  were  treated  with  kerosene  emulsion  to  extirpate  the 
slug  ( Eriocampa  cerasi). 

On  July  7 the  pest  having  reappeared  the  trees  were  treated  with  the 
extract  of  tobacco  stems,  after  which  further  treatment  for  this  insect  was 
not  found  necessary. 

On  July  14  and  15  cherries  received  a final  treatment,  consisting  of  2 
pounds  copper  sulphate,  1^  pounds  lime  and  2^  ounces  Paris  green,  in  32 
gallons  water. 

The  slug  ( Eriocampa  cerasi ) has  been  much  less  troublesome  this  year 
than  formerly,  yielding  readily  to  the  sprays  given  as  stated. 

No  other  insects  have  proved  troublesome  upon  the  cherry,  the  curculio 
apparently  confining  operations  to  adjacent  rows  of  plums  and  peaches. 

No  attacks  of  fungi  have  been  noticed,  except  as  the  cause  of  premature 
loss  of  foliage  by  a few  of  the  injured  trees  already  mentioned. 

Experience  has  shown  that  the  Mazzard  or  sweet  cherries  (and  to  a slight 
extent  the  Dukes  also)  when  grown  rapidly,  as  under  thorough  cultivation 
they  usually  do  in  our  Michigan  soil  and  climate,  are  often  seriously  if  not 
even  fatally  injured  during  subsequent  severe  winters,  and  when  branched 
as  high  as  is  generally  done  they  are  liable  to  what  is  known  as  “ bark- 
burst”  during  severe  cold  in  winter,  followed  by  death  after  a very  few 
years  of  decrepitude  and  disease. 

No  remedy  has  yet  been  discovered  for  such  conditions.  Prevention  is, 
so  far  as  known,  the  sole  alternative.  This  may  be  accomplished  by  giving 
only  so  much  manure  and  cultivation  while  the  tree  is  still  young  as  shall 
produce  only  moderate,  healthy  growth  and  partially  or  wholly  omitting 
cultivation  thereafter;  also  branching  them  so  low  that  the  trunk  and 
larger  branches,  in  which,  if  at  all,  bursting  is  likely  to  occur,  shall  be  well 
shaded  from  the  influence  of  the  mid-day  sun,  by  the  foliage. 

Under  such  conditions  trees  of  these  species  may  be  reasonably  expected 
to  reach  mature  age  in  sound  condition,  while  under  opposite  conditions 


84 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


they  would  be  in  danger  of  perishing  even  when  scarcely  yet  in  full 
bearing. 

In  the  following  tabulation  the  arrangement  of  last  year  placing  Heart 
and  Bigarreau  cherries  together  in  one  class  and  Dukes  and  Morellos  in 
another  is  continued. 


1.  HEART  AND  BIGARREAU  CHERRIES— (Prunus  avium). 


* 

-Q 

a 

0 

'Z 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 

16 

17 

18 
19 


Name. 

Class. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Remarks. 

Bigarreau  (Yellow  Spanish). 

Big 

Eur 

1890 

May  20.. 

July  10.. 

Type  of  the  Bigarreau 

class. 

Cleveland..  

Big. ..  . 

Ohio 

1890 

“ 18.. 

Originated  by  the  late 

Dr.  Kirtland. 

Downer... . . 

Heart.. . 

Mass—. 

1888 

“ 15.. 

July  4.. 

Profitable  for  market. 

Eagle  (Black  Eagle) 

Heart 

Eng 

1888 

“ 18.. 

“ 7... 

Old.  Excellent. 

Elton 

Big. 

Eur.  _. 

1890 

“ 18.. 

Yellow,  with  a red  cheek. 

Florence.  . . 

Big. 

Italy 

1891 

Has  not  yet  fruited. 

Knight  (Knight’s  Early) 

Heart... 

Eng 

1890 

May  19.. 

An  excellent  early  cherry. 

La  Maurie  (Early  Lamaurie) 

Heart 

Eur. 

1892 

Not  yet  tested. 

Mary  fKirtland’s  Maryl 

Big. 

Ohio 

1890 

May  19 

A seedling  of  Dr.  Kirtland  • 

Mezel  . 

Big. 

Eur 

1890 

“ 20. . 

Large.  Popular  in  Eu- 

Napoleon 

Big 

Eur. 

1892 

“ 19  . 

rope. 

Very  firm.  Fine  market 

cherry. 

Ohio  (Ohio  Beauty)  

Heart  .. 

Ohio 

1890 

“ 19.. 

A fine  variety  from  Ohio. 

Purity 

1891 

Yet  untested. 

Purple  (Early  Purple) 

Heart... 

Eur.  ? 

1891 

May  22.. 

The  earliest  of  the  older 

cherries. 

Rockport 

Big 

Ohio 

1890 

“ 18. . 

Popular. 

Tartarian  (Blk.  Tartarian).. 

Heart... 

Eur. 

1888 

“ 17  . 

Large.  Tree  upright,  vig- 

orous. 

Transparent  (Coe’s  Trans- 

parent) . 

Heart. 

Conn. 

1888 

“ 17.. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful. 

Windsor . 

Big 

Ont. 

1890 

“ 18.. 

New,  late,  promising. 

Wood  (Gov.  Wood).. 

Heart... 

Ohio 

1890 

“ 18.. 

A popular  market  variety. 

S 35  o So  oo~jq> 5»  5^ to cS £ o tp  op  ~a  <j>  o<  *- co >->  I Number. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


85 


2.  DUKES  AND  M0RELL0S—  (Prumis  cerasus ). 


41 


Name. 

Class. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Abbess  (Oignies) 

Morello. 

Europe  _ 

1888 

May  18.. 

July  12.. 

Duke?  .. 

1888 

“ 21.. 

Morello. 

44 

1892 

“ 20.. 

Bessarabian 

44 

1888 

“ 17.. 

July  8... 

Brusseler  (Braune) 

44 

1888 

“ 20.. 

Duke . . . 

1890 

“ 18 

Choisy 

“ 

1888 

“ 20.. 

July5_._ 

Du  Nord  (Griotte  du  Nord) 

Morello. 

» 

1888 

“ 22.. 

Am. 

1890 

“ 19  . 

Eugenie 

Duke 

France  . 

1888 

“ 6.. 

July  6... 

Morello. 

Am. 

1892 

“ 22.. 

Frauendorfor  (Weichsel) 

Europe^. 

1888 

“ 18.. 

July  8... 

Galopin 

44 

1892 

Glass  (George  Glasskirche). 

Duke?.. 

Europe . 

1888 

May  22.. 

Julyl... 

Hortense  ...  

“ .. 

France  . 

1888 

“ 16.. 

“ 6... 

King  (Amarelle) 

Morello. 

Europe . 

1892 

Late  Duke 

Duke ... 

1890 

May  20  . 

Lithauer  (Weichsel) 

Morello. 

Europe . 

1892 

Louis  (Phillippe) 

44 

1888 

May  15 . . 

July5... 

Lutovka 

44 

u 

1888 

“ 17.. 

Magnifique 

Duke . . . 

41 

1888 

“ 20.. 

July  31.. 

Mahaleb 

Mahaleb 

44 

1892 

May  Duke  

Duke  _ . . 

“ 

1888 

May  18.. 

July  6.. 

Minnesota(Ostheim) 

Morello. 

Am. 

1892 

“ 19.. 

“ 10.. 

Montmorency 

(4 

Europe-. 

1888 

“ 20.. 

5.. 

Montmorency  (Large) 

u 

1890 

“ 19  _ 

Montmorency  (Ordinaire)  .. 

44 

“ 

1890 

“ 22.. 

Montreuil 

Duke 

•4 

1890 

“ 20.. 

Olivet 

1892 

“ 20.. 

Ostheim 

Morello- 

Europe. 

1888 

“ 18.. 

Oatheimer 

“ 

1892 

“ 24.. 

Richmond  (Ey.  Richmond). 

“ 

1888 

“ 22.. 

July  1.. 

Royal  Duke 

Duke  . . 

1890 

“ 20.. 

Sklanka . 

Morello. 

“ 

1888 

“ 20  . 

July  4.. 

Spate  (Amarelle) 

44 

44 

1888 

“ 22. 

Strauss  (Weichsel) 

ki 

t4 

1888 

“ 18 

! Suda . 

1892 

“ 22 

Twenty-five  (Orel) 

Earope . 

1892 

“ ')■) 

1 Twenty-seven  (Orel) 

1892 

Weir  1 ... 

4* 

Ill 

1892 

May  22 . 

1 Wragg  ..  

44 

Iowa  . . . 

1891 

“ 27.. 

Remarks. 


A slender  grower.  Late. 
Vigorous.  Promising. 
Not  yet  fruited. 
Imported  by  Prof.  Budd. 
of  Iowa. 

Imported  by  Prof.  Budd, 
of  Iowa. 

Needs  further  trial. 
Beautiful.  Excellent. 
Amateur. 

Imported  by  Prof.  Budd, 
of  Iowa. 

Very  early.  Slender, 
drooping. 

Comparatively  new. 
Promising. 

Yet  untested. 

Late,  very  acid. 

Not  bloomed  or  fruited. 
As  importation  by  Prof. 
Budd. 

One  of  the  largest  of  the 
Dukes. 

Only  tested  as  to  growth. 
Old,  but  little  known. 
Has  not  shown  bloom  or 
fruit. 

Late.  Good.  Lacks 
productiveness. 
Promising. 

A fine  late  variety. 

Used  only  as  a stock. 

The  type  of  the  class. 
Requires  further  trial. 
Probably  Mont.  Ordinaire. 

Fruit  destroyed  by  birds. 
Fruit  destroyed  by  birds. 
Very  promisiing. 

But  partially  tested. 
Requires  longer  trial. 

Not  yet  fruited. 

Most  popular  for  market. 
Old,  but  little  known. 
Imported  by  Prof.  Budd. 
Imported  by  Prof.  Budd. 

Imported  by  Prof.  Budd. 
Not  yet  well  tested. 

Not  yet  well  tested. 

Not  yet  well  tested. 

Not  yet  well  tested. 

A slender  grower.  Late. 
Acid. 


SWEET  CHERRIES. 

Purple  (Early  Purple),  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  is  the  earliest  well 
tested  cherry,  of  fair  size  and  good  quality,  with  the  possible  exception  of 
La  Maurie  (Early  Lamaurie),  which  has  not  yet  fruited  here. 

Knight  (Knight’s  Early),  Eagle  ( Black  Eagle),  superior  in  quality,  and 
Tartarian  (Black  Tartarian),  valued  for  market,  are  among  the  most  pop- 
ular dark  colored  cherries. 


86 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Of  light  colored  varieties,  Transparent  (Coe)  is  excellent  and  very  beau- 
tiful, while  Cleveland,  Elton,  Wood  (Gov.  Wood),  Napoleon  and  Rockport 
are  firm,  good  handlers  and,  for  that  reason,  adapted  to  marketing. 

Bigarreau  (Yellow  Spanish)  is  the  best  of  the  light  colored,  firm  fleshed 
varieties,  but,  unfortunately,  it  is  liable  to  crack  and  decay  before  ripening, 
during  warm,  wet  weather. 

Downer,  though  less  firm,  is  hardy,  rather  late,  very  productive,  large,  of 
rich  color,  profitable. 

Windsor  is  newly  introduced;  said  to  ripen  quite  late.  It  is  highly 
commended  by  those  who  have  fruited  it. 

THE  DUKES. 

Intermediate  between  the  sweet  cherries  and  the  Morellos,  so  far  as 
vigor  of  growth  and  acidity  of  fruit  are  concerned. 

Choisy  ( Belle  de  Choisy ) is  exceedingly  beautiful  and  of  mild  flavor, 
and,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  unexcelled  in  any  class.  Unfortunately  it 
lacks  productiveness. 

Eugenie,  Hortense  (one  of  the  largest  Dukes),  Magnifique  (very  late), 
May  Duke  (the  type  of  the  class),  Olivet  and  Montreuil  (comparatively 
new  varieties),  are  all  worthy  of  greater  attention  than  they  generally 
receive. 

Royal  Duke  and  Late  Duke  are  old  varieties  though,  so  far  as  known, 
not  yet  thoroughly  tested  in  this  State. 

MORELLOS. 

There  appear  to  be  several  more  or  less  distinct  races  which,  among 
Europeans,  appear  to  have  been  sub-classified  accordingly.  In  this  coun- 
try, so  far,  such  sub-classification  has  not  received  attention. 

Dyehouse  is  a very  spreading  and  even  drooping  grower  and,  so  far,  has 
been  the  first  to  ripen. 

Richmond  (Early  Richmond)  is  so  well  known  as  a popular  market 
variety  that  extended  notice  seems  unnecessary.  In  season,  it  closely  fol- 
lows the  foregoing. 

Louis  (Phillippe)  is  large,  late  and  excellent  for  culinary  purposes,  but 
is  slightly  lacking  in  productiveness. 

Wragg  is  valued  at  the  west  for  its  hardiness.  It  is  late,  nearly 
black,  and  quite  acid.  The  tree  is  a slender,  spreading  grower. 

Montmorency  (see  table)  is  probably  identical  with  Montmorency 
Ordinaire. 

Of  the  remaining  varieties  of  Morello,  a considerable  number  have  now 
fruited;  several  of  them,  apparently,  are  quite  late.  Further  trial  is  need- 
ful to  determine  their  comparative  values. 

MULBERRIES  ( Morus ). 

This,  in  one  or  more  species,  occurs,  though  rarely,  in  the  forests  of  this 
State,  occasionally  as  a tree  of  considerable  size. 

The  varieties  grown  at  this  station,  however,  are  imported,  being  of 
such  as  have  become  improved,  and  taken  on  the  habit  of  maturing  their 
fruits  in  succession,  through  a considerable  period. 

Downing  is  an  American  seedling  of  this  character  from  Multicaulis 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


87 


( M.  alba).  In  severe  winters  it  is  occasionally  injured,  even  in  southern 
Michigan. 

New  American  and  Hicks  also  have  this  habit,  with  apparently  superior 
hardiness. 

Russian  ( M . Siberica  of  nursery  catalogues)  is  abundantly  hardy  here, 
though  of  no  value  so  far  as  fruit  is  concerned. 

Teas  Weeping,  when  grafted  high  on  upright  growing  stocks,  makes  a 
beautiful  lawn  tree.  The  foliage  is  glossy  and  beautiful,  much  superior 
to  that  of  Kilmarnock  willow;  long  popular  as  a weeping  lawn  tree. 


PEACHES  ( Prunus  Persica , Amygdalus  Persica , or  Persica  Vulgaris  of  various 

botanists). 

The  trees  of  this  species  upon  the  station  grounds  received  a spray  of 
Bordeaux  of  the  usual  strength  after  the  leaves  had  fallen  last  autumn. 

April  10  and  11,  1893,  they  were  again  sprayed,  using  4 lbs.  of  copper 
sulphate,  3 lbs  of  lime  and  2^  oz.  of  Paris  green  in  32  gallons  of  water. 

June  8-12,  the  spray  was  repeated,  using  the  same  mixture. 

June  29  they  were  again  sprayed,  using  modified  Eau  Celeste.  (Two 
lbs.  of  copper  sulphate,  P|  lbs.  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  1 qt.  of  ammonia 
water  in  32  gallons  of  water. ) 

July  14  to  15  a final  spray  was  given,  using  2 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  1^ 
lbs.  lime  and  2J  oz.  Paris  green  in  32  gallons  water. 

This  last  spray  caused  considerable  loss  of  the  older  foliage,  leaving  that 
near  the  extremities  of  the  young  shoots  in  all  cases  apparently  unaffected. 

As  the  apparent  result  of  the  first  two  sprayings  mentioned  there  has 
been  an  almost  total  absence  of  “leaf  curl”  (Taphrina  deformans)  which 
is  usually  quite  prevalent  here  in  early  spring  and  which  was  present  this 
year  in  neighboring  orchards,  causing  many  of  the  leaves  and  fruits  to 
drop. 

Apparently  also  the  fungus  which  usually,  in  this  climate,  attacks  the 
foliage  and  growing  twigs  of  the  serrate  varieties  of  the  peach  has  been 
subdued  by  these  applications,  since  a single  serrate  variety  growing  here 
which  has  been  annually  very  severely  attacked  by  this  fungus  has  this 
season  almost  wholly  escaped,  making  sound  healthy  growth  as  in  the  case 
of  other  varieties. 

The  only  insects  which  have  proved  troublesome  are  the  curculio,  for 
whose  attacks  jarring  has  been  the  remedy  employed,  and  the  borer 
( Sannina  exitiosa)  to  remove  which  the  trees  were  “wormed”  in  September 
-a  process  intended  to  be  repeated  in  April  or  May  next. 

For  more  convenient  reference  all  abbreviations  are  inserted  at  the  head 
of  the  columns  in  which  they  are  used. 

In  very  many  cases  the  origin  of  a variety  is  unknown  or  uncertain,  for 
which  reason  in  most  cases  the  source  from  which  the  variety  was  received 
is  inserted  instead  of  the  place ‘■of  origin. 

The  word  “cling”  is  appended  to  the  names  of  varieties  of  that  class, 
and  in  a few  cases  only  the  word  “free”  is  appended  to  the  name  to  avoid 
uncertainty.  In  all  other  cases  the  word  “free”  is  to  be  understood,  the 
column  usually  devoted  to  this  particular  being  omitted  as  unnecessary. 

In  many  cases  names  are  simplified  or  objectionable  portions  enclosed 
in  parentheses  to  indicate  probable  future  elisions  in  compliance  with  the 
rules  of  modern  nomenclature. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


68 


PEACHES. 


z 

Name. 

jS 

aT 

an 

u 

x_ ; 

£ H 
-9  5 

j 

5 £ 

X » 
, k 

x 

X 

4% 

Jz'u 

to 

mm 

i £ 

^ : >• 

; . tZ  - 
C "T  “i  t 

• > 
fj 

af  ^ 

X 

C 9 

> £ 
£ > 

Remarks. 

1 

Adrian 

Mo — 

1892 

g 

2 

Alexander 

111..... 

1892 

g 

w r p 

V 

A partial  cling. 

3 

Alien 

Mo.... 

1891 

s 

T 

May  22 

4 

Alpha. 

Mo.... 

1691 

'■  T 

5 

Amelia 

Mo..  . 

1590 

1 

I r 

“ 22 

Of  Carolina. 

6 

Amsden 

Mich.. 

1891 

1 

g 

“ 9* 

w r p 

v 

A partial  cling. 

7 

Andrews  (Mammoth  * 

Mo.... 

1892 

r 

8 

Barber 

Mich.. 

1892 

r 

9 

Barnard 

Mich. . 

1888 

s 

; r 

“ 22 

Sept.  11 

yr  y 

! s 

For  market  only. 

10 

Be«ers  (Smock1* 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

r 

“ 22 

11 

Belle.  

Mich.. 

1891 

g 

12 

Bell  (Favorite) 

Del.... 

1890 

s 

r 

“ 24 

Distinct  from  Belle. 

13 

Bequette  Cling.. 

Tex. 

1890 

s 

; r 

“ 22 

14 

Bequette  Free. 

Tex._. 

1890 

s 

r 

“ 22 

15 

Bickell  (Late) 

Del.... 

1890 

s 

r 

22 

Oct.  30 

wr  p 

a 

May  not  ripen  here. 

16 

Bishop  (Early)... 

Mo... 

1891 

s 

g 

“ 22 

17 

Bonanza  

Mo.... 

1891 

s 

r 

‘ “ 22 

lb 

Boyles 

Mo.... 

1891 

s 

g 

22 

Sept.  20 



L-i 

1 Only  a specimen  or 

19 

Brandywine . 

N.  J— 

1890 

s 

g 

*■  2 'J\ 

two. 

20 

Brett  (Mrs.  Brett) 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

r 

“ 22 ! 

21  | 

Brigdon.  

N.  Y.. 

1890 

1 j 

g 

»*  22! 

Sept.  20 

y r y 

V 

Valued  for  market. 

22  ! 

Briggs  (Gov.  Briggs) 

Tex._. 

1890 

s 

g 

“ 24 

23 : 

Bronson 

Mich.. 

1891 

s 

r ' 

1 .i  22I 

24  | 

Brown  (Early 

Mich.. 

1592 

1 j 

r 1 

••  22 

25  ! 

Burke ... 

Mich.. 

1892 

— j 

r 

26 

Canada  (Early  Canada) . . . 

Mich.. 

IS92 

1 

g 

1 

“ 22 

27 

Carolina  (Beauty) 

Mich. 

1*92 

28 

Chair  (Choice)  

Ohio  . 

1890 

s 

r j 

•*  22 

29 

Champion  (Mich.) 

Mich.. 

1890 

1 

8 

“ 26 

30 

Champion  (Ohio) 

Ohio  . 

1892 

s 

g 

“ 24 

31 

Chili  (Hill’s  Chili) 

Mich. 

1888 

1 

T , 

“ 22 1 

Oct.  5 

JT  y 

s , 

Comes  true  from  the 

nif 

32  j 

Chili  (Seedling  2) 

Mich.. 

1888 

1 

r 

“ 22, 

44  7! 

yr  y 

8 V 

PIXa 

Seedling  by  C.  Engle. 

33 

Chili  (Seedling  3).._ 

Mich.. 

15*8 

r > 

44  7; 

yr  y 

6 V 

Seedling  by  C.  Engle. 

34 

Cleffey  (Allen) 

Mich.. 

1*92 

s 

r 

35  ! 

Collister  ( McCollister) . . . 

Mo... 

1891 

s 

r 

May  24 

36 

Colombia 

Mo.... 

1891 

r 

r j 

“ 22 

37 

Conkiing 

Mo... 

1890 

1 

r 

“ 92 

38  : 

Coolidge . 

Mich.. 

1892 

s 

g 

“ 26 

w r p 

V 1 

Old  and  valued. 

39  [ 

Comer . 

Mich.. 

1S91 

s 

r 

“ 22j 

Oct.  5 

An  Allegan  Co.  seed- 

ling. 

40  ; 

Crawford  (Early) 

Mich.. 

1888 

s 

g 

“ 22; 

Sept.  7 

yr  y 

v ! 

Fruit  buds  not  hardy. 

41 

Crawford  (8eedling  1 i 

Mich.. 

IS8S 

s 

g 

“ 22' 

“ 10 

yr  y 

v ! 

Seedling  by  C.  Engle. 

42 

Crawford  (Seedling  2) 

Mich.. 

1888 

s 

g 

“ 29 

“ 14 

yr  y 

V j 

Seedling  by  C.  Engle. 

43 

Crosby ..  

Ma'-s. . 

1892 

s 

r [ 

“ 29 

44 

Crotbers  . .....  

Tex. 

1891 

s 

g 

“ 22 

Oct.  9 

Quality  good  here. 

45 

Cuba  (Dwarf  Cuba) 

Mich. 

1592 

— 

T 

46 

Dennis 

Mich.. 

1891 

1 

g 

“ 22 

47 

Diamond 

Ohio  . 

1892 

s 

g 

4ft  2^ 

48 

Druid  Hill j 

N.  Y- 

1891 

s 

g 

“ 22, 

49 

Dunlap 

Mich.. 

1592 

s 

r 

••  29 

50  , 

Early  York  (Large! 

Mich.. 

1892 

6 

g 

w r p 

8 V j 

Old,  popular,  market. 

51  ; 

Ede  (Capt.  Ede) 

Mich. 

1890. 

8 

r 

May  22 

52 

Elberta 

Tex.„. 

1890 

s 

r 

..  22 

53 

Eldred  Cling. 

Mo... 

1*91 

i : 

g 

“ 20 

Ang.  30 

54  : 

Ellison  

Ohio  . 

1589 

8 

r 

“ 23 

Oct.  9 

yr  y 

8 V 

A promising  market 

variety. 

55 

Engle  (Mammoth). 

Mich.. 

1891 

s 

g 

“ 22! 

Sept.  20 

yr  y 

V i 

Promisin  g f or  m arket . 

56 

Foster 

Mich.. 

18881 

8 

g 

“ 22 

*•  9 

y r j 

V 

Large  and  showy. 

57  ! 

Fox  

Mo.... 

1891 

8 

g 

‘‘  22 

Oct.  9 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


89 


PEACHES—  Continued. 


Number. 

Name. 

Origin. 

| Planted. 

1 Flowers.  1,  large;  s, 
small. 

Glands,  s,  serrate;  g, 

1 globose;  r,  reniform. 

First  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruit. 

Color,  w,  white;  y, 
yellow;  r,  red. 

I Flesh,  p,  pale:  y, 
yellow. 

Flavor,  s,  sweet;  v, 
vinous;  a,  acid. 

Remarks. 

58 

Future  Great 

Mo... 

1891 

g 

59 

Garfield 

Mich. 

1892 

g 

60 

Gem  Cling 

Tex.... 

1890 

8 

r 

May 

22 

61 

George  IV.  (George  the 

Fourth)  ..  ..  

N.  Y... 

1888 

8 

g 

22 

Sept.  6 

W I 

P 

8 V 

An  amateur  variety. 

62 

Globe 

N.  J... 

1888 

S 

g 

22 

“ 29 

wr 

P 

V 

Unproductive  so  far. 

63 

Gold  Drop  (Golden  Drop) 

Mich.. 

1890 

1 

r 

22 

y 

y 

8 

Probably  an  old  vari- 

64 

Good  

N J... 

1890 

8 

g 

it 

22 

ety. 

65 

Grant  (Gen.  Grant)-..  . . 

Mo 

1892 

T 

tt 

26 

66 

Great  Western.  

Mo 

1892 

r 

67 

Gudgeon  (Late) 

Mo 

1891 

S 

r 

ti 

22 

Oct.  17 

w r 

p 

V 

Late,  promising. 

68 

Hale _ 

Mich.. 

1888 

1 

g 

tt 

22 

Aug.  14 

w r 

p 

V 

Best  and  latest  of  the 

half  clings. 

69 

Hale  Oblong 

Mich.. 

1888 

1 

g 

tt 

22 

“ 18 

w r 

p 

V 

Seedling  of  C.  Engle. 

70 

Hale  Round 

Mich.. 

1888 

1 

g 

tt 

22 

“ 18 

wr 

p 

V 

Seedling  of  C.  Engle. 

71 

Hance  Golden 

N.  J.__ 

1890 

8 

g 

tt 

22 

72 

Hance  Smock 

Del.... 

1890 

8 

r 

tt 

22 

Oct.  16 

w r 

p 

V 

Only  one  or  two  speci- 

mens. 

73 

Haas  (John  Haas) .. 

Del-.. 

1890 

1 

r 

t ( 

22 

Aug.  30 

w r 

p 

V 

Promising. 

74 

Heath  Cling 

Del-.. 

1890 

S 

g 

tt 

22 

75 

Hinman 

Mo,... 

1891 

1 

r 

tt 

22 

76 

H.  No.  34 

N.  Y— 

1890 

77 

Hold  On  (Geary’s).. 

Mo... 

1890 

s 

r 

tt 

22 

Oct.  12 

78 

Hughes  (IXL) 

Mo—. 

1892 

.... 

r 

79 

Husted 

Mich.. 

1891 

r 

tt 

22 

Sept.  4 

w r 

p 

V 

80  | 

Hyatt 

N.  J... 

1888 

1 

g 

tt 

22 

Aug.  23 

wr 

p 

V 

Finer  than  Hale. 

81 

Infant  (Wonder) 

Mo 

1892 

s 

g 

tt 

24 

82 

Ingold  (Lady  Ingold) 

Mo 

1892 

g 

1 1 

22 

83 

Jacques 

Mo-.. 

1892 

8 

r 

tt 

24 

84 

Jacques  Late 

Mo-.. 

1892 

S 

g 

tt 

22 

85 

Jones 

Mo 

1882 

8 

g 

tt 

24 

86 

June  Rose . . 

Tex... 

1890 

1 

g 

tt 

22 

Sept.  16 

w r 

p 

8 V 

Promising. 

87 

Kalamazoo 

Mich- 

1890 

8 

r 

t k 

22 

Oct.  2 

y 

y 

8 V 

Profitable  for  market. 

88 

Kaloola 

N.J— 

1892 

g 

«t 

22 

89 

Kevitt  Cling  (McKevitt 

Cling 

Mo-.. 

1892 



g 

t t 

22 

90 

Late  Barnard 

Mich— 

1892 

S 

r 

tt 

22 

91 

Late  Snow"  (Snow’s  Late). 

Ohio  . 

1890 

8 

r 

tt 

22 

Sept.  20 

yr 

y 

s 

Promising. 

92 

Late  White 

Mich- 

1888 

S 

r 

tk 

22 

Oct.  7 

w r 

p 

V 

Seedling  of  C.  Engle. 

93 

Lemon  Cling ...  ... 

N.  J— . 

1888 

S 

g 

t t 

22 

Sept.  25 

yr 

y 

8 V 

An  excellent  cling. 

94 

Lewis 

Mich. . 

1891 

1 

r 

tt 

22 

“ 8 

95 

Lock  Cling  ...  . .. 

Mo-.. 

1892 

s 

r 

»t 

22 

96 

Louise  (Early  Louise) 

Mich- 

1891 

1 

r 

tt 

22 

97 

Love  All 

Mo— . 

1892 

s 

g 

t t 

24 

98 

Lovett  (White) 

N.  J— 

1890 

s 

r 

22 

99 

Magdala 

N.  Y... 

1890 

8 

r 

t k 

22 

100  1 

Mammoth  Heath 

Mo-.. 

1892 

1 

r 

tt 

22 

101 

Marshall  (Marshall’s  Late) 

Ohio  . 

1890 

8 

r 

tt 

24 

102  1 

Marshal  Neil 

Mo-.. 

1892 

1 

r 

t t 

22 

103 

Milhizer 

Mo-.. 

1892 

8 

g 

tt 

24 

104  | 

Minnie..  

Tex.... 

1890 

8 

r 

tt 

22 

105  ; 

Missouri  (Blood  Leaf) ..... 

Mo— 

1892 

r 

106  1 

Moore  (Moore’s  Fav.).  . 

N.  J— 

1890 

S 

g 

tt 

22 

“ 18 

w r 

p 

V 

Promising. 

107  1 

Morris  County  (Rareripe) 

Del-.. 

1890 

8 

r 

tt 

22 

Oct.  20 

108 

Morris  White 

Mich- 

1888 

8 

r 

ft 

22 

Sept.  29 

w 

p 

V 

Valued  for  canning. 

109 

Mountain  Rose  . . 

Mich- 

1888 

8 

g 

ti 

22 

“ 4 

w r 

p 

8 V 

Profitable. 

110 

Muir  

N.  J— 

1890 

8 

r 

t t 

24 

m 

Murat 

Mich- 

1889 

112  | 

Mystery  (Yellow  Mystery) 

N.J— 

1888 

8 

r 

22 

“ 14 

yr 

y 

V 

Beautiful  and  good. 

1,8 1 

N.  Amer.  Apricot 

Mo-.. 

1892 

.... 

r 

12 


90 

<5 

J2 

S 

0 

S5 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 

PEACHES— Continued. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Planted. 

Flowers.  1.  large;  s. 
small. 

Glands,  s,  serrate;  g, 
globose;  r,  reniform. 

1 ! 
£ 

First  ripe  fruit. 

K 

3 - 
S’SI 

£§ 
o M 

Flesh,  p,  pale ; y, 
yellow. 

Flavor.  8,  sweet;  v, 
vinous;  a,  acid. 

Remarks. 

Nectarine 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

r 

May 

22 

Oct.  7 

w r 

P 

V 

Beautiful,  English. 

Need  ("Need’s  Barnard) ... 

Mo.... 

1892 

8 

r 

“ 

22 1 

No.  34  H 

N.  Y... 

1890 

1 

r 

22  j 

Sept.  18 

y ; 

y 

s 

A yellow  market 

Normand  (Choice) 

Mich.. 

1892 

r 

peach. 

Oldmixon  Cling 

Mich.. 

1888 

S 

g 

44 

22 

Oct.  14 

w r 

p 

▼ 

Popular  for  a cling. 

Ostrander  (Early)... 

Mich.. 

1892 

g 

1 

Palmerston  (Liord  Palm- 

erston) 

N.  Y... 

1890 

1 

g 

»( 

22 

Pansy 

Tex.... 

1890 

s 

r- 

u 

22 

Pearl.  ... 

Mich.. 

1889 

g 

22 

Sept.  25 

w r 

P 

V 

Seedling  by  C.  Engle. 

Picket  (Late) 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

r 

it 

22 

Oct.  18 

Pratt 

N.  Y.- 

1890 

s 

r 

it 

221  Sept.  IS 

yr 

y 

V 

Promising. 

Prince  (Prince’s  Rareripe) 

Del.... 

1890 

s 

g 

tt 

22 

Princess  (of  Wales) 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

g 

I c 

22 

Prize 

Mo,... 

1892 

g 

Prize  1 

Del,... 

1890 

s 

g 

it 

22 

Reed  (Golden) 

N.  J._. 

1890 

8 

g 

fti 

24 

Reeves  (Favorite) 

Mo,... 

1890 

s 

g 

ii 

22 

Ringold.  

Tex. 

1890 

r 

River  Bank 

Mo,... 

1892 

1 

g 

it 

22 

Rivers  (Early  Rivers) 

N.  Y- 

1888 

1 

r 

ii 

22 

lAug.  14 

w r 

p 

V 

Excellent  for  home 

use. 

Rivers  York  (Riv.  Ey.  Yk.) 

N.  Y... 

1890 

1 

g 

Roser 

Mo — 

1892 

1 

r 

ii 

22 

Roseville  Cling 

Mo — 

1892 

1 

g 

ii 

22 

R.  S.  Stevens  

N.  Y._. 

1891 

8 

r 

23 

Saint  John 

Del— 

1890 

1 S 

r 

4 ( 

22 

isept.  11 

j yr 

y 

s 

Has  many  names. 

Sal  way 

Mo.... 

1890 

1 6 

r 

ii 

22 

Oct.  30 

! tv  r 

p 

V 

Best  very  late. 

Scott  (Nonpareil) 

Ohio  . 

1890 

S 

g 

ii 

20 

Sener  

N.  J.__ 

1888 

s 

r 

ii 

22 

Shipley 

Mo.  .. 

1892 

s 

g 

i i 

22 

Shipley  Late 

N.J.__ 

1890 

1 

r 

22 

Silver  (Early  Silver) 

N.  Y-_ 

1888 

1 

r 

ii 

22 

Sept.  10 

Pure  white  to  the  pit. 

Smock  Free 

Mich.. 

1888 

1 8 

i r 

ii 

20 

Oct.  27 

I yr 

y 

V 

A standard  late  peach. 

Smock  X.  

Mo.... 

1892 

r 

Southern  Early 

N.  J.- 

1890 

8 

r 

ii 

22 

Stark  Heath.. 

Mo.._. 

1892 

8 

r 

ii 

22 

Steadly 

Mo,... 

1888 

8 

! r 

ii 

22 

“ 10 

So  far  unproductive. 

Stevens’  Late 

Del— 

1890 

S 

r 

• t 

22 

“ 17 

Of  doubtful  value 

Stevens’  Rareripe.  

Del..  . 

1890 

8 

r 

22 

here. 

Strong  (Mammoth) 

Mo.... 

1892 

8 

1 s 

22 

Stump  (the  World) 

Mo,... 

1890 

8 

g 

ii 

23 

Superb  Cling 

Mo,... 

1892 

r 

Surpasse  (Melocoton) 

N.  Y- 

1890 

8 

r 

ii 

23 

Surprise  (Hynes).  

Tex,... 

1890 

1 

g 

ii 

22 

iAug.  28 

w r 

p 

V 

Promising. 

Switzerland 

Mich.. 

1891 

S 

! g 

22 

Toquin... 

Mich.. 

1892 

1 

r 

22 

jSept.  19 

y 

y 

8 V 

A market  variety. 

Townsend 

Mo,... 

1892 

8 

g 

ii 

22 

Troth  (Early) 

Mich.. 

1888 

8 

g 

ii 

£2 

A market  variety. 

Tuscany  (Hardy  Tuscany) 

Mo.... 

1892 

1 r 



Wager 

Del-.. 

1890 

T' 

r 

22 

Oct.  7 

Variety  incorrect. 

Walker 

Mo..__ 

1892 

s 

g 

1 

22 

Walker  Variegated 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

g 

22 

Waterloo 

N.  Y— 

18*' 

1 

r 

ii 

22 

'Aug.  4 

w r 

p 

V 

Very  early,  promising. 

Wheatland 

N.  Y... 

18" 

g 

g 

»i 

22 

Sept.  18 

w r 

p 

V 

Desirable  if  produc- 

Williamson (Choice) 

Mich.. 

1892 

8 

g 

ii 

22 

tive. 

Worthen  (Jennie  Worthen) 

Tex... . 

1890 

8 

r 

22 

“ 20 

yr 

y 

8 

Promising. 

Wonderful 

Mich.. 

1890 

S 

r 

23 

!Oct.  24 

yr 

y 

V 

Of  uncertain  value. 

Yellow  Rareripe 

Mich.. 

1888 

8 

g 

22 

Sept.  13 

yr 

y 

V 

Several  varieties  so 

named. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


91 


NECTARINES. 


Botanists  class  these  with  peaches,  the  chief  difference  being  in  their  smooth  skins. 


Very  many  of  these  tabulated  varieties  are  but  imperfectly  tested  here 
and  are  included  to  afford  at  least  a partial  means  of  identification  through 
the  flowers  and  leaf  glauds. 

Short  notices  are  given  of  the  more  desirable  varieties  whether  for  mar- 
ket or  domestic  purposes. 

Barnard,  Chili  (Hill’s  Chili),  Gold  Drop,  Gudgeon  (Late),  Hale,  Kala- 
mazoo, Mountain  Rose,  Stump  (the  World),  and  Sal  way  (very  late)  are 
each  and  all  more  or  less  popular  as  market  varieties. 

In  addition  to  these,  Crawford  (Early  and  Late),  Foster,  Oldmixon  Free, 
and  Smock  Free  are  only  less  valued  for  such  purpose  on  account  of 
greater  liability  to  the  winter-killing  of  the  fruit  buds. 

The  delicate  texture  of  many  varieties  to  some  extent  unfits  them  to 
endure  the  rough  treatment  to  which  commercial  varieties  are  usually  sub- 
jected, while  for  this  peculiarity  they  become  the  more  desirable  for  home 
uses.  Among  such  are  the  Crawfords  ( Early  and  Late),  Foster,  George  IV, 
Hale,  Rivers  (Early),  Surprise  (Hynes),  and  Waterloo. 

The  very  early  varieties,  Alexander,  Amsden,  Waterloo,  and  others, 
which  with  their  typical  parent,  the  Hale,  are  known  as  semi-clings,  are 
quite  inclined  to  rot  before  ripening.  Still,  if  planted  in  an  airy  location, 
a few  may  prove  desirable,  at  least  in  the  home  plantation. 

Surprise  (Hynes)  obviously  is  one  of  this  class,  coming  from  Texas.  A 
longer  trial  is  needful  to  determine  its  value  here. 

Brigdon  comes  from  central  New  York  where  it  is  deemed  valuable  for 
the  market.  It  first  fruited  here  this  season. 

Two  seedlings  of  Chili  (Hill’s  Chili),  by  C.  Engle  of  Paw  Paw,  which 
have  produced  fine  crops  here  this  season  are  slightly  later  than  the  par- 
ent, more  highly  colored  and  of  finer  flavor. 

The  same  is  true  of  two  Crawford  (Early)  seedlings  from  the  same  source, 
at  least  one  of  which  promises  well  as  a market  variety. 

Engle  (Mammoth),  also  from  the  same,  has  already  acquired  some  repu- 
tation as  a market  variety. 

Hyatt  and  two  Hale  seedlings  by  Engle  have  produced  fine,  large  crops 
of  fruit;  a little  earlier,  larger,  more  highly  colored  and  less  “clingy”  than 
Hale.  They  give  indications  of  value  for  both  amateur  and  market 

purposes. 

Morris  White  and  Silver  (Early  Silver)  are  heavy  bearers  with  clear 


92 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


white  flesh,  not  colored  at  the  pit,  and  for  that  reason  especially  desirable 
for  canning  or  preserving. 

Ellison  has  borne  a fine  crop;  fruit  yellow,  a good  handler,  and  promis- 
ing for  the  market. 

Toquin,  originating  in  the  town  of  that  name,  and  also  a variety  received 
for  trial  from  New  York  with  the  cabalistic  cognomen,  “No.  34.  H.”  have 
borne  a few  specimens  each  giving  indications  of  adaptation  to  the  market. 

Wonderful,  with  a name  apparently  devised  to  promote  sales,  has  borne 
a few  specimens  which  prove  wonderful,  if  at  all,  from  their  failure  to 
justify  the  name. 

A very  considerable  number  of  others  have  shown  more  or  less  fruit, 
but  in  most  cases  not  sufficient  to  warrant  an  opinion  as  to  their  probable 
value. 

GRAPES  ( Vitis ). 

With  the  exception  of  the  very  severe  drouth  of  the  past  summer  and 
early  autumn,  the  season  has  been  favorable  for  the  grape. 

The  Bose  chafer  (Macrodactylus  subspinosus ),  although  very  numerous 
on  a number  of  plum  trees  on  light  soil,  has,  this  season,  been  very  rare 
upon  the  grape.  A few  grape  vine  flea  beetles,  ( Graptodera  chalybea), 
have  been  found,  but  not  in  considerable  numbers. 

Of  fungi,  powdery  mildew  and  anthracnose,  ( Spaceloma  ampelinum ), 
have  been  somewhat  troublesome,  although  almost  wholly  confined  to  var- 
ieties hybridized  with  V.  vinifera . 

The  grapes,  in  common  with  the  entire  plantation,  received  a spray  of 
Bordeaux  mixture,  of  the  usual  strength,  after  pruning  in  the  autumn  of 
1892,  for  the  destruction  of  the  resting  spores  of  fungi. 

Prior  to  the  commencement  of  operations  for  the  current  year,  plants 
were  reserved  as  the  basis  of  a set  of  experiments  in  the  use  of  a variety  of 
mixtures  as  preventives  or  remedies  for  fungi,  as  follows: 

Of  Moore  Early,  Salem,  Ulster  and  Wyoming,  five  sets,  of  two  plants 
each. 

Of  Brighton,  six  sets,  of  three  plants  each. 

Of  Concord  and  Niagara,  six  sets,  of  two  plants  each. 

Of  each  variety,  the  first  set  was  left  unsprayed,  as  a means  of 
comparison. 

The  second  set  of  each  of  the  four  first  named  varieties  was  sprayed  four 
times,  on  April  15,  May  25,  June  20  and  July  10,  with  ^ lb.  copper  sul- 
phate, 1 lb.  carbonate  of  ammonia  in  32  gallons  water. 

The  third  set  of  the  same  received  four  sprayings  on  or  near  the  same 
dates,  with  ammoniated  copper  carbonate  in  32  gallons  water. 

The  fourth  set  was  sprayed  at  above  dates,  with  modified  Eau  Celeste. 

The  fifth  received  a spray  at  same  four  dates  with  1 lb.  copper  sulphate, 
§ lb.  stone  lime  in  50  gallons  water. 

Upon  examination  made  at  the  close  of  the  growing  season,  upon  the 
scale  of  1 to  10: 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


98 


Moore  ( Early )_  . 

No.  1 

ranked  1 

a 

U 

2 

“ 3 

n 

a 

3 

“ 4 

a 

a 

4 

“ 4 

ii 

a 

5 

“ 2 

Ulster . . 

n 

1 

“ 3 

n 

2 

“ 5 

a, 

a 

3 

“ 3 

a 

a 

4 

“ 3 

a 

ii 

5 

“ 3 

Wyoming 

No. 

1 ranked  2 

a 

ii 

2 

“ 1 

a 

a 

3 

“ 3 

a 

ti 

4 

“ 1 

a 

a 

5 

“ 1 

Salem.. 

it 

1 

“ 1 

a 

a 

2 

“ 2 

a 

a 

3 

“ 2 

ii 

a 

4 

“ 1 

ii 

a 

5 

“ 2 

Of  Brighton,  Concord  and  Niagara,  also,  the  first  sets  were  not  sprayed. 
The  second  sets  were  sprayed  but  once,  and  that  before  growth 
commenced. 

The  third  sets  were  sprayed  once  only,  and  that  soon  after  blooming. 
The  fourth  sets  were  sprayed  on  April  14,  and  again  on  June  15,  using 
4 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  3 lbs.  stone  lime,  in  22  gallons  water. 

The  fifth  sets  received  three  sprayings  of  the  same  on  April  14,  June  1 
and  July  1. 

The  sixth  sets  were  sprayed  four  times  with  the  same  on  April  14,  May 
27,  June  20  and  July  10. 

Brighton “ 

a << 


a a 

a it 


Concord “ 

a a 

a u 

»<  (< 

u it 

tl  u 


In  all  these  cases  the  defects  were  mainly  in  foliage  rather  than  fruit. 

The  annual  pruning  of  grapes  having  been  completed,  and  the  cuttings 
and  fallen  foliage  removed  and  burned,  on  November  9 and  10,  a thor- 
ough spray  was  given  them  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  spores  of 
fungi. 

It  is  clearly  true  that,  in  the  interest  of  pomological  accuracy  as  well  as 
brevity,  the  use  of  numbers,  whether  in  connection  with  names  of  fruits 
or  otherwise,  should  never  have  been  tolerated,  and  should  be  discouraged 
and  abandoned,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  very  many  otherwise  critical 
and  careful  pomologists  still  indulge  in  their  use.  In  the  interest  of  reform 
therefore,  in  this  report,  numbers  attached  to  names  are  omitted,  save  in 
the  case  of  trial  varieties  not  yet  offered  to  the  public,  and  which  have  not 
yet  established  their  right  to  receive  a name. 

Short  notices  are  appended  of  several  desirable,  well  known  varieties, 
also  of  others,  less  generally  known,  and  of  yet  others,  comparatively  new 
or  yet  unintrpduced. 


Niagara 


2 

1 

1 

1 

i 

ii 


94 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


GRAPES. 


Number. 

Name. 

I 

Origin. 

| Planted. 

1,  large;  m,  medi- 
um ; s,  small. 

1,  long;  m,  medi- 
um; s,  short;  sh, 
shouldered. 

1,  large;  m,  medi- 
um; s,  small. 

r,  round;  o,  oval. 

First  bloom. 

Ripe. 

Quality,  1 to  10. 

Product,  1 to  10. 

Remarks. 

Bunch. 

Berry. 

Size. 

Form. 

Size, 

Form. 

1 

Adirondac 

N.  Y... 

1890 

1 

1 sh 

1 

r 

June  24 

Sep.  10-17 

8 

8 

Plant  of  uncertain  iden- 

tity. 

2 

Agawam 

Mass... 

1888 

1 

1 sh 

1 

r 

44 

24 

“ 17-24 

7 

8 

A long  keeper. 

3 

Aminia  

Mass. . 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

26 

“ 17-24 

8 

9 

A Rogers’  hybrid. 

4 

August  Giant 

N.  Y.._ 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

o 

44 

26 

“ 24- 

Oct.  1 

5 

4 

Identity  doubtful. 

5 

Barry 

Mass. . 

1888 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

(1 

24 

Sep.  17-24 

8 

7 

Inclined  to  mildew. 

6 

Beagle.  

Texas . 

1889 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

14 

24 

Oct.  5-10 

6 

7 

Of  medium  quality. 

7 

Bell 

Texas. 

1889 

s 

s 

m 

r 

44 

26 

Sep.  17-24 

4 

| Trial  imperfect. 

8 

Belvidere  .. 

111.  ... 

1890 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

3 

'9 

Very  early. 

9 

Berckmans...  _ _ 

S.  C._. 

1891 

Not  yet  fruited  here. 

10 

Black  Eagle 

N.  Y... 

1890 

1 

m sh 

1 

r 

June  27 

Sep.  10-17 

3 

9 

A wine  grape  here. 

11 

Black  Pearl 

Ohio.. 

1890 

s 

r 

*4 

29lOct.  3-10 

Only  a wine  grape. 

12 

Texas . 

1889 

s 

s 

r 

44 

24 

Needs  further  trial. 

13 

Brighton  

N.  Y... 

1888 

1 

1 sh 

1 

r 

44 

27 

Sep.  17-24 

10 

7 

Requires  cross  fertiliza- 

» 

tion. 

14 

Brilliant 

Texas. 

1889 

s 

8 

1 

r 

44 

28 

“ 17-24 

3 

Mildews  badly. 

15 

Burnett 

Ont.  . 

1891 

1 

m sh 

1 

o 

Try  further. 

16 

Cambridge 

Mass. . 

1890 

1 

sh 

1 

o 

June  24 

Sep.  10-17 

6 

8 

17 

Campbell  . _ 

Texas . 

1889 

m 

r 

44 

22 

“ 10-17 

5 

Imperfectly  tested. 

18 

Catawba 

S.  C.?- 

1888 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

27 

Oct.  1-8 

7 

"8 

Scarcely  ripens  here. 

19 

Cayuga.  

N.  Y... 

1889 

s 

s 

r 

8 

Needs  a longer  trial. 

20 

Caywood  50 

N.  Y... 

1888 

m 

1 

r 

June  21 

Sep.  10-17 

6 

9 

Promising  for  market. 

21 

Centennial 

N.  Y.__ 

1890 

m 

m sh 

m 

r 

44 

22 

17-24 

9 

10 

Foliage  not  healthy. 

22 

Challenge 

N.  J... 

1890 

s 

sh 

m 

r 

21 

“ 17-24 

6 

8 

Very  early. 

28 

Champion 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

24 

Aug.  27- 

Sep.  2 

3 

8 

Almost  worthless. 

24 

Chidester  1. 

Mich.. 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

26 

Sep.  10-17 

9 

3 

Good,  but  unprofitable. 

25 

Chidester  2 

Mich.. 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

27 

“ 17-  24 

6 

8 

Promising  for  market. 

23 

( Ihidester  3 

Mich.. 

1892 

14 

26 

“ 10-17 

First  fruited. 

27 

Chidester  4 

Mich.. 

1892 

1 

o 

26 

“ 27- 

Oct.  2 

8 

Imperfectly  tested. 

28 

Clark. 

Div  Pom 

1892 

Cuttings  from  Div.  of 

29 

Clevener  

N.  Y._. 

1890 

m 

1 

s 

r 

Oct.  3-10 

6 

7l 

Pomology. 
Imperfectly  tested. 

30 

Clinton 

N.Y ... 

1891 

6 

s sh 

s 

r 

June  21 

“ 3-10 

3 

10 

Very  acid  till  late. 

31 

Colerain . 

Ohio.. 

1892 

Awaits  further  trial. 

32 

Columbia 

D.C— 

1891 

- J 

Vine  a poor  grower. 

33 

Concord 

Mass... 

1888 

m 1 

1 sh 

m 

r 

June  21 

Sep.  24-30 

'5 

9 

Standard  market  grape. 

34 

Cortland 

N.  Y._. 

1890 

m 

1 

m 1 

44 

21 

Aug.  27- 

Sep.2 

4 

8 

Very  early. 

35 

Cottage  

Mass. . 

1890 

m 1 

m 

m 

r 

ik 

22 

Sep.  10-17 

4 

5 

Not  valuable. 

86 

Crevelling 

PeDn.. 

1890 

1 

1 

m 

r 

44 

26 

“ 3-10 

8 

5 

Early.  Thin  bearer. 

37 

Delaware 

N.  J... 

1888 

8 

sh 

s 

r 

i( 

22 

“ 17-24 

10 

10 

Has  few  superiors. 

38 

Diamond 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

44 

27 

“ 13-17 

8 

10 

Amateur  and  market. 

39 

Diana .... 

Mass.. 

1888 

m 

m 

m 

r 

44 

26 

Oct.  8-15 

7 

7 

A long  keeper.  Foxy. 

40 

Downing  

N.Y.._ 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

o 

44 

24 

Sep.  24- 

Oct.  1 

8 

7 

Hybrid.  Keeps  late. 

41 

Dracut  (Amber)  . 

Mass. . 

1890 

1 

1 sh 

1 

r 

44 

24 

Sep.  10-17 

3 

7i 

Utterly  unworthy. 

42 

Duchess  . 

N.  Y... 

1888 

1 

1 sh 

m 

r o 

44 

29 

“ 17-24 

10 

51 

Mildews  badly. 

43 

Early  M arket 

Texas. 

1889 

'8 

s 

s 

r 

44 

23 

“ 10-17 

2 

21 

Not  desirable  here. 

44 

Early  Victor 

Kan. .. 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

41 

26 

“ 3-10 

8 

7 

Promising. 

45 

Eaton 

Mass. . 

1888 

1 

sh 

1 j 

r 

44 

26 

“ 17-24 

5 

8 

Showy.  Market. 

46 

Elaine.. 

Mich.. 

1889 

44 

26 

“ 14-24 

C.  Engle.  Try  further. 

47 

El  Dorado 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

44 

29 

“ 17-24 

*8 

.. 

One  of  Rickett’s  seed- 

lings. 

48 

Elvira. 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

s sh 

m 

r 

44 

28 

“ 10-17 

2 

10 

Not  valuable  here. 

49 

Empire  State. 

N.  Y... 

1888 

1 

sh 

m 

r o 

44 

29 

“ 17-24 

8 

7I 

Excellent.  White. 

50 

Essex 

Mass. 

1889 

m 

s sh 

1 

r 

44 

27 

“ 24-30 

5 

6 

Not  valuable. 

51 

Esther 

.. 

Not  yet  fruited. 

52 

Etta 

Mo.... 

1890 

s 

sh 

m 

r 

June  28 

Sep.  24-30 

2 

8 

A wine  grape. 

53 

Eugenie  

N.  Y.-_ 

1891 



Not  vet  fruited. 

54 

Eumelan 

N.  Y... 

1888 

m j 

sh 

s m 

r 

June  24 

Sep.  i7-24 

7 

‘8 

Has  many  good  quali- 

ties. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT, 


95 


GRAPES— Continued. 


Number. 

Name. 

1 

Origin. 

| Planted. 

l,  large;  m,  medi- 
um; s,  small. 

1,  long;  m,  medi- 
um; s,  short;  sh, 
shouldered. 

1,  large;  m,  medi- 
um; s,  small. 

r,  round;  o,  oval. 

First  bloom. 

Ripe. 

[ Quality,  1 to  10. 

1 Product,  1 to  10. 

Bunch. 

Berry. 

Size 

Form. 

Size. 

Form. 

55 

Eva  

Penn.. 

1889 

s 

s 

m 

r 

Jnno  24 

3 

56 

Excelsior 

N.  Y.._ 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

Sep.  6 

8 

57 

Faith 

Mo  ... 

1891 

58 

Gaertner.. 

Mass. 

1889 

m 

m 1 

June  30 

59 

Geneva  

N.Y... 

1891 

44 

26 

60 

Goethe 

Mass. . 

1889 

ml 

sh 

1 

o 

44 

26 

Oct.  1-8 

5 

61 

Golden  Drop 

N.Y.P, 

1889 

8 

8 

8 

r 

44 

27 

Sep.  10-17 

9 

62 

Golden  Gem 

N.  Y... 

1890 

S 

sh 

S 

r 

“ 24 

10 

63 

Guinevra 

Mich,. 

1891 

64 

Hall 

Mich,. 

1893 

65 

Hartford 

Conn.. 

1889 

1 

1 sh 

m 

r 

June  24 

Sep.  10-17 

2 

10 

66 

Hayes 

Mass.. 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

24 

“ 10-17 

8 

9 

67 

Herbert  

Mass.  . 

1889 

1 

m sh 

1 

r 

44 

26 

“ 10-17 

7 

8 

68 

Highland 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

1 sh 

1 

r 

30 

5 

9 

69 

Honey 

Mich.. 

1891 

70 

Iona 

N.  Y.-_ 

1888 

1 

1 sh 

m 

o 

June  22 

Sep.  17-24 

10 

5 

71 

Iris  

Mich.. 

1891 

sh 

1 

r 

44 

22 

“ 17-24 

8 

72 

Isabella 

8.  C.?. 

1888 

1 

1 sh 

1 

o 

44 

24 

Oct.  8-15 

9 

"9 

73 

Ives 

Ohio.. 

1890 

m 1 

sh 

m 

o 

14 

24 

Sep. 10-16 

4 

9 

74 

Janesville 

Wis.P . 

1889 

s 

s sh 

m 

r 

U 

21 

“ 27-30 

4 

10 

75 

Jefferson  

N.Y— 

1888 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

“ 

29 

Oct.  8-15 

9 

10 

76 

Jessica 

Ont. .. 

1888 

8 

s 

s 

r 

“ 

23 

Aug.  27- 

Sep.  2 

10 

8 

77 

Jewell 

Kan. .. 

1889 

m s 

s 

m s 

r 

44 

27 

Sep.  3-10 

8 

8 

78 

Josselyn  5-2-1 

N.Y... 

1890 

m 

m sh 

1 

r 

44 

26 

“ 17-24 

6 

79 

Josselyn  7-2-1 

N.Y... 

1890 

80 

Josselyn  9-2-1 

N.  Y... 

1890 

sh 

m 

r 

June  29 

Sep.  24-30 

5 

81 

Josselyn  10-2-1... 

N.  Y... 

1890 

•82 

Lady . . 

Ohio.. 

1888 

m s 

8 

m 1 

r 

June  27 

Sep.  10-17 

9 

7 

83 

Lady  Washington 

N.Y... 

1888 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

44 

27 

Oct.  8-15 

8 

10 

84 

Leader 

Ohio.. 

1890 

m 

r 

44 

21 

6 

85 

Leavenworth 

Kan. .. 

1890 

86 

Lindley 

Mass.  . 

1889 

m 1 

sh 

1 

r 

June  27 

Sep.  10-17 

7 

-- 

87 

Lutie ... 

Tenn., 

1890 

m 

s sh 

m 

r 

*4 

22 

“ 24-30 

2 

9 

88 

Martha  

Penn.. 

1890 

26 

89 

Mason 

Mich., 

1891 

90 

Massasoit 

Mass. . 

1888 

m 

8 

m 1 

r 

June  22 

Sep.  17-24 

8 

8 

91 

Merrimac..  

Mass.  . 

1888 

s 

8 

1 

r 

44 

24 

“ 17-24 

7 

7 

92 

Michigan 

Mich.. 

1889 

s 

S 

m 1 

r 

27 

“ 10-17 

7 

93 

Mills 

Ont.  .. 

1888 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

44 

27 

“ 17-27 

8 

"9 

94 

Minnesota 

Minn.. 

1890 

m 

1 

m 

r 

44 

24 

“ 24-30 

4 

8 

95 

Monroe 

N.  Y... 

1889 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

“ 

27 

“ 17-24 

7 

9 

96 

Moore  Early 

Mass. . 

1880 

m 

m 

I 

r 

44 

26 

Aug.  27-81 

4 

6 

97 

Moyer 

Ont. .. 

1888 

s 

s sh 

m 

r 

44 

27 

Sep.  3-10 

7 

7 

98 

Naomi 

N.  Y... 

1889 

1 

1 sh 

m 

r o 

44 

29 

Oct.  1-8 

6 

8 

99 

Nectar 

N.  Y.._ 

1888 

1 

sh 

8 

r 

July 

5 

Sep.  10-17 

8 

2 

100 

Niagara 

N.  Y.. 

1888 

1 

sh 

1 

r o 

June  24 

“ 24-30 

5 

10 

101 

Northern  Light  _ . 

Ont.  .. 

1890 

m 

1 

m 

r 

44 

28 

“ 17-24 

8 

102 

Olita 

Texas. 

1889 

•4 

29 

103 

Oneida 

N.Y. 

1890 

m 

sh 

1 

r 

4ft 

26 

Sep.  17-24 

104 

Osage 

Kan.P. 

1890 

1 

r 

“ 

27 

“ 10-17 

*7 

105 

Owosso 

Mich. 

1890 

1 

8 

1 

r 

44 

28 

“ 17-24 

5 

10 

106 

Ozark 

Kan.P 

1890 

m 

s sh 

m 

r 

4. 

28 

• 

3 

6 

•107  ; 

Palmer  . 

N.Y... 

1890 

m 

m 

1 

r 

26 

Sep.  10-17 

6 

5 

108 

Peabody 

N.Y..  1890 

m | 

m sh 

m 

o 

“ 

26 

“ 3-10 

5 

10 

Remarks. 


Unworthy. 

Of  doubtful  value. 

Not  properly  tested. 
Needs  longer  trial. 

Not  yet  fruited. 

Too  late  for  the  north. 
Vine  unsatisfactory. 
Vine  a slow  grower. 

C.  Engle.  Not  yet  fruit- 
ed. 

Not  yet  fruited. 

Too  poor.  Fruit  drops. 
Excellent.  White. 

Of  fair  quality. 

Does  not  ripen  here. 

C.  Engle.  Further  trial. 
Best,  often  fails. 

The  first  fruit. 

Needs  a long  season. 

A market  grape. 
Hardiness  its  chief 
merit. 

A long  keeper.  Excel- 
lent. 

Rich.  Early.  Seedy. 
New.  Try  further. 

Its  first  fruiting. 

Not  fruited. 

First  bearing. 

Not  fruited. 

Early.  Sweet.  Rich. 
Ripens  late.  White. 
But  partially  tested. 

Not  yet  fruited. 

One  of  the  Rogers’  hy- 
brids. 

Foxy.  Sweet,  worthless. 
Plant  not  true  to  name. 
A Michigan  seedling. 
Anthracnose  on  fruit. 

A vigorous  grower. 

Need  further  trial. 

A long  keeper.  Fine. 
Showy.  Not  valuable. 
Seedling  of  western  N. 
Y. 

For  early  market. 

Very  early.  Amateur. 
Value  doubtful. 
Unproductive.  Poor 
foliage. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy. 
Needs  further  trial. 
Needs  further  trial. 

Give  further  trial. 

Needs  further  trial. 

Like  Catawba,  but 
earlier. 

Not  a table  grape. 
Probably  an  old  variety. 
Flavor  not  pleasant. 


96 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


G RAPES— Continued. 


i . 

% 33 

13 

> 

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J- 

(D 

a 

a> 

Bunch. 

Berry. 

0 

2 

o 

U 

p 

00 

CL) 

eg 

r3 

£4 

0 

& 

O 

sr 

Size. 

Form. 

Size. 

Form. 

E 

5 

3 

<y 

109 

Perkins. 

Mass. . 

1889 

m 

sh 

m 

o 

June  24 

Sep.  3-10 

3 

7 

Foxy,  very  poor. 
Foxy,  showy,  late. 

110 

Pocklington 

N.  Y._. 

1888 

1 

sn 

1 

r 

“ 26 

“ 24-30 

6 

8 

111 

Poughkeepsie 

N.Y... 

1888 

s 

m sh 

s 

s sh 

“ 27 

“ 17-24 

10 

1 

Nearly  a failure  here. 

112 

Prentiss 

N.  Y._. 

1888 

m 

m 

m 

r o 

“ 27 

“ 10-17 

10 

8 

A good  keeper. 
Unworthy  so  far. 

113 

President  (Lyon) 

Texas. 

1889 

s 

8 

8 

r 

“ 24 

“ 17-24 

6 

1 

114 

Kan.?. 

1890 

s 

S 

1 

r 

“ 26 

6 

Not  fully  tested. 

115 

Pulpless 

Mich.  . 

1892 

C.  Engle.  Not  fruited.. 
Identity  doubtful. 

Needs  further  trial. 

116 

Purity 

Ohio.. 

1889 

m 

1 

1 

r 

June  27 

Sep.  8-15 
“ 17-24 

6 

6 

117 

Rentz . 

Ohio. 

1889 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

*•  29 

4 

118 

Requa  ... 

Mass.  . 

1890 

1 

m sh 

m 

r 

“ 27 

“ 22 

“ 10-17 

7 

'i 

Another  Rogers’  hybrid. 
Soon  loses  in  flavor. 

119 

Rochester  

N.Y... 

1890 

1 

m sh 

m 

r 

“ 10-17 

6 

10 

120 

Rockwood 

N.Y.?. 

189J 

Not  yet  fruited  here. 
Sweet  and  rich. 

121 

Rogers  5 

Mass.  . 

1889 

m 1 

8 ' 

1 

r 

June  27 

Sep.  17-24 
“ 24-30 

7 

122 

Rogers  8 

Mass.  . 

1889 

m 

m 

1 

r 

“ 26 

5 

‘7 

Rather  late. 

123 

Rogers  24 

Mass.  . 

1889 

m 

m 

1 

r 

“ 27 

“ 17-24 

4 

7 

Bunch  often  small. 

124 

Rogers  30 . 

Mass. . 

1889 

1 

m 

1 

r 

“ 27 

Oct.  1-8 

6 

Bunch  often  imperfect. 
Too  far  north. 

125 

Rommell  ..  

Texas . 

1889 

m 

m 6h 

m 

r 

“ 26 

Sep.  17-24 
“ 17-24 

3 

'6 

126 

Salem ... 

Mass. . 

1888 

1 

s 

1 

r 

“ 24 

6 

7 

Largest  of  Rogers’  hy- 

127 

Secretary  

N.Y... 

1890 

1 

1 sh 

m 

r o 

“ 24 

“ 10-17 

10 

9 

Vine  unhealthy. 

One  of  the  early  natives. 

128 

Telegraph  

Penn.. 

1890 

m 1 

sh 

m 1 

r 

“ 24 

“ 3-10 

6 

8 

129 

Themis  

Mich.. 

1801 

Engle.  Not  yet  fruited. 
Will  not  ripen  here. 

130 

Triumph 

Ohio.. 

1890 

1 

1 sh 

*1 

r 

June  29 

Oct.  15-22 

8 

10 

131 

Ulster 

n.£__ 

1888 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

“ 22 

Sep.  8-15 

9 

10 

Excellent.  Red. 

132 

Verge  nnes 

vt.  . 

1890 

m 

1 

1 

r 

“ 24 

“ 24-30 

6 

7 

A market  grape. 

Engle.  Not  yet  fruited. 
Variety  is  spurious. 

133 

Vesta.  . 

Mich.. 

1891 

134 

Victoria 

N.Y... 

1890 

.... 

i sti 

m 

r 

June  25 

I Sep.  24-30 

‘3 

io 

135 

Warder. 

Ill 

1892 

From  Div.  Pom.  Not 

— 

fruited. 

136 

Wells...  . 

Mo.._. 

1890 

6 

8 

m 

r 

June  24 

Sep.  8-15 

2 

Needs  further  trial. 

137 

White  Ann  Arbor 

Mich. . 

1888 

Has  failed  to  fruit  here. 

138 

White  Beauty 

Kan... 

1890 

s 

r 

June  25 

“ 22l 

Sep.  17-24 

6 

.. 

Needs  further  trial. 

139 

White  Imperial. . 

Kan... 

1890 

8 

8 

8 

r 

**  3-10 

8 

Promising,  white. 

140 

Wilder 

Mass.  . 

1888 

1 

sh 

1 

r 

“ 24 

“ 17-24 

8 

8 

One  of  Rogers’  best. 

141 

Willis 

111. 

1890 

m 

sh 

m 

r 

“ 26 

“ 10-17 

Plant  probably  spuri- 
ous. 

Best  of  its  season,  early. 
White  Concord  seed- 

142 

Winchell  

Vt-.... 

1889 

1 

sh 

m 

r 

“ 26 

Aug.  27-30 

10 

10 

143 

Witt  

Ohio.. 

1889 

29 

Sep  17-24 

7 

7 

ling. 

144 

Woodruff . 

Mich. 

1888 

1 

s sh 

1 

r 

“ 24 

“ 24-80 

4 

7 

Varies  in  quality. 

An  improved  Concord. 
Of  little  value. 

145  | 

Worden  .. 

N.  Y. 

1888 

1 

8 

1 

r 

“ 24 

“ 17-24 

6 

8 

146  | 

Wyoming 

N.  Y._. 

1888 

s 

sh 

s m 

r 

“ 24 

“ 10-17 

3 

6 

Agawam  is  one  of  the  numerous  Rogers’  hybrids,  of  fair  quality.  It 
keeps  till  March,  with  ordinary  care,  in  a cool  cellar. 

Aminia  is,  by  some  good  judges,  considered  the  best  of  the  Rogers' 
hybrids. 

Beagle,  Bell,  Blanco,  Brilliant,  Campbell,  Olita,  President  (Lyon),  and 
Rommell,  all  seedlings  of  T.  Y.  Munson  of  Texas,  are  now  just  in  bearing, 
with  little  apparent  promise,  so  far,  of  value  in  this,  to  them,  far  northern 
region.  The  fruit  mildews  badly,  although  thoroughly  sprayed. 

Brighton  is  very  vigorous  and  productive,  planted  as  it  is  here  among 
other  varieties,  which  may  be  supposed  to  insure  the  more p perfect  fer- 
tilization of  its  bloom.  In  quality  it  has  few  if  any  superiors,  though  it 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


97 


goon  begins  to  deteriorate,  not  retaining  its  fine  flavor  beyond  early 
December. 

Cay  wood  (No.  50)  was  received  in  1888  or  1889  for  trial,  from  its  orig- 
inator, the  late  A.  J.  Caywood  of  Marlboro,  New  York.  It  has  now  fruited 
two  or  three  years,  giving  promise  of  value  for  the  market. 

Chidester,  Nos.  1,  2,  8 and  4,  are  Labrusca  seedlings,  by  C.  P.  Chidester 
of  this  State,  which  give  decided  promise  of  value.  Nos.  1 and  2 were 
exhibited  for  premium  at  the  State  fair  in  1887,  and  the  first  premium 
was  awarded  to  No.  1 by  the  State  Horticultural  Society,  which  named  it 
President  Lyon,  the  same  name  having  been  subsequently  bestowed  by  T. 
Y.  Munson  of  Texas  upon  one  of  his  seedlings  (see  tabular  No.  113). 
The  quality  of  No.  1 is  excellent  but,  so  far,  it  is  a very  thin  bearer. 

Cortland  has,  this  season,  produced  a bountiful  first  crop  here.  It  is 
very  early,  even  earlier  than  Moore;  large,  black;  it  has  a possible  value 
as  a market  grape  for  that  reason. 

Delaware,  here,  proves  quite  as  productive  and  profitable  as  Concord, 
since  its  beauty  and  superior  quality,  notwithstanding  its  diminutive  size, 
insure  higher  prices  in  the  market. 

Diamond  is  early;  both  bunch  and  berry  large;  the  plant  is  vigorous 
and  productive.  Its  good  quality  and  showy  appearance  render  it  a special 
favorite  with  the  birds. 

Goethe  (a  Rogers’  hybrid),  Highland  (a  Ricketts’  hybrid)  and  Triumph, 
a hybrid  by  Campbell  of  Ohio,  are  all  too  late  for  the  latitude  of  Michigan, 
save  under  exceptionally  favorable  conditions. 

Guinevra,  Honey,  Iris,  Michigan,  Pulpless,  Thermis  and  Vesta  are 
seedlings  originated  by  C.  Engle  of  Michigan.  So  far  as  tested,  several  of 
them  are  of  good  quality.  Several,  if  not  all  of  them,  are  vigorous.  A 
longer  trial  is  needful. 

Hayes,  of  medium  season;  Lady,  early;  Pocklington,  rather  late,  and 
Lady  Washington,  still  later,  are  amateur  white  grapes,  with  the  exception 
of  Pocklington,  scarcely  adapted  to  the  market. 

Iona  stands  out  prominently  as  the  finest  of  the  high  flavored  class  of 
American  grapes.  The  late  Edward  Bradfield  of  Ada,  Michigan,  was 
eminently  successful  in  growing  and  fruiting  it,  and  the  same,  for  a time, 
was  true  of  Judge  Ramsdell,  even  as  far  north  as  Traverse  City,  and  yet, 
wfith  most  growers,  it  has  proved  a sad  failure. 

Isabella,  one  of  the  oldest  of  our  native  varieties,  where  it  can  be  fully 
ripened,  still  stands  high,  even  as  a dessert  grape.  It  is  also  a good 
keeper. 

Janesville  is  valuable,  if  at  all,  for  its  earliness  and  abundant  hardiness, 
which  render  it  useful  in  trying  locations  in  which  better  varieties  would 
be  likely  to  fail. 

Jefferson,  a cross  of  Concord  and  Iona,  by  Ricketts,  is  among  the  most 
desirable  of  long  keepers.  Its  flavor  is  mild  and  pleasant  and  the  pulp  is 
very  tender.  It  can  be  kept  till  March  without  special  care. 

Jessica  is  a very  early  white  grape;  small,  white  and  very  sweet;  seeds 
large  for  the  size  of  the  berry. 

Jewell,  originated  by  the  late  John  Burr  of  Kansas,  is  rather  small  in 
both  bunch  and  berry,  but,  on  account  of  its  earliness  and  generally  good 
qualities,  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  black  amateur  grapes. 

Of  four  varieties  received  for  trial  from  Josselyn  of  New  York,  two 
have  now  fruited  here,  for  the  first  time,  one  a black  grape  and  the  other 
13 


98 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


white.  Both  are  promising,  although  they  require  more  extended  trial. 
They  are  yet  nameless. 

Lutie  has  been  several  years  before  the  public  and,  so  far,  meets  nearly 
universal  condemnation.  Although  sweet,  it  is  intolerably  foxy.  Unde- 
sirable for  any  purpose. 

Niagara  has  apparently  already  acquired  an  assured  position  as  the 
leading  white  market  grape.  Though  not  superior,  if  even  equal  to  Con- 
•cord  in  quality,  here  at  least  it  is  even  more  productive. 

Owosso,  a Michigan  seedling,  is  somewhat  like  its  reputed  parent, 
the  Catawba,  though  shorter  in  bunch  and  earlier  in  season. 

Palmer  is  a large  black  grape,  found  growing  in  a garden  here  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  temporarily  bears.  Since  including  it  in  the  fore- 
going table,  we  learn  that  it  is  a seedling  originated  in  New  York  by  Mrs. 
5lillington,  who  subsequently  removed  to  this  place,  bringing  the  variety 
with  her.  Such  being  the  fact,  it  should  doubtless  bear  her  name,  rather 
than  that  here  given.  From  its  trial  thus  far,  it  seems  likely  to  prove 
desirable  as  a market  variety. 

Poughkeepsie  is  very  much  like  Delaware  in  fruit  but,  so  far  as  grown 
here,  the  plant  is  the  least  vigorous  and  productive  one  upon  the  premises. 
It  may  be  fairly  considered  worthless,  certainly  so  here. 

The  variety  received  and  fruited  here  as  Purity,  in  color  and  general 
appearance  of  fruit  might  appropriately  bear  that  name,  but  it  is  clearly 
not  the  genuine  variety,  as  named  and  described  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  the 
originator. 

Rochester,  originated  by  Ellwanger  & Barry  of  Rochester,  New  York,  is 
of  fair  quality,  bunch  large,  and  the  plant  a good  grower  and  an  abundant 
bearer. 

Secretary,  one  of  the  best  of  the  Ricketts’  hybrids,  so  far  as  the  fruit  is 
concerned,  but  the  plant  is  far  from  satisfactory,  being  of  feeble  habit  and 
specially  liable  to  mildew. 

Ulster  is  high  in  quality  . and  the  plant  very  productive,  though  slightly 
lacking  in  vigor. 

Winchell.  This  variety  has  been  several  years  before  the  public  under 
this  name,  which  is  that  of  the  originator  or  discoverer.  Originating,  as 
it  did,  in  Vermont,  it  has  more  recently  been  disseminated  from  a New 
England  nursery  as  Green  Mountain.  Under  pomological  rules,  the 
earlier  name,  being  an  appropriate  one,  is  clearly  entitled  to  precedence. 
The  plant  is  vigorous  and  productive,  and  the  fruit  very  early  and  of 
excellent  quality. 

Martha,  as  received  and  tested  here,  proves  spurious,  being  a black 
grape. 

Massasoit,  Merrimac,  Salem  and  Wilder  are  valuable,  well  known  Rogers’ 
hybrids;  too  generally  known  to  require  description  or  characterization. 

Moore  (Early)  occupies  a somewhat  doubtful  position  as  an  early  market 
grape  of  the  Concord  type.  It  has  several  competitors  of  higher  quality. 

Moyer  is  very  early,  sweet  and  pleasant.  Bunch  and  berry  rather  small. 
An  amateur  grape  only. 

Nectar  has  small,  imperfect  foliage  and  has,  so  far,  proved  very 
unproductive. 

Woodruff,  named  for  its  originator,  a resident  of  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
is  a large,  bright  red,  Concord  seedling  sometimes  of  very  good  quality  but 
variable.  The  plant  is  very  vigorous,  and  occasionally  over  productive  to 
such  extent  as  to  seriously  affect  the  quality  of  the  fruit. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


99 


Worden  is  a typical  Concord  seedling,  with  a larger  bunch  and  berry,  of 
somewhat  improved  quality,  as  well  as  earlier.  It  is,  to  some  extent,  popular 
as  a market  variety. 

Wyoming,  occasionally  known  as  Wilmington  Red  is,  at  the  best,  but  a 
slight  remove  from  the  wild  type  and,  with  the  many  more  recent  and 
greatly  improved  varieties,  it  can  scarcely  be  considered  worthy  of 
cultivation. 

PLUMS  ( Prunus ). 

Insects  have  been  less  persistent,  than  in  previous  years,  in  their  attacks 
upon  the  foliage  and  fruit  of  the  plum. 

A little  Paris  green  was  applied  in  connection  with  the  spray,  but  jarring 
has  been  the  chief  reliance  for  defense  against  the  “ Little  Turk.” 

Upon  a few  trees,  growing  in  light  soil,  the  rose  chafer  ( Macrodactylus 
subspinosus),  has  been  troublesome,  as  has  been  the  case  for  several  years; 
since  poisonous  sprays  prove  ineffectual  hand  picking  was  resorted  to  for 
their  suppression. 

The  slug  ( Eriocampa  cerasi), has  been  less  troublesome  this  season  than 
last  and  has  yielded  readily  to  a spray  of  tobacco  water. 

In  common  with  the  entire  plantation,  the  plums  received  a spray  of 
Bordeaux  late  last  autumn. 

On  April  10  and  11,  last,  they  were  given  a spray  composed  of  4 lbs.  cop- 
per sulphate,  3 lbs.  stone  lime  and  2-|  oz.  Paris  green  in  32  gals,  water. 

On  June  8 they  were  again  sprayed  with  the  same  preparation. 

On  June  28  a spray  of  kerosene  emulsion  was  applied  to  subdue  the 
slug,  using  § lb.  soap,  2 gals,  kerosene  in  10  gals,  water. 

July  14  and  15  a spray  was  applied,  using  2 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  TJ  lbs. 
lime  and  2^  oz.  Paris  green  in  32  gals,  water.  Several  varieties  of  plums 
lost  more  or  less  of  their  older  foliage,  apparently  as  the  result  of  this  last 
application.  ( Due  probably  to  the  use  of  air  slaked  lime. ) 

Aug.  7 and  8 they  received  a final  spray  of  tobacco  water,  to  subdue  the 
slug  which  had  again  appeared  in  considerable  numbers. 

The  following  table  includes  only  such  varieties  of  plums  as  have 
bloomed  and  fruited  (one  or  both)  this  year. 

The  species  to  which  several  of  these  varieties  should  be  assigned  is  yet 
an  open  question  among  botanists  for  which  reason,  in  such  cases,  a mark 
of  doubtfulness  is  appended. 

This  being  the  first  crop  of  nearly  all  the  varieties  of  plums  here  tabu- 
lated and  the  crop,  in  most  cases,  comprising  but  few  specimens,  it  seems 
inexpedient  to  venture  upon  descriptions  or  estimates  of  values.  These 
are,  therefore,  deferred  to  await  subsequent  developments. 


100 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


PLUMS. 


No. 


1 Bailey 

2 Black  Prone. 

3 Botan 

4 Bradshaw 

5 Borbank,  2... 


6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


Burbank,  11..  _ 

Cheney 

Cook  (Choice) 

De  Soto. 

Englebert 


11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


Forest  Garden.. 

Forest  Rose 

Golden  (Beauty) 

Hawkeye 

Jewell 


16 

17 

18 

19 

20 


Kingston 

Long  Fruited. 
Maquoketa . . . 

Marianna 

Merunka 


21 

22 

28 

24 

25 


Masu. 

Miner 

Moore  (Arctic) 

Moreman 

Ogon__ 


26 

27 

28 

29 

30 


Pottawatomie . . 
Prairie  (Flower) 

Red  Nagate 

Robinson 

Rollingstone 


31 

82 

33 

34 

35 


Satsuma 

Shiro  Sinomo. 

Simon 

Twenty  Orel.. 
Van  Boren 


36 

37 

38 
89 
40 


Weaver 

White  Nicholas. 

Wolf 

Yosebe 

Moldovka 


Name. 


Species. 

Planted. 

Bloomed. 

Ripened. 

Domestica 

1889 

Mav  22. 

Aug.  30. 

Domestica 

1888.... 

22. 

Sept.  1. 

Hattan 

1890 

“ 19. 

Domestica 

1890 

“ 22. 

Domestica  ? _ . 

1890. 

“ 18. 

Domestica?. 

1890 

“ 19. 

Americana 

1888 

“ 20.. 

“ 1. 

Americana? 

1890 

“ 24. 

Americana 

1888 

“ 22.. 

“ 15. 

Domestica 

1890. 

“ 24. 

Americana _ 

1889 

“ 22. 

Hortulana  var.  Mineri 

1890 

11  24. 

Hortulana.. 

1890 

“ 27.. 

Oct.  7. 

Americana 

1888 

“ 22. 

1890 

“ 27. 

Domestica 

1890 

“ 19. 

Hattan 

1890 

“ 22. 

Americana 

1888.  . 

“ 24.. 

“ 7. 

Cerasifera  Hyb.? 

1890 

“ 27. 

Domestica..  ... 

1888 

“ 22.. 

Aug.  16. 

Hattan 

1890.  . 

“ 19. 

Hortulana  var.  Mineri 

1890 

“ 24. 

Domestica. 

1890 

“ 18. 

Hortulana 

1890.... 

“ 30. 

Hattan 

1890 

“ 20  . 

“ 11. 

Angustif  olia 

1888.... 

June  1__ 

“ 14. 

Hortulana  var.  Mineri? 

1890 

May  24.. 

Oct.  10. 

Hattan 

1890.. 

“ 27. 

Angustifolia 

1890.... 

“ 30.. 

Sept.  8. 

Americana . 

1888 

“ 22.. 

“ 7. 

Hattan .. 

1890 

“ 22.. 

Oct.  5. 

Hattan 

1890. 

“ 19.. 

Aug.  12. 

Simoni? 

1888. 

“ 15. 

“ 12. 

Domestica 

1888 

“ 22. 

Americana  var.  

1890..  . 

“ 22. 

Americana  

1890 

“ 22. 

1890 

“ 22. 

Americana 

1888 

“ 24.. 

1 Sept.  14. 

Hattan 

1890.... 

“ 15.. 

! July  26. 

Domestica 

1888 

“ 22.. 

Aug.  22. 

Bailey  is  the  name  temporarily  attached  to  a variety  of  the  common 
garden  plnm  of  the  east,  which  was  received,  in  scion,  from  S.  S.  Bailey  of 
Kent  county,  Michigan.  It  proves  to  be  very  vigorous,  of  upright  habit 
and  the  fruit  is  of  more  than  medium  quality  and  size.  It  has  produced  a 
few  fruits  this  season  for  the  first  time  here. 

Black  Prune,  Merunka,  Moldovka  and  Twenty  Orel  are  varieties  imported 
by  Prof.  Budd,  of  Iowa,  from  northeastern  Europe.  They  are  of  the 
domestica  species  and,  should  they  prove  productive,  may  be  found  desir- 
able here. 

Botan,  (foisted  upon  the  public  as  Abundance, t for  the  apparent  purpose 
of  promoting  sales)  Long  Fruited,  Masu,  Ogon,  Bed  Nagate,  Satsuma, 
Shiro  Sinomo  and  Yosebe  are  varieties  coming  from  Japan.  Satsuma  is  of 
a type  distinct  from  all  others.  It  is  large,  round  and  very  dark  purple  in 
both  skin  and  flesh.  Yosebe  is  notable  for  its  extreme  earliness,  it  being 
more  than  a week  in  advance  of  any  other  variety  though  not  of  high 
quality. 

Bradshaw,  Englebert,  and  Moore  (Arctic)  are  extensively  known  as 
market  varieties,  wherever  the  domesticas  are  successful. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


101 


Burbank  Nos.  2 and  11  are  understood  to  have  originated  with  that  noted 
experimenter,  Luther  Burbank  of  California.  They  have  blossomed  here 
the  past  season  but  have  not  fruited. 

Cheney,  Cook,  DeSoto,  Forest  Garden,  Forest  Rose,  Golden  (Beauty), 
Hawkeye,  Jewell,  Maquoketa,  Miner,  Moreman.  Pottawatomie,  Prairie 
(Flower),  Rollingstone,  Van  Buren,  Weaver  and  Wolf. are  all  more  or  less 
generally  known  and  valued,  at  the  north  and  west,  where  the  finer  eastern 
varieties  fail. 

Kingston  and  (White)  Nicholas  have  had  but  a short  and  imperfect 
trial  here  and  have  not  yet  shown  their  qualities  sufficiently  for  character- 
ization. 

Marianna  is  far  better  known  for  its  ability  to  root  readily  from  cuttings 
and  afford  a supply  of  stocks  for  the  nursery  than  for  its  value  as  a pro- 
ducer of  fruit. 

Robinson  proves  to  be  a vigorous  grower  and  has,  the  past  season,  pro- 
duced a fine  crop  of  good  sized,  pleasant-flavored  fruit;  quite  superior  to 
most  if  not  all  the  native  western  varieties  that  have  so  far  fruited  here. 

Simon  (Prunus  Simoni  of  nursery  catalogues),  has  now  fruited  here 
profusely;  the  large,  bright  colored,  very  peculiar  fruit,  as  grown  here,  is 
far  from  agreeable  in  flavor.  Botanists  seem  to  consider  it  a sort  of 
Ishmaelite  among  plums  having  specific  characteristics  peculiar  to  itself. 

PEARS.  ( Pyrus  communis.) 

The  unprecedented  drouth  of  the  past  season  had,  apparently,  little 
injurious  effect  upon  the  pear  perhaps  on  account  of  the  deep  rooting 
habit  of  the  species. 

The  spray  of  Bordeaux,  given  late  in  the  autumn  of  1892,  was  followed 
on  June  12,  1893,  with  a spray  composed  of  4 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  3 lbs. 
lime  and  2^  oz.  Paris  green  in  32  gallons  of  water. 

On  June  28  the  pears  received  a spray  of  kerosene  emulsion,  applied  to 
subdue  the  slug  ( Eriocampa  cerasi). 

On  July  10  to  13  a final  spray  was  applied,  consisting  of  2 lbs.  copper 
sulphate,  1^  lbs.  lime  and  2J  oz.  Paris  green  in  32  gallons  of  water.  This 
application,  which  injured  the  foliage  of  peaches,  plums  and  cherries, 
occasioned  no  precept ible  injury  to  that  of  pears. 

The  blight  which,  late  in  1892,  ruined  a fewT  pear  trees,  has  again 
appeared  this  season,  upon  a tree  of  Seedless  (Bessemianka),  which,  when 
discovered,  were  promplty  cut  back  to  apparently  healthy  wood.  Indica- 
tions, however,  point  to  its  probable  reappearance  next  season.  This 
appearance  of  blight  in  two  successive  seasons,  in  both  cases  upon  Rus- 
sian varieties,  may  be  supposed  to  indicate  a special  liability  to  such 
attacks;  since  both  were  standing  upon  rather  moist  soil,  this  might  be 
supposed  to  have  induced  the  attack,  but  for  the  circumstance  that  they 
were  alternated  with  Bose,  Anjou  and  Mount  Vernon,  which  remain  in 
obviously  healthy  condition. 

The  foliage  of  the  pears  has  been  exempt  from  leaf  spot  ( Fusicladium 
dendriiicum)  (which  attacks  both  foliage  and  fruit  of  the  apple  and  pear), 
except  that  three  or  four  trees  of  Jones  and  Mount  Vernon  pears  (which 
perchance  may  have  been  omitted  in  the  spraying),  have  been  seriously 
attacked. 


102 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  following  varieties  have  bloomed  this  season,  and  a few  fruits  have 
been  brought  to  maturity. 


o' 

Z 

Variety. 

Bloom. 

Ripened. 

Remarks. 

1 

Ansault .. 

May 

22... 

Nov.  Dec. 

European.  Promises  well. 

An  excellent  amateur  pear. 

Large,  good;  soon  rots  at  the  core, 
A small  fruit,  of  high  quality. 

An  importation  from  Russia. 

A good  market  and  home  fruit. 

A desirable  winter  variety. 

A superior  pear  for  home  use. 

2 

Bloodgood 

22... 

Aug.  23. .. 
Sept-  

3 

Clapp  Favorite  

29... 

4 

Dana  Hovey.  - 

24... 

Winter ... 

5 

Grakovska 

24... 

6 

Howell  

22... 

Oct. 

7 

Lawrence 

22... 

Winter  ... 

8 

Lucrative 

27... 

Sept. 

9 

Mount  Vernon 

22... 

Nov.  Dec- 

A very  good  amateur  pear. 

10 

Rostiezer..  

27... 

Aug. 

Not  beautiful,  but  excellent. 

11 

Seckel 

27... 

Oct.  ...  .. 

The  standard  of  high  quality. 
Russian,  not  yet  fruited. 

The  prince  of  winter  pears 

12 

Victorina 

24... 

13 

Winter  Nelis 

27... 

Dec. 

APPLES  ( Pyrus  vialus). 

The  severe  attack  of  scab,  Fusicladium  dendriiicum , of  last  year  so 
enfeebled  the  apple  trees  that,  in  most  cases,  few  fruit  buds  were  devel- 
oped and,  doubtless  for  this  reason,  at  least  in  part  if  not  wholly,  there 
was  a decided  paucity  of  bloom  last  spring.  There  were,  however,  a few 
notable  exceptions,  prominent  among  which  were  the  Keswick  and  Olden- 
burg, both  of  which  were,  in  a great  measure,  exempt  from  scab  last  year, 
and  have  produced  fine  crops  of  perfect  fruit  this  season. 

The  green  aphis  (Aphis  mali ) has  proved  somewhat  persistent  this 
season,  yielding  reluctantly  to  sprays  of  kerosene  emulsion,  and  tobacco 
water,  both  of  which  were  applied  in  turn.  No  other  insects  have,  to  a 
serious  extent,  infested  the  apple  during  the  season,  except  that  a very  few 
fruits  were  found  to  be  inhabited  by  the  larvae  of  the  codling  moth,  which 
were  promptly  gathered  up  and  effectually  disposed  of. 

A very  considerable  number  of  varieties  of  apple  (as  well  as  of  other 
fruits)  were  received,  in  cion,  from  the  National  Division  of  Pomology,  on 
the  28th  of  March  last,  coming  originally,  as  is  understood,  from  eastern 
or  northeastern  Austria.  These  were  topgrafted  upon  trees  in  orchard, 
heretofore  planted  for  such  purpose,  and  also  cions  of  each  variety  were 
inserted  in  nursery  stocks,  as  a precaution  against  the  loss  of  a variety. 
These  are  expected  to  be  in  condition  to  be  planted  out  the  coming 
spring. 

Aside  from  the  general  spraying  in  November,  1892,  which  included  the 
apple,  additional  sprayings  have  been  applied  as  follows: 

On  June  12,  a spray  composed  of  4 lbs.  copper  sulphate,  3 lbs.  lime  and 
2-J  oz.  Paris  Green,  in  32  gallons  of  water. 

On  June  22,  a spray  of  kerosene  emulsion,  to  subdue  the  aphis. 

On  August  5 to  8,  a spray  of  strong  tobacco  water,  for  the  same  purpose. 

Whether  as  the  result  of  the  sprayings  specified,  or  otherwise,  the  foli- 
age of  the  present  season  has  nearly  or  quite  resumed  a healthy  condition, 
and  the  trees  generally  have  nearly  or  quite  recovered  their  pristine 
condition. 

The  following  varieties  have  bloomed  and  matured  fruit  the  past  season: 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


103 


o 

z 

Name. 

Bloomed. 

Ripened. 

Remarks. 

1 

Borovinka 

May  24.. 

Sept.  ... 

This  proves  to  be  identical  with  Oldenburg  (as  pr. 
Downing,  page  102). 

2 

Keswick  (Codlini 

“ 23.. 

Oct. 

This  resists  the  scab,  having  fruited  last  year  and 
produced  a heavy  crop  this  year. 

3 

Titovka ... 

“ 29.. 

Sept. 

4 

Winter  Streifling 

“ 25.. 

Oct. 

It  will  be  observed  that  Mos.  1,  3 and  4 are  Russian  or  East  European 
varieties,  while  No.  2 is  English.  This  last  has  no  superior  if  indeed  it 
has  an  equal  in  this  climate  as  a hardy  tree,  bearing  early  and  profusely. 
It  is  strictly  a culinary  fruit,  for  which  purpose  it  scarcely  has  an  equal. 


QUINCES  ( Cydonia ). 

The  quince  during  the  two  years  last  passed  has  been  notably  free 
from  insect  depredations.  The  vigorous  condition  of  the  plants  may  per- 
chance have  contributed  to  this  apparent  exemption,  since  many  insects 
seem  to  avoid  healthy  vigorous  trees,  devoting  themselves  rather  to  such  as 
may  be  enfeebled  or  diseased. 

The  slug  ( Eriocampa  cerasi)  made  its  appearance  at  the  usual  season. 

There  has  been  no  indication  of  fungus  upon  either  plant  or  fruit,  which 
was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  use  of  fungicides,  as  in  former  years  there  has 
been  much  injury  from  leaf -blight. 

The  plants  were  treated  with  a spray  of  kerosene  emulsion  on  June  20 
to  subdue  the  slug,  and  a spray  of  tobacco  water  was  applied  on  August  5 
to  8 for  the  same  purpose  and  with  similar  result. 

Varieties  of  quince  have  bloomed  and  fruited  this  season  as  follows: 


No. 

Name. 

Bloomed. 

Ripened. 

1 

Alaska  ..  . 

May  7... 

No  fruit. 

2 

3 

Champion . 

June  5.. 

Last  of  October. 

Fuller ..  ..  .... 

May  18  

No  fruit. 

4 

Meech . ..  

June  5 

Last  of  October. 

5 

Missouri  (Mammoth)  __  . 

“ 5 

No  fruit. 

6 

Orange . . 

“ 5 

October. 

7 

Rea 

“ 5 

October 

Champion  is  vigorous  and  very  prolific  but  rather  late. 

Meech  is  in  season  about  with  Champion. 

Orange  is  yet  at  the  head,  so  far  as  season  and  general  desirability  are 
concerned. 

Rea  is  much  like  Orange  so  far  as  appearance  and  size  are  concerned. 


NUTS. 

Seedlings  from  the  large  native  Hathaway  chestnut  ( Castanea  veQca)y 
planted  in  1888,  have  this  season  shown  a few  catkins,  but  failed  to  set 

fruit. 


104 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Paragon,  which  has  for  three  or  four  seasons  produced  only  abortive 
nuts,  has  this  season  ripened  a very  large  crop  (for  so  young  a tree),  the 
branches  being  so  heavily  loaded  with  the  large  burs  that  more  than  half 
were  removed  early  in  the  season  to  insure  the  development  of  the  remain- 
der. The  nuts  were  frequently  three  in  a bur,  of  the  usual  size  of  the 
imported  ones,  and  superior  in  quality,  ripening  about  with  our  natives. 

Among  the  varieties  received  and  planted  as  Japanese  chestnuts,  one 
received  as  “ Japanese  Imported,  grafted,”  planted  in  1890  and  now  less 
than  seven  feet  in  height,  has  this  season  ripened  a fine  crop  of  large  nuts. 
The  burs  are  even  smaller  than  those  of  our  natives,  usually  containing  but 
a single  large  round  nut.  They  ripen  at  the  usual  season. 

The  European  or  Spanish  chestnut,  planted  in  1890,  has  also  shown  a 
little  fruit  the  past  season. 


CHINQUAPIN  (Castanea  pumila—ox  Dwarf  chestnut). 


Owing  to  the  inability  of  this  to  bear  transplanting,  the  nuts  have  been 
two  or  three  times  obtained  and  planted,  but  so  far  without  success. 
Another  lot  has  been  obtained  and  planted  this  fall,  the  nuts  coming 
from  Tennessee. 


PECAN  ( Hickoria  olivceformis) . 


Nuts  of  pecan  were  received  from  southern  Iowa  and  planted  here  in 
the  fall  of  1888.  They  prove  hardy,  so  far,  and  this  season  have  made 
good  growths.  The  Stuart  pecans,  received  from  the  Division  of  Pomology, 
have  grown  and  have  been  protected  for  the  winter  since,  coming  as  they 
do  from  Texas,  their  hardiness  in  the  climate  of  Michigan  must  be 
regarded  as  very  doubtful. 

ENGLISH  WALNUT,  OB  MADEIRA  NUT  (Juglans  regia) . 

This  was  planted  in  1889  and,  so  far,  has  not  winter-killed  and  has  made 
moderate,  healthy  growths. 

Dwarfs  of  this  species,  under  the  name  Prceparturiens,  were  also 
planted  in  1890  and  have,  so  far,  suffered  no  apparent  injury  from  our 
winters. 


JAPAN  WALN  UT— ( Juglans  Seiboldi.) 

This  was  planted  in  1890,  and  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  here.  It  is  a 
very  vigorous  grower,  and  has  matured  fruit  here  this  season.  In  both 
tree  and  fruit  it  is  much  like  our  indigenous  Butternut,  though  more  vig- 
orous. So  far  the  fruit  is  scarcely  equal  to  the  Butternut. 


ALMONDS—  {Amygdalus  communis.) 

The  Duelling  almond,  received  from  a Missouri  nursery  and  planted  in 
1892,  has  proved  hardy  here,  but  has  not  yet  fruited. 

The  “ Soft  Shelled  Almond,”  planted  here  last  year,  proves  hardy  so 
far. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


105 


FILBERTS  AND  HAZEL-NUTS -{Carylus.) 

The  Kentish  Cob  Filbert  planted  in  the  spring  of  1892  has  withstood 
the  past  winter  unharmed,  and  has  made  satisfactory  growth  this  season. 
It  is  promises  to  fruit  next  season. 

The  unnamed  Hazel-nuts  from  the  Division  of  Pomology  planted  last 
spring  may  be  expected  to  more  fully  develop  their  peculiarities  during 
next  season. 

FIGS — (Ficus  carica.) 

The  cuttings  of  Brunswick  Fig,  from  H.  E.  Van  Deman  rooted 
here  last  season,  were  planted  permanenty  last  spring.  They  are  showing 
partially  developed  fruit  this  fall,  and  have  now  been  laid  down  and  cov- 
ered with  earth  and  litter  to  protect  them  from  the  alternate  freezing  and 
thawing  of  winter. 

South  Haven,  Michigan,  ) T.  T.  LYON. 

Nov . 24,  1893.  \ 

14 


» 


BULLETIN  105. 


FEBRUARY,  1894. 


MICHIGAN  FRUIT  LIST. 


L.  U . TAFT. 


With  the  long  list  of  varieties  found  in  the  fruit  catalogues  of  our  State 
and  National  horticultural  societies,  and  the  even  more  confusing  ones  in 
the  nurserymen’s  list,  it  becomes  a difficult  matter  to  make  a desirable 
selection,  unless  a person  has  a definite  knowledge  of  the  varieties  that 
succeed  best  in  the  locality  where  he  lives. 

While  a few  varieties  seem  to  thrive  in  nearly  all  sections,  others  that 
may  be  very  valuable  in  some  localities,  are  nearly  worthless  elsewhere, 
owing  to  the  unsuitable  conditions  of  climate  or  soil.  It  will  be  impossible, 
then  for  any  one  list  to  suit  the  wants  of  all  persons.  In  order  to  learn 
the  opinion  of  the  growers  in  the  different  sections  of  the  State  as  to  the 
best  varieties  for  their  respective  localities,  a circular  was  last  summer 
sent  to  some  two  hundred  fruit  growers  asking  their  aid  in  the  preparation 
of  a fruit  list  for  Michigan.  The  circular  contained  the  last  fruit  list  for 
this  state  issued  by  the  American  Pomological  Society,  and  the  varieties 
there  given  were  marked  by  the  correspondents  with  various  symbols  to 
indicate  their  value  for  the  different-  localities.  In  several  instances  the 
lists  were  considered  by  the  local  horticultural  societies,  and  votes  were 
taken  to  determine  the  mark  that  should  be  given  them. 

The  symbols  used  to  indicate  the  value  of  the  different  varieties  were  as 
follows:  two  stars  (**)  when  they  were  generally  successful  in  the  particu- 
lar locality  and  were  worthy  of  being  placed  in  every  list;  one  star  (*) 
for  varieties  that  were  less  generally  successful  and  that  were  of  less  value 
than  those  given  two  stars;  a dagger  (f ) indicated  new  and  promising 
varieties  and  a dash  ( — ) that  the  varieties  were  of  no  value  and  should 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


107 


be  stricken  from  the  list.  A great  difference  of  opinion  was  noticed  in 
the  returns,  as,  in  a few  cases,  varieties  were  given  two  stars  by  some 
persons  while  others  in  the  same  county  marked  them  with  a dash.  As 
a rule,  however,  a remarkable  unanimity  of  opinion  was  shown,  not  only 
in  the  different  counties,  but  in  the  dozen  or  more  counties  that  go  to  make 
up  one  of  the  sections.  So  far  as  concerns  the  varieties  marked  with 
two  stars,  there  seems  to  be  but  little  difference  in  the  rating  given  them, 
except  that  they  are  occasionally  dropped  out  in  the  northern  counties  on 
account  of  their  lateness  or  lack  of  hardiness. 

The  varieties  marked  with  two  stars  in  the  following  list  were  rated  in 
that  way  by  a majority  of  the  correspondents  in  the  different  sections  into 
which  the  State  is  divided,  and,  as  will  be  seen  they  appear  to  be 
adapted  to  nearly  all  sections.  Those  marked  with  a single  star 
received  a minority  of  the  votes  for  the  two  star  list,  or  were  regarded  as 
worthy  of  one  star  by  a considerable  number  of  persons.  The  fact  that  a 
fruit  is  thus  marked  indicates  that  it  has  considerable  value,  but  that  as  a 
rule  the  varieties  with  two  stars  are  of  more  value  and  that,  unless  a long- 
list  is  desired,  it  should  not  be  selected.  There  are,  for  various  reasons, 
exceptions  to  this  rule,  and  so  far  as  possible  they  will  be  explained  in  the 
in  the  notes  that  follow  each  class  of  fruits. 

When  a variety  is  marked  with  a star  followed  by  an  interrogation  mark 
(*  ?),  it  indicates  that  its  use  is  favored  by  a few  persons,  but  it  is 
regarded  as  less  desirable  for  general  planting  than  those  given  one  star. 
For  certain  purposes  and  in  some  localities  it  may  be  worthy  of  trial. 

We  have  dropped  from  the  list  all  varieties  that  were  given  a dash  by  a 
majority  of  those  reporting  upon  them,  or  where  there  have  not  been  as 
many  as  five  persons  from  the  entire  State  who  thought  them  worthy  of 
either  one  star,  or  a dagger. 

The  dagger  has  been  here  given  to  such  new  kinds  as  have  been  suffi- 
ciently tested  in  the  State  to  warrant  the  statement  that  they  are  at  least 
promising  and  worthy  of  trial  upon  a small  scale.  In  the  notes,  mention 
is  also  made  of  some  of  the  new  varieties  that  have  done  well  in  other 
States  but  which  have  not  yet  been  sufficiently  tested  in  Michigan  to  deter- 
mine their  value,  although  most  of  them  are  under  trial. 

In  dividing  the  State  into  sections  we  have  placed  in  the  Southern  Lake 
Shore  division  all  of  the  counties  bordering  Lake  Michigan  south  of 
Muskegon,  and  in  the  North  Lake  Shore  section  all  north  of  and  including 
Muskegon.  The  two  southern  tiers  of  counties  are  considered  to  be  in 
Southern  Michigan;  the  three  tiers  north  of  this  make  up  Central  Michigan, 
and  the  counties  north  of  Gratiot  are  considered  as  in  Northern  Michigan. 
% 

APPLES. 

The  List  of  Apples  will  enable  any  intelligent  person  to  select  a collec- 
tion that  will  be  reasonably  certain  to  succeed  in  his  locality,  and  by  not- 
ing the  column  marked  “ Use  ” the  particular  purpose  for  which  they  are 
valued  can  be  learned. 

Particular  thought  should  be  given  to  this  as  upon  it  the  selection 
should  depend.  In  making  out  a list  for  home  use,  we  should  not  only 
select  kinds  that  are  healthy,  vigorous  trees  and  abundant  bearers,  but  it 
should  include  both  sweet  and  tart  sorts,  and  afford  a supply  throughout 
the  season  of  both  dessert  and  cooking  varieties.  To  secure  this,  one  will 


108 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


need  to  have  from  fifteen  to  twenty  varieties  in  the  orchard  designed  for 
family  use.  Of  the  summer  and  fall  sorts  one,  or  at  most  two,  trees  of  a 
kind  will  answer  unless  fruit  is  desired  to  sell  or  give  away,  but  of  the  win- 
ter sorts  a larger  number  is  desirable,  fin  order  to  be  sure  of  a supply  in 
years  of  partial  failure;  if  there  is  a surplus  at  any  time  a ready  sale  can 
always  be  found  for  well  grown  fruit  of  desirable  sorts. 

APPLES. 

Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  email.  Form— r c,  roundish  conical;  r ob,  roundish  oblate; 
r,  roundish.  Color— y r,  yellow  and  red;  r s,  red  striped;  g y,  greenish  yellow;  rus,  russeted;  y rus, 
yellow  and  russet.  Quality— g,  good;  v g,  very  good;  b,  best.  Use— F,  family  use;  KM,  kitchen  and 
market;  F M,  family  and  market.  Season— S,  summer;  E A,  early  autumn;  L A,  late  autumn;  W,  winter. 
Origin— Usual  abbreviations  for  names  of  countries. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value- 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

a 

o 

3 

<D 

m 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Alexander 

1 

r c 

r s 

g 

K M 

E A 

Rus. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

m 

r c 

v g 

F 

E A 

Am. 

*? 

*p 

*? 

Bailey  Sweet 

1 

re 

r s 

vg 

FM 

L A 

Am. 

*' 

* 

** 

* 

Baldwin 

1 

re 

rg 

vg 

F M 

W 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

Belmont 

1 

r c 

y r 

h 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Ben  Davis 

1 

r c 

y r 

g 

K M 

W 

Am. 

** 

* 

* 

** 

* 

Benoni  ..  

m 

r ob 

y r 

v g 

F M 

S 

Am. 

V 

* 

*? 

Blenheim  Pippin 

1 

rob 

y r 

V g 

F M 

W 

Eng. 

*p 

*? 

*? 

Blue  Pearmain 

1 

r c 

r 

g 

M 

w 

Bough 

1 

ob 

gy 

Vg 

F M 

s 

Am. 

** 

** 

* 

Bullock,  (Am.  Golden  Russet) 

s 

r c 

y rus 

b 

F M 

w 

Am. 

*p 

* 

* 

Canada  Reinette  

1 

r c 

g y 

v g 

F M 

w 

F. 

*p 

* 

Chenango  (Strawberry) 

m 

ob  c 

gr 

Vg 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

*’ 

* 

** 

** 

Clayton 

1 

c 

y r 

g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

t 

f 

Colvert  

1 

rob 

y r 

g 

F M 

LA 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

Dyer  (Pomme  Royal).. 

m 

r 

g y 

V g 

F 

E A 

F. 

*p 

*? 

*? 

Early  Harvest 

m 

rob 

gy 

Vg 

F M 

S 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*' 

* 

Early  Joe 

8 

fl 

y r 

b 

F 

s 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Early  Strawberry 

r 

r s 

V g 

F 

S 1 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 



* 

Esopus 

1 

ob 

y r 

b 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Falla  water  ( Tulpehocken ) 

1 

r c 

gy 

g 

M 

w 

Am. 

* 

1 

* 

* 

* 

Fall  Jenneting 

1 

fl 

g y 

g 

M 

E A 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

Fall  Orange 

1 

r 

y r 

g 

K M 

L A 

Am. 

* 

*’ 

Fall  Pippin 

1 

rob 

gy 

v g 

F M 

L A 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Fameuse  ( Snow  Apple ) 

m 

rob 

r s 

Vg 

F M 

w 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Garden  Royal 

m 

r ob 

yr 

b 

F 

S 

Am. 

*? 

*•? 

Gideon 

Am. 

t 

f 

t 

t 

t 

Golden  Russet  (N.  Y.) 

m 

rob 

y rus 

Vg 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

** 

* 

Golden  Sweet 

1 

r 

g y 

v g 

F M 

s 

Am. 

* 

* 

*? 

* 

Golding ...  

1 

r ob 

g y 

v g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

**? 

*? 

*p 

*? 

Gravenstein 

1 

rob 

yr 

Vg 

F M 

LA 

Ger. 

* 

♦ 

* 

* 

* 

Grimes ... 

m 

rob 

g y 

v g 

F 

w 

Am. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

Hubbardston  ( Nonesuch ) . 

1 

r c 

y r 

v g 

F M 

W 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Jeff  oris  

m 

r ob 

y r 

v g 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Jersey  Sweet 

m 

r 

y r 

v g 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Jewett  Red 

m 

rob 

r 

g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

*? 

*v 

*? 

Jonathan 

m 

r c 

yr 

V g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Keswick 

m 

r c 

g y 

g 

K M 

E A 

Eng. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Lady ... 

s 

fl 

y r 

v g 

F M 

w 

F. 

* 

*? 

*•? 

Lady  Sweet. 

1 

r 

y r 

v g 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

*? 

Late  Strawberry  ( Autumn ) 

m 

r 

yr 

Vg 

F M 

LA 

Am. 

* 

♦ 

* 

* 

Lowell  ( Tallow  Pippin) 

1 

r c 

g y 

v g 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Maiden  Blush 

m 

r 

gy 

g 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Mann 

m 

rob 

y r 

v g 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Melon.. 

m 

r ob 

ye 

b 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


10£ 


APPLES.— Continued. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

6 

.2 

55 

a 

tn 

£ 

E 

o 

o 

o 

•+3 

13 

e 

G? 

© 

® 

p 

a 

o 

m 

cS 

© 

CO 

fl 

is? 

‘E 

O 

© 

t-i 

o 

t-  GO 
© ^ 
-fl  © 

IN 

1 

fl=g 

©^ 

a § 

tub 

MM 
+3  o 

Js 

02 

a 

aJ 

13-2? 

fl~5 

a 
fl  fl 
u M 

-a!3 

-S.3 

°S 

Monmouth 

i 

a 

y r 

v g 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

*p 

*p 

Mother 

m 

r c 

yr 

b 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

He 

Munson  (Orange  Sweet) 

m 

fl 

y s 

g 

K M 

L A 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

*p 

b 

F M 

W 

Am. 

• * 

* 

*P 

*p 

Northern  Spy 

1 

r c 

yr 

b 

FM 

W 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Oakland  (Co.  Seek-no-further) 

m 

rob 

yr 

vg 

F 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

*p 

* 

Oldenburg  (Duchess  of) 

m 

rob 

yr 

g 

M 

s 

Rus. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Ortley  ( White  Bellflower ) 

m 

ob 

e y 

V g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

*? 

Peck'.. 

m 

r 

gy 

V g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

He 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Perry  Russet 

m 

r c 

rus 

F M 

w 

Am. 

Hep 

*p 

1 

fl 

F M 

w 

Am. 

*p 

*p 

Porter..  

1 

ob 

er  v 

b 

F M 

A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Primate  . . 

m 

r c 

er  v 

b 

F 

E A 

Am. 

** 

* 

* 

** 

Pumpkin  Sweet(  Pound  Siveet) 

1 

r obi 

y 

g 

K M 

E W 

Am. 

*? 

#p 

*p 

Rambo 

m 

fl 

yr 

vg 

F M 

LA 

Am. 

* 

He 

*p 

*’ 

*p 

Rail 

1 

r c 

y r 

V g 

F M 

W 

* 

He 

*p  ■ 

He 

*? 

Red  Astrachan 

1 

r 

y r 

g 

K M 

S 

F. 

** 

He  He 

** 

** 

** 

Red  Canada  ( Steele's  Red) 

m 

r ob 

y r 

b 

F M 

w 

** 

He  He 

* 

** 

* 

Rhode  Island  Greening 

1 

rob 

gy 

V g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

** 

He 

* 

* 

* 

Ribston 

m 

r 

yr 

Vg 

FM 

w 

Eng. 

* 

He 

* 

* 

* 

Rome  Beauty 

1 

r 

y r 

g 

M 

L A 

Am. 

*p 

*? 

*P 

Roxbury  Russet 

m 

rob 

y rus 

V g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

*’ 

* 

*’ 

* 

* 

Saint  Lawrence  

1 

fl 

y r 

v g 

M 

A 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Shiawassee ..  ... 

m 

fl 

ry 

Vg 

FM 

A 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Smith  (Cider) 

1 

rob 

y r 

g 

F M 

W 

Am. 

* 

*p 

*P 

*p 

Stark.  

l 

r c 

y r 

g 

F 

W 

Am. 

*p 

* 

*? 

Summer  Pearmain(  American) 

m 

ob 

y r 

b 

F 

s 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

Summer  Pippin 

m 

ob  c 

y r 

g 

K M 

L S 

Am. 

* 

*P 

Summer  Queen 

1 

r c 

y r 

g 

K M 

S 

Am. 

* 

*? 

Swaar 

1 

r ob 

g y 

b 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

*" 

* 

* 

Tetofsky 

m 

fl  c 

yr 

g 

K 

S 

Rus. 

* 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Talman 

m 

r 

gy 

v g 

K M 

w 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Tompkins  King 

1 

r 

y r 

Vg 

F M 

w 

Am. 

jjcjc 

** 

* 

** 

** 

Twenty  Ounce  (Cayuga  Red) . 

1 

r 

r s 

V g 

F M 

LA 

Am. 

** 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Wagener h 

m 

rob 

yr 

b 

F 

W 

Am. 

jjcsjc 

** 

* 

** 

** 

Walbridge 

1 

rob 

r s 

v g 

F 

W 

Am. 

t 

t 

t 

*p 

*p 

Wealthy. 

m 

rob 

r 

Vg 

F M 

W 

Am. 

He 

** 

* 

** 

Westfield  (Seek-no-further)... 

1 

re 

yr 

b 

F M 

W 

Am. 

He 

* 

He 

** 

* 

Williams 

m 

re 

y r 

g 

M 

s 

Am. 

He 

* 

*P 

Winesap  

m 

r 

y r 

v g 

F M 

w 

F. 

* 

*’ 

Wolf  River 

1 

rob 

r 

g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

*p 

White  Bellflower 

1 

ob 

g y 

v g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Yellow  Newtown..  . 

1 

rob 

g y 

v g 

F M 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

*p 

* 

Yellow  Transparent 

m 

| rob 

y 

g 

K M 

E S 

Rus. 

* 

* 

*’ 

* 

For  nearly  all  sections  of  the  State  the  following  twenty  varieties  will 
make  a good  family  collection: 

Red  Astrachan,  Bough  (Sweet),  Oldenburgh,  Primate,  Chenango,  Kes- 
wick, Maiden  Blush,  Shiawassee,  Twenty  Ounce,  Bailey  (Sweet),  Westfield, 
Jonathan,  Hubbardston,  Grimes,  Baldwin,  Talman,  King,  B.  I.  Greening, 
Red  Canada,  N.  Spy,  and  Golden  Russet  (N.  Y. ). 

As  a second  choice  some  of  the  following  could  well  be  used:  Early 
Harvest,  Yellow  Transparent,  Tetofsky,  Williams,  Early  Strawberry, 
Early  Joe,  Alexander,  Lowell,  Gravenstein,  Fameuse,  Colvert,  Porter,  Fall 
Pippin,  St.  Lawrence,  Jefferis,  Bullock,  Canada  Reinette,  Wealthy,  Esopus, 
Late  Strawberry,  Oakland,  Mother,  Peck,  Rambo,  Rail,  Swaar,  Winesap, 


110 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


Yellow  Bellflower,  and  Roxbury  Russet.  Wagener  succeeds  well  in  the 
northern  counties,  and  there  would  be  in  the  two  star  list. 

Of  the  varieties  given  in  the  second  list,  President  Lyon  recommends 
the  following  for  a place  in  the  first  list  for  a family  collection:  Early 
Harvest  (or  Yellow  Transparent),  Early  Strawberry,  Jefferis,  St.  Law- 
rence and  Roxbury  Russet.  He  would  also  retain  in  the  fruit  list  such 
apples  as  Cogswell,  Manomet,  McClellan  and  Mexico,  which  are  certainly 
valuable  sorts  for  dessert  or  cooking  purposes.  * 

In  the  third  class,  marked  * ?,  are  such  kinds  as  Autumn  Bough,  Blen- 
heim, Dyer,  Fall  Jenneting,  Fall  Orange,  Garden  Royal,  Golding,  Jersey 
Sweet,  Perry  Russet,  Pewaukee,  Rome  Beauty,  Stark,  Summer  Queen, 
Summer  Pippin,  and  Wolf  River. 

Of  these  the  Pewaukee,  Stark,  and  Wolf  River,  have  not  been  very  gener- 
ally tested;  the  Pewaukee  and  Stark  have  fruited  in  several  localities,  and 
the  reports  are  generally  favorable.  Walbridge,  Gideon,  and  Clayton  are 
also  new  sorts,  and  although  nothing  can  be  stated  with  certainty,  it  would 
seem  safe  to  try  the  Walbridge  and  Clayton  in  an  experimental  way,  in  all 
except  the  northern  counties,  while  the  Gideon,  from  its  origin,  should  be 
as  well  adapted  as  any  variety  to  the  northern  half  of  the  southern 
peninsula. 

It  is  hoped  that  some  of  the  better  of  the  Russian  varieties  will  be 
found  valuable  for  that  section.  We  have  about  one  hundred  varieties 
here  at  the  college,  and  a similar  collection  at  Grayling,  Crawford  county, 
besides  smaller  numbers  at  various  points  in  that  section. 

Upon  the  thin  sand  of  the  Jack  pine  plains  they  have  grown  for  three 
years  without  injury  either  from  the  cold  of  winter,  or  the  drought  of 
summer.  Some  of  those  first  planted  at  the  college  gave  a few  fruits  in 
1893,  and  among  these  the  Charlottenthaler  seems  particularly  valuable  as 
an  early  summer  variety.  The  tree  is  an  early  bearer;  the  fruit  is  large, 
light  lemon  yellow  in  color,  and,  although  rather  acid,  it  is  of  a pleasant 
flavor;  it  seems  well  worthy  of  a place  in  a collection  intended  for  supply- 
ing fruit  for  a local  market. 

It  should  be  stated  that  had  the  returns  been  accurately  canvassed 
Fameuse  would  have  been  in  the  double  star  list,  but  its  seedling  Shiawas- 
see has  all  of  its  good  qualities  and  is,  moreover,  a better  growing  and 
more  productive  tree,  and  the  fruit  is  but  little  injured  from  the  scab 
which  in  some  seasons  nearly  ruins  the  Fameuse.  The  growers  familiar 
with  both  varieties  in  every  case  marked  the  Shiawassee  with  two  and 
Fameuse  with  a single  star.  As  the  Shiawassee  cannot  always  be  obtained 
from  nurseries,  many  planters  will  find  the  Fameuse  useful  to  plant  in  its 
stead.  (Among  the  nurserymen  who  have  a stock  of  this  valuable  sort 
are  Buttrick  & Watterson,  of  Cascade,  Mich.) 

The  Keswick  seems  to  be  quite  a sure  bearer,  even  in  off  years,  and  it  is 
particularly  valuable  as  a fall  variety  for  cooking  purposes,  since  it  remains 
for  a long  time  in  season. 

There  is  often  a good  local  market  for  apples,  and  a collection  suitable 
for  that  purpose  may  be  desired  by  some  planters.  The  varieties  to  be 
used  should  be  selected  with  rather  more  regard  to  productiveness  and  high 
color  than  those  designed  for  home  use.  Such  varieties  as  Red  Astrachan, 
Oldenburgh,  Shiawassee,  Twenty  Ounce,  Jonathan,  Hubbardston,  Bald- 
win, King,  and  Northern  Spy,  if  planted  in  rather  larger  numbers  than 
when  intended  for  home  consumption  only,  would  furnish  a supply  for  sale. 

In  planting  an  orchard  to  secure  fruit  for  shipment  it  is  unwise  to 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


Ill 


choose  too  many  varieties  and  one  should  be  guided  largely  in  his  selec- 
tion by  the  kinds  that  succeed  best  in  his  locality. 

They  should  be  productive,  of  good  size  and  color  and  of,  at  least,  fair 
quality.  In  nearly  all  parts  of  the  State,  where  they  are  sufficiently  hardy, 
the  Baldwin  and  Northern  Spy  are  valuable  for  planting  in  commercial 
orchards,  although  the  latter  is  a long  time  coming  into  bearing.  The  Ben 
Davis  is  also  largely  planted,  although  it,  as  grown  here,  is  much  inferior 
to  the  same  variety  grown  in  Missouri  and  Illinois.  Hubbardston  and 
Westfield  are  much  prized  for  their  quality.  Bed  Canada  is  very  popular 
as  a market  sort  in  the  central  and  eastern  part  of  the  State,  its  productive- 
ness, high  color  and  good  quality  making  it  especially  desirable.  In  the 
northern  counties,  especially  along  the  west  side  of  the  State,  Wagener  is 
in  high  esteem.  Farther  south  it  is  less  valued,  as,  unless  thinned  and 
given  high  cultivation,  the  fruit  is  small  and  the  trees  short-lived  from  their 
tendency  to  overbear.  Of  the  varieties  for  winter  use,  none  are  more 
profitable  than  Tompkins  King,  although  with  good  care  the  Jonathan  in 
many  localities  is  preferred,'  as  its  medium  size,  rich  color  and  high  quality 
make  it  sought  for  as  a dessert  apple  and  for  sale  at  street  fruit  stands. 
Grimes  Golden  is  also  profitable  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  State.  In  plant- 
ing a commercial  orchard  one  should  select  the  two  or  three  sorts  that  do 
best  in  his  locality. 

Of  the  new  sorts  that  do  not  appear  in  the  fruit  list  the  Sutton  is  well 
worthy  of  trial.  It  has  long  been  grown  in  Massachusetts  under  conditions 
much  like  those  in  this  State  and  it  is  there  highly  valued  as  a variety  for 
both  home  use  and  market  on  account  of  its  hardiness,  productiveness  and 
the  high  color  and  quality  of  the  fruit.  Among  the  other  varieties  that 
are  desirable  from  their  behavior  elsewhere  are  Princess  Louise,  Early 
Colton  and  Carlough  (sweet). 


CRAB  APPLES. 

While  this  fruit  is  commonly  grown  for  home  use  and  local  market,  the 
quantity  shipped  is  comparatively  small.  Little  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  and,  of  those  given  in  the  following 
list,  the  Whitney  is  the  only  one  that  has  not  been  in  general  cultivation 
for  many  years.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  list  the  Hyslop  and  Transcendent 
are  best  known.  The  Montreal  Beauty  and  Whitney  are  also  desirable 
sorts. 


APPLES.— CRABS. 


Names. 

% 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

I ^ 
| 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Hyelop  

1 

r 1 

r 

g 

FM 

A 

Am. 

** 

1 

| ** 

** 

** 

** 

Montreal  Beauty 

1 

r ob 

y r 

g 

FM 

A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

♦ 

Red  Siberian 

m 

r i 

r 

g 

FM  i 

A 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

* 

Transcendent  . . 

1 

r ob  : 

y r 

g 

FM 

A 

Am. 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Whitney 

1 

r fl 

r 

v g 

M 

1 s 

Am. 

* 

♦ 

* 

Yellow  Siberian ..  . 

m 

r 

y 

g 

F M 

A 

F. 

* 

* 

112 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


APRICOTS  AND  NECTARINES. 

In  most  parts  of  the  State  these  fruits  are  not  successfully  grown  as. 
if  the  blossoms  escape  the  early  spring  frosts,  the  trees  are  short-lived. 
Along  the  west  shore,  however,  and  in  favorable  locations  in  Southern 
Michigan,  fairly  good  results  are  obtained,  particularly  with  apricots.  The 
varieties  mentioned  in  the  list  are  among  those  best  known,  but  for  commer- 
cial planting  it  is  probable  that  the  apricot  known  as  Harris,  which  is 
proving  very  profitable  in  New  York  will  be  preferable;  the  Acme  is 
another  sort  that  seems  worthy  of  trial.  From  the  behavior  of  the  Russian 
apricots  it  is  doubtful  if  any  of  them  are  desirable  for  planting. 

apricots. 

Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small.  Form— r,  roundish;  r f,  roundish  flattened;  r o, 
roundish  oval;  ob  c.  oblong  compressed.  Color— y o,  yellow,  shaded  to  deep  orange  in  the  sun;  or, 
orange  with  red  cheek  ; o,  orange.  Quality— g,  good;  v g,  very  good;  b,  best.  Use— All  apricots  being 
valued  for  the  dessert,  the  letter  F will  signify  that  it  is  extra  for  the  dessert,  and  F M that  it  is  valued 
for  the  dessert  and  at  the  same  time  profitable  for  market.  Season— E,  early;  M ; medium;  L,  late  in 
season  of  ripening.  Origin— F,  foreign;  Am,  American. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Breda 

m 

r 

o 

v g 

FM 

E 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*p 

*? 

Early  Golden 

s 

r o 

o 

v g 

FM 

E 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Moorpark 

1 

r 

y o 

b 

FM 

L 

F. 

*p 

*? 

*? 

*? 

NECTARINES. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Boston 

1 

r o 

o r 

v g 

F 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Early  Violet 

1 

r 

o r 

b 

F 

E 

F. 

*'? 

*? 

*p 

*? 

Stan  wick 

1 

r o 

o r 

S 

F 

L 

F. 

*? 

*'? 

*? 

*'? 

BLACKBERRIES. 

As  with  many  other  fruits,  the  varieties  of  blackberries  that  are  best  in 
size  and  flavor  are  deficient  in  hardiness.  Where  this  quality  is  necessary f 
to  a high  degree,  recourse  to  such  sorts  as  Stone  and  Snyder  will  be  neces- 
sary. In  most  parts  of  the  State,  however,  the  Taylor  will  succeed  and  will 
be  found  preferable  to  those  sorts,  so  far  as  size  is  concerned.  The  Agawam 
is  in  every  way  a desirable  sort  except  that  it  has  strong  curved  spines,  that 
render  picking  unpleasant.  Erie,  Kittatinny,  Lawton,  Wilson  and  Wilson 
Junior  will  be  found  excellent  sorts  where  they  have  the  necessary  hardi- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


113 


ness.  Although  so  deficient  in  hardiness  as  to  require  laying  down  in 
winter,  the  Early  Harvest  is  very  largely  grown  as  a commercial  variety  in 
Berrien  county,  and  its  productiveness  and  earliness  make  it  a very  profita- 
ble sort. 


BLACKBERRIES. 

Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium ; s,  small.  Form— ob  c,  oblong  conic ; r c,  roundish  coni- 
cal or  oval;  ob  ov,  oblong  oval.  Color— b,  black.  Quality— g,  good;  v.  g.,  very  good;  b,  best.  Use— 
F M,  family  and  market;  M,  market.  Season— M,  medium  ; E,  early  ; L,  late.  Origin— Am,  American; 
F,  foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

1 

Quality. 

Use. 

d 

o 

00 

CO 

& 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Agawam 

* 

*? 

* 

Ancient  Briton 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

v g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

Early  Harvest . . 

m 

ov 

b 

g 

FM 

VE 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Erie 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

Kittatinny 

1 

r c 

b 

b 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

*’ 

Lawton 

1 

ov 

b 

g 

M 

L 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Lucretia 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

v g 

FM 

VE 

Am. 

* 

Minnewaski 

1 

ov 

b 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

f 

*? 

* 

Snyder 

m 

r ov 

b 

v g 

FM 

E 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Stone  (Hardy) 

1 

ob 

b 

g 

F 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

* 

Taylor,  Taylor's  Prolific 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Wachusett 

m 

ob  ov 

b 

V g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

W estern  Triumph 

m 

ob  ov 

b 

g 

F M 

M 

Am. 

*’ 

*’ 

Wilson 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

v g 

M 

E 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

*? 

Wilson  Junior.. 

1 

ob  ov 

b 

V g 

M 

E 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

*? 

CHERRIES. 

As  noted  in  the  accompanying  bulletin  by  Pres.  Lyon  the  sweet  cherries 
are,  as  a rule,  short-lived  in  Michigan,  although  the  method  of  training 
and  handling  them  that  he  recommends  will  undoubtedly  prolong  their 
life.  Black  Tartarian,  Gov.  Wood,  Yellow  Spanish  and  Napoleon  easily 
stand  at  the  head  of  the  list.  Windsor  is  highly  commended  in  some 
places  but  seems  to  be  lacking  in  hardiness  in  others.  Among  the  varie- 
ties in  the  Duke  and  Morello  class,  Early  Richmond,  May  Duke,  Large 
Montmorency  and  Morello  seem  most  generally  successful,  although  Late 
Duke,  Royal  Duke  and  Olivet  thrive  wherever  they  have  been  grown. 

In  localities  where  hardiness  is  desirable  the  Wragg,  Ostheim  and 
Brusseier  seem  worthy  of  trial.  The  Yilne  Sweet  has  fruited  this  year  and 
seems  to  be  the  equal  of  the  Gov.  Wood  in  every  respect  and  is  said  to  be 
much  superior  in  hardiness. 

For  the  most  part  the  cherry  is  troubled  by  the  same  insects  and  dis- 
eases as  the  plum  and  the  treatment  recommended  in  Bulletins  103  and 
104  will  be  found  useful. 

16 


114 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


CHERRIES. 


Abbreviations. -Size— 1,  large;  m.  medium;  s,  small.  Form— ob  h,  obtuse  heart  shape;  r ob  h,  round- 
ish obtuse  heart  shape;  r h,  roundish  heart  shape;  r,  roundish  or  round.  Color— 1 r,  lively  bright  red; 
d r,  dark  red,  almost  black ; a m,  amber  mottled  with  red ; y r,  yellow  ground  shaded  and  marbled  with 
red.  Use— F,  family,  for  dessert;  F M,  family  or  market;  K M,  for  cooking  or  market;  M,  market. 
Season— E,  early;  M,  medium;  1,  late.  Origin— F,  foreign;  Am.,  American. 


Description. 


Names. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Use. 

1 

§ 

00 

a 

£ 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Heart  and  Bigarreau  Cherries— 

Bigarreau,  Yellow  Spanish 

1 

ob  h 

y r 

FM 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Black  Eagle  

1 

ob  h 

d r 

F M 

M 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Black  Heart 

1 

r h 

dr 

F M 

M 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*p 

*? 

Black  Tartarian 

r h 

d r 

FM 

M 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

Downer  Late 

m 

r h 

y r 

FM 

L 

Am. 

* 

*? 

Early  Purple . 

m 

r h 

d r 

FM 

E 

F. 

* 

*? 

*? 

* 

Elton 

1 

r h 

y r 

FM 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

*? 

*? 

Governor  Wood 

1 

r h 

y r 

FM 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

Napoleon 

1 

r obh 

y r 

FM 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Rockport  

1 

r obh 

a m 

FM 

E 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

* 

Windsor 

1 

r h 

d r 

M 

L 

Am. 

f 

t 

t 

Duke  and  Morello  Cherries— 

Carnation 

m 

r 

a m 

K M 

L 

F. 

*? 

*p 

t 

Early  Richmond  

s 

r 

1 r 

K M 

E 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Eugenie  Empress  Eugenie 

m 

r ob  h 

dr 

FM 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

Hortense 

1 

r 

lr 

F M 

L 

F. 

*?  . 

* 

*? 

* 

Late  Duke 

1 

ob  h 

d r 

K M 

L 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Late  Kentish 

m 

r 

r 

K 

M 

F. 

* 

*? 

** 

Louis  Phillippe _ 

1 

r 

dr 

K M 

L 

F. 

* 

"i?" 

* 

Magnifique 

1 

r h 

1 r 

K M 

L 

F. 

* 

** 

*? 

* 

May  Duke 

1 

r obh 

d r 

K M 

E 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Montmorency,  Large 

1 

r 

dr 

K M 

M 

F. 

** 

* 

* 

** 

Morello,  English  Morello 

1 

r h 

d r 

K M 

L 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Olivet 

1 

r 

r 

F 

M 

F. 

*? 

*? 

* 

Royal  Duke 

1 

r 

d r 

K M 

M 

F. 

* 

*’ 

* 

* 

Value. 


CURRANTS. 


The  notes  upon  these  fruits  in  the  South  Haven  report  are  very  com- 
plete and  little  more  need  be  said.  Although  the  Cherry,  Fay  aud  Versail- 
laise  produce  much  larger  fruit  than  the  Red  Dutch,  Victoria  and  Prince 
Albert,  they  are  so  infested  with  borers  that  the  latter  will  be  found  much 
more  reliable.  The  Prince  Albert  in  particular  should  be  commended  as 
it  is  but  little  troubled  by  currant  worms,  and  carries  its  fruit  until  all 
other  varieties  are  gone. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


115 


CURRANTS. 

Abbreviations. — Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small.  Form— with  reference  to  form  of  bunch— 1,  long; 
v 1,  very  long ; s,  short;  m,  medium.  Color— r,  red;  b,  black;  w,  white.  Quality— a,  acid;  m a,  mod- 
erately acid;  v a,  very  acid.  Use—  K M,  kitchen  and  market;  F M,  family  and  market;  M,  market. 
Season— E,  early;  M,  medium ; L,  late.  Origin— Am,  American ; F,  foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Black  Naples 

1 

s 

b 

m a 

KM 

M 

F. 

* 

He 

He 

He 

He 

Cherry  

1 

s 

r 

v a 

M 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

He 

H= 

He 

Fay 

1 

1 

r 

m a 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

He 

He 

He 

* 

Lee 

1 

1 

b 

m a 

F M 

M 

F. 

* 

He 

* 

He 

* 

Prince  Albert 

1 

1 

r 

m a 

M 

L 

F. 

He 

* 

He 

He 

He 

Red  Dutch 

m 

m 

r 

m a 

FM 

E 

F. 

** 

He  He 

He  He 

** 

He* 

Versaillaise 

1 

s 

r 

a 

M 

M 

F. 

* 

He 

H= 

* 

* 

Victoria,  Raby  Castle 

1 

v 1 

r 

a 

F M 

L 

F. 

He  He 

He  H= 

He  He 

** 

** 

White  Dutch 

m 

1 

w 

m a 

F M 

E 

F. 

He  He 

He  He 

** 

** 

White  Grape 

m 

1 

w 

m a 

F M 

E 

F. 

* 

He 

He 

He 

He 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

The  Downing  is  as  yet  the  variety  for  market,  although  Smith,  Hough- 
ton and  Pale  Red  are  largely  grown.  The  Industry  has  been  extensively 
advertised  and  quite  generally  planted,  but  except  in  a very  few  localities 
it  has  been  a failure.  The  plant  is  a poor  grower  except  in  cool,  moist 
soils,  and  the  leaves  and  fruits  are  much  injured  by  mildew.  The  use  of 
fungicides  will  suffice  to  hold  this  disease  in  check.  Red  Jacket  is  the 
most  promising  of  the  new  sorts. 

GOOSEBERRIES.  . 


Abbreviations. — Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  a,  small.  Form— r,  round;  o,  oval;  r o,  roundish  oval. 
Color— r,  reddish,  when  fully  ripe;  g,  greenish  yellow,  when  fully  ripe.  Quality— g,  good;  v g,  very 

good;  b,  best.  Use— K,  Kitchen;  M,  market.  Season — E,  early;  M,  medium;  M L,  medium  late. 
Irigin— Am,  American;  F,  Foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

1 1 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Snore- 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Downing 

m 

r o 

g 

v g 

K 

M L 

Am. 

He* 

** 

** 

He* 

** 

Houghton 

8 

r o 

r 

g 

K M 

E 1 

Am. 

* 

H= 

He 

* 

* 

Industry 

1 

r o 

r 

v g 

K 

M 

F. 

He? 

*? 

He? 

*? 

*? 

Smith,  Smith's  Improved 

1 

o 

g 

V g 

K M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

He 

* 

* 

GRAPES. 

Not  less  than  fifty  varieties  of  this  fruit  are  brought  out  each  year,  and 
the  list  has  become  so  loaded  down  that  many  of  the  best  varieties  are 
buried  out  of  sight.  Worden  and  Concord  are  still  our  best  black  grapes 


116 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


and  Delaware  leads  the  list  of  the  reds,  followed  closely  by  Salem,  one 
of  the  Rogers’  hybrids.  In  some  sections,  however,  the  Brighton  is 
preferable  to  either  of  these  sorts,  but,  in  many  localities,  it  is  so  subject 
to  mildew  that  it  is  not  held  in  high  esteem.  Of  the  white  varieties,  the 
Niagara  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list.  Although,  not  universally  success- 
ful, it  is  very  productive  in  the  grape-growing  districts,  and  the  large  size 
of  the  bunches  and  the  quality  of  the  fruit  make  it  readily  salable  at  a 
remunerative  price.  Winchell  (Green  Mountain)  of  the  new  grapes  is 
certainly  an  acquisition  as  an  early  white  variety,  "while  Colerain  is  very 
promising. 


GRAPES. 

Abbreviations.— Size— with  reference  to  the  berry;  1,  large ; m,  medium  ; s,  small.  Form— with  refer- 
ence to  the  bunch  and  berry;  s r,  short  bunch,  round  berry ; 1 r,  large  and  round;  m r o,  medium  bunch, 
roundish  oval  berry;  m r,  medium  bunch,  round  berry.  Color— b,  black,  or  nearly  so  when  fully  ripe; 
r,  reddish  or  copper-brownish  red;  g,  greenish  white  or  yellowish.  Quality— g,  good;  v g,  very  good; 
b,  best.  Use— T,  table;  M.  market;  W,  wine.  Season— E,  early;  M,  medium;  L.  late.  Origin— The 
species  to  which  each  variety  belongs  is  designed  as  follows:  Lab.,  Labrusca;  .ffist.,  cestivalis;  Rip., 
riparian  Vulp.,  vulpina.  An  x after  one  of  the  species  denotes  a cross  with  a variety  of  some  other 
species.  Hyb.,  hybrid,  between  a foreign  variety  and  one  of  the  native  species. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

© 

to 

P 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Agawam  ..  

1 

s r o 

r 

g 

TM 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Barry 

1 

r 

b 

g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

* 

Brighton 

1 

r J 

dp 

v g 

T 

E 

Hyb. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Catawba 

1 

m r o 

r 

b 

TMW 

L 

Lab. 

*p 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Concord 

1 

1 r 

b 

g 

TMWj 

M 

Lab. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Delaware 

8 

s r 

r 

b 

TMW 

M 

X? 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Diana 

m 

s r o 

r 

v g 

T M 

L 

Lab. 

* 

*? 

• *y 

Empire  State  . 

s 

r 

w 

v g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

*? 

*' 

* 

Eumelan  . 

m 

r 

b 

v g 

T 

M 

Lab. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Goethe 

1 

1 r o 

g 

v g 

T W | 

L 

Hyb. 

*? 

*p 



: 

Hartford  ( Prolific ) 

1 

m r o 

b 

g 

M 

E 

Lab. 

*? 

*? 

*p 

*? 

* 

Hayes 

m 

s r 

w 

v g 

T 

M 

Lab. 

*? 

Herbert 

1 

1 r 

b 

v g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

*p 

*? 

Iona.  _ . 

m 

m r o 

r 

b 

TMW 

L 

Lab. 

*? 

*? 

*p 

Ives 

m 

m r o 

b 

g 

MW 

M 

Lab. 

*p 

*? 

Jefferson  . 

m 

m r 

r 

v g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

*p 

*? 

*? 

Lady 

1 

r 

w 

g 

T M 

E 

Lab. 

*" 

* 

* 

Lindley 

m 

m r o 

r 

g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

** 

* 

* 

* 

Massasoit 

1 

m r 

r 

g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

*? 

* 

Merrimae 

1 

s r 

b 

g 

M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

* 

Moore  Early 

1 

r 

b 

g 

T M 

VE 

Lab. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Niagara ..  

1 

r 

w 

g 

T M 

M 

Lab. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Pocklington 

1 

1 r 

w 

g 

T M 

M 

Lab. 

* 

* 

* 

Prentiss 

m 

m r 

w 

V g 
g 

T M 

M 

Lab. 

* 

* 

Salem 

1 

r 

b 

M 

M 

Hyb. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

Vergennes 

8 

lr 

1 

p 

v g 

T M 

E 

1 Lab. 

* 

* 

* 

♦ 

Wilder  

1 

lr 

b 

V g 

T M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

*? 

*? 

* 

Worden 

1 

r 

b 

g 

T M 

E 

Lab. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Woodruff .. 

1 

m r 

r 

g 

M 

M 

Hyb. 

* 

* 

♦ 



Wyoming 

m 

m r 

r 

g 

M 

M 

j Lab. 

* 

* 

* 

While  the  above  varieties  are  sufficient  to  cover  the  season  of  ripening 
and  embrace  the  leading  commercial  sorts,  some  growers  may  wish  for  a 
somewhat  longer  list,  and  for  them  the  following  additional  kinds  would 
be  desirable:  Agawam,  Barry,  Empire  State,  Lady,  Lindley,  Massasoit, 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


117 


Merrimac,  Moore  Early,  Pocklington,  Vergennes,  Wilder,  Woodruff  and 
Wyoming.  Hartford  and  Ives  are  sometimes  of  value.  The  other  varie- 
ties in  the  list  have  been  given  *?  in  nearly  every  section  and,  while  several 
of  them,  as  Catawba,  are  among  our  best  grapes  where  they  thrive,  they 
succeed  in  very  few  sections  of  Michigan.  For  notes  upon  these  and  many 
other  sorts,  reference  is  given  to  our  South  Haven  Bulletin. 

PEACHES. 

In  the  peach  list,  the  varieties  with  two  stars  will  make  up  a good  col- 
lection for  market  purposes  and  the  addition  of  a few  sorts  of  rather  higher 
flavor  from  the  single  star  group,  such  as  Mountain  Bose  and  Oldmixon, 
will  give  one  as  good  as  can  be  selected  for  home  use.  As  this  fruit  has 
been  treated  at  length  in  Bulletins  103  and  104  nothing  more  need  be  said 
here. 

PEACHES. 


Abbreviations.— Size— I,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small.  Class— F,  freestone;  C,  clingstone.  Color— 
relative  to  the  flesh,  w,  white  or  pale  color;  y,  yellow  or  yellowish;  g,  greenish  white,  red  at  stone. 
Quality— j v,  juicy  vinous ; m j r,  melting,  juicy,  rich;  s j,  sweet,  juicy  ; s j h,  sweet,  juicy  and  high  flav- 
ored. Glands— s,  serrated,  without  glands  ; g,  glands,  globose ; r,  glands,  reniform.  Season— E,  early; 
M,  medium;  L,  late ; V E,  very  early;  V L,  very  late.  Origin— Am,  American;  F,  foreign. 


Names. 


Alexander 

Barnard 

Beer  Smock..  

Bronson 

Crawford  Early 

Crawford  Late... 

Early  Michigan 

Elberta 

Engle  Mammoth 

Foster 

George  IV 

Gold  Drop 

Hale  

Hill  Chili . 

Kalamazoo 

Large  Barnard 

Large  Early  York 

Lewis 

Mountain  Rose.. 

Oldmixon  Free 

Oldmixon  Cling 

Red  Cheek  Melocoton 

Richmond  

Rivers  ( Early  Rivers) 
Saint  John 

Sal  way 

Smock„ 

Snow’s  Orange 

Stomp  the  World 

Susquehanna  

Yellow  Rareripe 


Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Class. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Glands. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

m 

F 

w 

s j 

g 

V E 

Am. 

*? 

* 

* 

* 

m 

F 

y 

j v 

g 

E 

** 

** 

** 

1 

F 

y 

j v 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

m 

F 

y 

j v 

L 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

1 

F 

y 

3 v 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

1 

F 

y 

3 v 

g 

L 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

m 

F 

w r 

3 v 

E 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

1 

F 

y 

mjr 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

1 

F 

y 

m j 

g 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

1 

F 

y 

3 v 

g 

L 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

m 

F 

y 

mjr 

g 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

m 

F 

y 

3 v 

r 

V L 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

in 

F 

w 

mjr 

g 

V E 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

m 

F 

y 

3 r 

L 

Am. 

Me  Me 

* 

** 

** 

m 

F 

y 

mjr 



L 

Am. 

** 

** 

Me  Me 

** 

1 

F 

y r 

3 r 

M 

Am. 

* 

** 

* 

* 

m 

F 

w 

s j h 

g 

V E 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

m 

F 

w 

m j r 

g 

E 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

in 

F 

w 

8 j 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

1 

F 

g 

s j h 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

** 

** 

** 

1 

C 

w 

mjr 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

1 * 

1 

F 

y 

3 v 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

m 

F 

w 

m j 

r 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

1 

F 

py 

m r 

r 

E 

Eng. 

* 

* 

* 

Me 

1 

F 

y 

8 3 

g 

V E 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Me 

1 

F 

y r 

m j 

r 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

Me? 

1 

F 

y 

j v 

r 

L 

Am. 

** 

Mei 

** 

** 

m 

F 

y 

m j 

r 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

1 

F 

w 

s j h 

g 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

1 

F 

y 

8 j V 

g 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

1 

F 

y 

j V 

g 

E 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

118 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


PEARS. 

While  many  commercial  pear  growers  make  a specialty  of  some  one 
variety  that  seems  particularly  suited  to  their  soil  or  method  of  handling 
it,  others  select  such  sorts  as  will  give  them  a succession  throughout 
the  season  and  as  a rule  they  will  be  about  the  same  as  would  be 
planted  for  family  use.  Pear  trees  are  known  as  standards  or  dwarfs,  the 
difference  being  due  to  the  kind  of  roots  upon  which  they  have  been 
worked;  in  one  case  they  are  budded  upon  seedling  pear  stocks  while,  in 
the  other,  quince  stocks  have  been  used.  Dwarfs  are  seldom  used  in  com- 
mercial orchards  although  if  the  branches  are  cut  in  annually,  so  that  they 
will  correspond  with  the  area  of  the  roots,  and  the  trees  are  given  plenty 
of  plant  food  and  thorough  cultivation  they  will  be  found  quite  profitable. 

Reference  to  the  “ value  ” column  of  the  pear  list  will  show  that  the 
Bartlett  and  Anjou  stand  high  in  the  estimation  of  fruit  growers,  both  of 
them  receiving  double  stars  in  every  section  of  the  state.  The  first  is  a 
well-known  sort  that  succeeds  everywhere  but  the  other  is  not  so  well- 
known.  It  grows  and  fruits  well,  both  as  a standard  and  a dwarf,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  sorts  both  for  home  use  and  market. 

The  varieties  that  come  next  in  general  favor  are  Bose,  Clapp  Favorite, 
Flemish  Beauty,  Howell,  Seckel  and  Sheldon.  The  Bose  stands  very  close 
to  the  Anjou  as  a variety  for  either  home  use  or  market;  coming 
between  that  variety  and  Bartlett  it  is  well  worthy  of  a place  upon  every 
list.  Clapp  Favorite  is  liable  to  rot  at  the  core  unless  it  is  picked  early 
and  ripened  in  a warm  room;  while  a productive  variety,  it  is  not  as  valu- 
able as  the  kinds  above  mentioned,  and  although  a few  trees  may  be  desir- 
able it  is  not  worthy  of  extensive  planting.  Flemish  Beauty  succeeds  well 
in  some  localities  and  contests  with  the  Bartlett  for  supremacy  in  its 
season.  In  other  sections  it  is  so  subject  to  scab  and  cracking  that  it  is 
not  appreciated.  With  a proper  use  of  Bordeaux  mixture,  fairly  good 
results  can  be  obtained  with  this  sort  in  nearly  all  localities. 

The  Howell  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  autumn  pears  for  market,  in 
particular,  and  is  worthy  of  a place  upon  the  list  for  home  use.  The 
Seckel  and  Sheldon  are  well  known  and  valuable  varieties,  but  they  require 
(the  Seckel  particularly)  thorough  cultivation  and  high  manuring  if  large, 
perfect  fruits  are  to  be  obtained.  Onondaga  in  some  respects  resembles 
Bartlett,  but  it  is  later  and  a good  market  sort.  Lawrence  follows  Anjou 
and  is  excellent  for  early  winter  use. 

Of  the  varieties  particularly  desirable  for  market  sorts  are  Keiffer  and 
Clairgeau.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  these  vatieties,  when  well 
ripened,  have  a ready  sale  for  cooking  purposes  and  have  been  found  quite 
profitable. 

The  Angouleme  (Duchess)  has  quite  generally  been  given  two  stars  and 
when  grown  as  a dwarf  it  is  certainly  worth  planting  as  the  fruit  is  large, 
of  fair  quality,  and  produces  in  abundance.  The  Louise  Bonne  is  another 
sort  that  should  always  be  grown  as  a dwarf,  while  Anjou,  Bose,  Howell 
and  Seckel  do  well  that  way. 

Of  the  other  varieties  that  are  worth  a place  in  the  list,  Boussock, 
Buffum,  Josephine  of  Malines,  Lawrence,  Lucrative,  Madeleine,  Onondaga, 
Osband,  Sterling,  Stevens  Genesee,  Sumner  Doyenne,  Tyson,  Vicar  and 
Winter  Nelis  are  most  valuable.  As  a list  that  gives  a succession  through 
the  season  the  following  is  submitted:  Sumner  Doyenne,  Sterling,  Clapp 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


119 


Favorite,  Bartlett,  Howell,  Onondaga,  Bose,  Sheldon,  Anjou  and 
Lawrence. 

Of  the  varieties  of  pears  recently  placed  upon  the  market,  the  best  known 
are  Idaho,  Wilder  and  Vermont  Beauty.  While  they  have  not  been  suf- 
ficiently tested  in  Michigan  to  warrant  an  opinion  of  their  value,  it  may  be 
well  to  state  that  the  Idaho  is  almost  identical  with  Sheldon,  while  the 
other  two  resemble  Seckel,  the  former  being  earlier  and  the  latter  later 
than  that  variety. 

PEARS. 

Abbreviations.— Size— s,  small;  1,  large;  m,  medium.  Form— p,  pyriform;  r o p,  roundish  obtuse  pyri- 
form; rap,  roundish  acute  pyriform;  ob  p,  obtuse  pyriform;  ob  o p,  oblong  obtuse  pyriform;  r,  round- 
ish; r ob,  roundish  obtuse.  Color— y g,  yellow  or  yellowish  green  with  a red  or  russet  red  cheek;  y r, 
yellow  and  russet;  y,  when  mostly  yellow  or  yellowish.  Quality— g,  good;  v g,  very  good;  b,  best. 
Use— F,  valuable  family  dessert;  K M,  kitchen  and  market:  F M,  family  and  market.  Season— 3,  sum- 
mer; L S,  late  summer;  A,  autumn;  E A,  early  autumn ; L A,  late  autumn;  W,  Winter.  Origin— Eng., 
English;  Am.,  American;  F,  French;  FI,  Flemish;  B,  Belgium ; H,  Holland. 


Names. 

Description, 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central  J 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Angouleme  ( Duchess ) 

1 

obop 

y 

v g 

FM 

A 

F. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Anjou,  Buerre  d ’ Anjou 

1 

ob  p 

y g 

v g 

FM 

LA 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Bartlett 

1 

obop 

y 

V g 

FM 

LS 

Eng. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Bloodgood 

m 

r 

y r 

v g 

F 

s 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Bose,  Beurre  Bose 

1 

p 

y r 

b 

FM 

LA 

B. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Bonssock 

1 

r o p 

y r 

v g 

FM 

E A 

B. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Brandywine  __ 

m 

r ob 

y g 

v g 

FM 

S 

Am, 

*? 

* 

Bnffum 

m 

r o p 

y g 

g 

M 

EA 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Clairgeau 

1 

P 

y r 

g 

M 

L A 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

** 

* 

Clapp  Favorite 

1 

obop 

y g 

▼ g 

FM 

S 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Dana  Hovey 

B 

r obp 

y g 

b 

F 

w 

Am. 

* 

* 

Diel 

1 

r ob  p 

y r 

v g 

FM 

LA 

B. 

* 

*? 

Easter  Beurre 

1 

r ob  p 

y r 

v g 

F 

W 

B. 

*? 

* 

Flemish  Beauty 

m 

r obp 

y g 

V g 

FM 

E A 

B. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Giffard 

1 

p 

y g 

V g 

FM 

S 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Glout  Morceau 

1 

ob  p 

y 

g 

F 

LA 

F. 

*? 

*? 

Gray  Doyenne 

m 

r 

y r 

b 

FM 

LA 

F. 

*? 

*? 

Hardy,  Beurre  Hardy 

1 

ob  p 

y g 

v g 

FM 

E A 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Howell 

1 

r p 

y g 

V g 

FM 

EA 

Am. 

* 

* 

Josephine  of  Malines 

m 

rob  p 

y r 

V g 

FM 

W 

F. 

*• 

* 

* 

* 

Kieffer 

1 

r o p 

y r 

g 

KM 

A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Lawrence 

m 

r o p 

y r 

V g 

FM 

W 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey 

1 

ob  p 

y g 

V g 

FM 

E A 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Lucrative  

m 

ob  r 

g y 

b 

F 

E A 

FI. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Madeline 

m 

p 

y g 

V g 

FM 

S 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

Manning  Elizabeth 

s 

ob  p 

y r 

v g 

F 

S 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Mount  Vernon  ... 

m 

r o p 

y r 

v g 

FM 

LA 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Onondaga,  Swan’s  Orange 

1 

ob  p 

y g 

V g 

FM 

LA 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Osband  Summer  

8 

r p 

y g 

v g 

F 

S 

Am. 

* 

*, 

* 

* 

Pound 

p 

y 

g 

K M 

w 

* 

* 

* 

Rostiezer 

8 

p 

y g 

b 

F 

s 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Seckel 

8 

r 

y g 

b 

FM 

A 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Sheldon.  

m 

r 

y g 

v g 

FM 

A 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Souvenir  du  Congress 

1 

p y r 

y g 

V g 

FM 

S 

F. 

* 

* 

Sterling 

m 

r 

y g 

V g 

F M 

E A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Stevens  Genesee 

1 

r 

y 

v g 

FM 

E A 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Summer  Doyenne 

8 

r o p 

y g 

V g 

F 

S 

B. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Superfin,  Beurre  Superfin 

m 

r p 

y r 

v g 

F 

A 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Tyson.  .. 

m 

rap 

y g 

b 

F 

s 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Vicar,  Vicar  of  Winkfield 

1 

p 

y 

g 

K M 

W 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

White  Doyenne.  Virgalieu 

m 

< b p 

y g 

b 

F M 

A 

F. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

*? 

* 

Winter  Nelis 

m 

ob  p 

yr  I 

b 

FM 

W I 

B. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

120 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


PLUMS. 


Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small.  Fobm— o,  oval;  ob,  obovate;  r,  roundish.  Color— 
g,  greenish;  p,  purplish;  r,  reddish;  y,  yellow.  Quality— b,  best;  g,  good;  v,  very.  Use— F,  family;  M, 
market.  Season — E,  early;  L,  Late;  M,  medium.  Origin— Am,  American;  F,  Foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

o 

"o 

o 

Quality. 

Use. 

: 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

European— 

Bavay,  Bavay's  Green  Gage. 

1 

r 

g y 

b 

F 

L 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Bradshaw  . . . 

1 

oob 

r p 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Coe  Golden  Drop 

1 

o 

y r 

v g 

F M 

L 

F. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Field 

1 

r o 

r p 

g 

M 

E 

Am. 

t 

t 

f 

t 

Copper  

m 

o 

p 

g 

F M 

M 

F. 

t 

t 

f 

f 

Damson 

s 

o 

P 

g 

M 

L 

Am. 

* 

** 

* 

* 

Duane  Purple 

1 

o 

r p 

g 

F M 

E 

Am. 

- * 

* 

* 

German  Prune 

1 

o 

P 

g 

F M 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

** 

* 

* 

Grand  Duke 

1 

r o 

p 

v g 

F M 

L 

F. 

f 

t 

t 

t 

Green  Gage 

s 

r 

e y 

b 

F 

M 

F. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Imperial  Gage 

m 

o 

g y 

b 

F M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Italian  Prune,  Fellemburg.. 

m 

o 

p 

g 

FM 

M 

F. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Jefferson 

1 

o 

y r 

b 

F M 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*■? 

*? 

Lombard 

m 

r o 

r p 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

MacLaughlin  . 

1 

r 

y r 

b 

F M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

Moore  Arctic  

m 

r o 

p 

g 

F M 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

Pond  (English) 

1 

o 

y r 

g 

M 

M 

F. 

* 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Prince  Englebert  

1 

o 

p 

v g 

F M 

M 

F. 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Quackenboss 

1 

r 

p 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

* 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Shropshire  Damson 

s 

o 

p 

g 

FM 

L 

Eng. 

•f* 

** 

** 

* 

** 

Smith  Orleans 

1 

o 

r p 

v g 

F M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Stanton 

m 

r o 

d p 

v g 

F M 

L 

Am. 

f. 

t 

t 

t 

Washington 

1 

r o 

g y 

V g 

F M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

Yellow  Egg 

1 

o 

y 

g 

F M 

M 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Japanese— 

Abundance  ( Siveet  Botan ) .. 

m 

r o 

P 

g 

FM 

M 

Jap. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Botan  ( White ) 

m 

r o 

r p 

g 

F M 

M 

Jap. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Burbank 

m 

r 

p 

g 

F M 

M 

Jap. 

t 

t 

t 

t 

For  extended  notes  upon  the  varieties  of  plums  reference  is  made  to 
Bulletin  103. 


quinces. 


Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small;  v,  very.  Form— o,  oblate;  ob,  obtuse;  p,  pyri- 
form; r,  roundish.  Color— g,  greenish;  y,  yellow.  Quality— H,  half  tender;  T,  tender.  Use— F,  kitchen; 
M,  market.  Season— E,  early;  L,  late.  Origin— Am,  American;  F,  foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

£ 

N 

Form, 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  8hore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Apple  or  Orange 

l 

r 

y 

h t 

M K 

E L 

** 

* 

** 

** 

Champion __ 

V 1 

ob  p 

y 

t 

M K 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

*? 

Meech 

1 

r ob 

y 

t 

M K 

M 

Am. 

t 

f 

+ 

t 

Rea 

1 

rob 

y 

ht 

M K 

E 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


121 


RASPBERRIES. 


The  varieties  of  Sub-section  1 are  not  used  for  market  purposes,  but  on 
account  of  their  superior  flavor  they  are  valued  for  home  consumption  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Of  those  in  Sub-section  2,  Shaffer  seems  to  be  the  only  one  that  is  fav- 
ored. The  berries  are  large  and  are  produced  abundantly,  but  their  dull 
color  and  peculiar  flavor  are  against  them.  In  Sub-section  3,  Palmer 
seems  to  be  the  favorite  for  early,  and  Gregg  for  late,  although  Conrath, 
Ohio  and  Souhegan  had  many  votes.  The  Hansell  and  Marlboro  seem  to 
be  well  liked  as  early  red  sorts,  and  Cuthbert  is  universally  favored  for 
late.  Turner  is  liked  in  the  northern  section  because  of  its  superior  hardi- 
ness. Crimson  Beauty  seems  also  to  succeed  in  some  localities  if  planted 
with  other  kinds  that  can  fertilize  it. 

RASPBERRIES. 


Abbreviations. — Size— J,  large;  m,  medium;  s,  small;  v,  very.  Form— c,  conical;  o,  obtuse;  r,  roundish. 
CoiiOR — b,  black;  p,  purplish;  r,  reddish;  y,  yellow.  Quality— b,  best;  g,  good;  v,  very.  Use— M, 
market;  F,  family.  Season— E,  early;  L,  late;  M,  medium.  Origin— Am,  American;  F,  foreign. 


Names. 

Description. 

Value. 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Use. 

d 

o 

ID 

es 

o> 

32 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Sub-section  l.—R.  Idaeus — 

Clarke 

m 

r 

r 

g 

FM 

E 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

Herstine 

1 

ob  c 

r 

v g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

Hudson  River  Antwerp  

1 

c 

r 

b 

FM 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

Orange,  Brinckles 

1 

c 

y 

b 

F 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*i> 

Sub-section  2.—R.  neglectus— 

Caroline 

m 

ro 

y 

g 

F 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

Philadelphia ___ 

m 

r 

p 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

Purple  Cane.  . 

m 

r 

p 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

*? 

* 

* 

Shaffer 

v 1 

r 

P 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Sub-section  3. -R.  occidental is— 

Conrath 

m 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

E 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Doolittle 

s 

r 

b 

g 

M 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Gregg 

V 1 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Hilbom 

V 1 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

*? 

* 

Johnston  Sweet 

m 

r 

b 

v g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

*? 

* 

MacCormick,  Mam.  Cluster. 

m 

ob  c 

b 

v g 

FM 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Nemaha 

1 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Ohio 

m 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Palmer 

m 

r 

b 

g 

FM 

E 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

* 

Souhegan,  Tyler 

m 

r 

b 

g 

F 

E 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Sub-section  4.—R.  strigosus— 

Brandywine 

m 

r c 

r 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

Cuthbert 

1 

r o 

r 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

** 

Golden  Queen 

1 

r c 

y 

V g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Hansell 

m 

r c 

r 

v g 

FM 

V E 

Am. 

* 

* 

» 

Marlboro 

1 

r c 

r 

g 

FM 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

*? 

* 

♦ 

Turner 

m 

r 

r 

g 

FM 

E 

Am. 

* 

* 

** 

* 

STRAWBERRIES. 

The  new  strawberries  do  not  seem  to  have  met  with  much  favor,  as  there 
were  very  few  votes  for  kinds  that  have  been  introduced  less  than  ten 
years.  In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the  list  there  were  a few  votes 
for  Enhance,  Greenville,  Beverly,  Marshall,  Shuckless  and  Timbrell,  but 

16 


122 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


it  is  not  likely  that  the  last  three  had  been  thoroughly  tested.  All  of  them 
are  probably  valuable  sorts,  if  we  can  judge  from  their  behavior  elsewhere. 

For  notes  upon  other  new  sorts  of  raspberries  and  strawberries,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  Bulletins  104  and  106. 


STRAWBERRIES. 

Abbreviations.— Size— 1,  large;  s,  small;  m,  medium.  Sex— B,  bisexual;  P,  pistillate;  P B,  nearly  pestil? 
late.  Color— d c,  deep  crimson;  d s,  deep  scarlet;  b,  s,  bright  scarlet ; w t,  whitish  tinted  with  red;  1 c 
light  crimson.  Form— re,  roundish  conicaL;  o c,  obtuse  conical  or  coxcomb  form;  c,  conical;  r,  round- 
ish; r o c,  roundish  obtuse  conical.  Flesh— s,  soft;  f,  firm;  m,  medium.  Season— Early ; M,  medium- 
L,  late;  E L,  early  to  late.  Origin— Am,  American;  F,  foreign. 


Description.  i Value. 


Names. 

Size. 

Sex. 

Color. 

Form. 

Flesh. 

Season. 

Origin. 

Southern 
Lake  Shore. 

Northern 
Lake  Shore. 

Southern 

Michigan. 

Central 

Michigan. 

Northern 

Michigan. 

Bidwell  

v 1 

B 

b s 

c 

f 

M 

Am, 

* 

*? 

*? 

Bubach  No.  5 

1 

P 

d r 

r c 

m 

M 

Am. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Captain  Jack  . 

1 

B 

dr 

r c 

f 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

Charles  Downing 

1 

B 

d s 

c 

f 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Crawford 

B 

b c 

o c 

m 

M 

0. 

** 

* 

Crescent 

1 

P 

b s 

r c 

m 

M 

Am. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

** 

Cumberland 

1 

B 

b 8 

r c 

s 

M 

Am. 

* 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Eureka 

1 

P 

b r 

r 

m 

M 

O. 

* 

*? 

* 

* 

* 

Gandy 

m 

B 

b r 

c 

f 

L 

Am. 

*? 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Haverland 

1 

P 

r'sc 

o c 

m 

M 

Am. 

** 

* 

* 

** 

** 

Jersey  Queen 

v 1 

P 

b s 

r c 

f 

L 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

*? 

Jessie 

V 1 

B 

b s 

r c 

m 

M 

Am. 

*" 

*? 

*? 

*? 

* 

Kentucky  

1 

B 

b s 

r c 

f 

L 

Am. 

* 

*? 

*? 

* 

Manchester 

1 

P 

8 

o c 

f 

M 

Am. 

*? 

*? 

* 

* 

Miner  

vl 

B 

C 

r c 

m 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

** 

* 

Mount  Vernon 

1 

B 

Is 

roc 

m 

L 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Mrs.  Cleveland 

1 

P 

b c 

r c 

m 

M 

0. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Parker  Earle 

1 

B 

b r 

1 c 

f 

M 

Tex. 

** 

** 

* 

** 

* 

Pearl 

m 

B 

b r 

o c 

f 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Sharpless 

v 1 

B 

b r 

o c 

f 

M 

Am. 

* 

* 

* ! 

** 

* 

Warfield 

m 

P 

dr 

c 

f 

M 

111. 

** 

* 

** 

** 

* 

Wilson 

1 

B 

dc 

rc 

f 

E M 

Am. 

** 

** 

** 

** 

* 

In  the  above  lists,  the  data  regarding  the  size,  shape,  color,  season  and 
quality  of  the  different  varieties,  etc.,  have  been  taken  from  the  last  report 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society,  and  the  starring  will  be  used  in 
making  up  the  Michigan  Fruit  List  for  the  next  volume,  soon  to  be 
issued. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  catalogue,  great  assistance  has  been  afforded 
me  by  the  many  persons  who  filled  out  and  returned  the  circulars  that 
were  sent  out.  In  most  cases  it  was  done  so  thoroughly  and  in  such  an 
intelligent  manner  that  the  returns  were  incorporated  into  this  bulletin 
with  a very  few  slight  changes. 

To  all  persons  who  aided  in  the  preparation  of  this  fruit  list,  the  thanks 
of  the  collator  are  extended,  for  the  help  that  was  rendered  and  the  many 
useful  suggestions  that  were  made. 

While  it  is  undoubtedly  faulty  in  many  particulars,  it  is  sent  out  with 
the  hope  that  it  will  be  of  value  to  prospective  planters  of  fruit  trees  and 
plants. 

Agricultural  College,  ) 

February  1 , 1894.  j 


BULLETIN  106. 


FEBRUARY,  1894 


STRAWBERRIES  AND  RASPBERRIES. 


BY  L.  R.  TAFT  AND  H.  P.  GLADDEN. 


The  variety  tests  of  the  above  fruits  have  been  quite  successful  the  past 
season,  and  we  trust  the  results  will  be  found  useful.  The  soil  upon  which 
they  have  been  grown  is  of  a sandy  nature,  but  it  contains  a considerable 
amount  of  clay;  before  the  plants  were  set,  it  was  well  enriched  with  stable 
manure  and  the  raspberries  were  mulched  with  that  material  the  winter 
after  setting.  A mulch  of  straw  and  marsh  hay  was  given  the  strawberries 
late  in  the  fall  of  1892  and,  just  as  growth  was  starting  in  the  spring,  it 
was  removed,  to  admit  of  the  cultivating  and  loosening  of  the  soil  between 
the  rows,  and  was  then  replaced  to  act  as  a mulch  and  keep  the  berries 
clean.  The  strawberries  from  which  the  notes  were  taken  were  set  in  the 
spring  of  1892,  although  we  had  another  plantation,  of  most  of  the  older 
sorts  made  in  1891,  which  we  used  for  comparison.  The  raspberries  were 
for  the  most  part  set  in  1890  and  1891;  a few,  however,  of  the  newer  sorts 
were  not  obtained  until  1892. 

The  season  was  very  favorable  for  the  strawberry  crop,  although  it  was 
somewhat  cut  short  by  leaf  blight  and  hot  weather;  the  raspberries  .were 
considerably  injured  by  the  winter  and  the  crop  of  berries  was  lessened  by 
the  hot,  dry  weather  of  July. 

The  data  for  the  tables  were  obtained  by,  or  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Gladden,  and  many  of  the  notes  were  prepared  by  him. 

STRAWBERRIES. 

In  August  a bulletin  was  issued  containing  the  notes  on  eighty  new 
varieties,  that  fruited  for  the  first  time  thn  past  season.  In  the  table  below, 
the  varieties  marked  with  an  asterisk  < *),  are  those  described  in  that 
bulletin,  and  any  one  wishing  for  a further  description  of  those  sorts, 
except  the  few  that  are  here  given,  is  referred  to  Bulletin  No.  100. 


124 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Table  No.  1.— STRAWBERRIES. 


Form. 

ABBREVIATIONS. 

Size. 

Color. 

b,  broad.  1,  long. 

s,  small. 

b,  bright.  1,  light. 

c,  conical.  o,  oval. 

m,  medium. 
1,  large. 

c,  crimson.  r,  red. 

d.  depressed.  r,  round. 

d,  dark.  s,  scarlet. 

i,  irregular. 

Variety. 

Sex. 

Vigor  (1-10). 

Date  of  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruits. 

Last  fruits. 

Productiveness 

(1-10). 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Firmness. 

* Accomack  ..  

b 

6 

May  24 

June  21 

June  30 

6 

m 

1 c 

d c 

9 

7 

♦Af  ton  

P 

8 

“ 25 

4 4 

19 

July  10 

9.5 

m to  1 

r c 

d c 

9 

8.5 

* Alabama  ... 

b 

7 

“ 30 

U 

19 

June  30 

5 

m 

r c 

d c 

9 

9.5 

Alpha  

b 

6 

“ 25 

4 1 

21 

July  5 

8.5 

m 

c 

lc 

8 

6 

Arlington 

P 

8.5 

“ 24 

4 4 

16 

“ 10 

9 

m 

r c 

8 

8 

8 

Auburn 

P 

9.8 

“ 29 

(4 

21 

“ 10 

8 

m 

o c 

lc 

9 

8 

Banquet...  

P 

8 

“ 24 

4 4 

19 

“ 5 

7 

m 

c 

d c 

9.5 

0 

*Beauty 

b 

8.5 

“ 24 

a 

21 

“ 10 

9.5 

1 

r b c 

bd  s 

8.5 

6 

Beder  Wood 

b 

9 

“ 24 

44 

17 

June  30 

9 

s to  m 

r 

lc 

7 

8 

Belle 

b 

8.5 

“ 25 

44 

23 

July  9 

9 

m to  1 

1 c 

b s 

8 

9 

♦Belle  of  Lacrosse 

P 

8.5 

“ 25 

4 ( 

21 

“ 9 

9.5 

1 

r b c 

bds 

8 

8 

♦Beverly 

b 

9 

“ 25 

it 

21 

“ 10 

8.5 

1 

r c 

d c 

9.5 

9.5 

*Bickle 

p 

8.5 

“ 24 

4 1 

19 

8.5 

s to  m 

r c 

Is 

7 

7 

Boynton  

P 

9.5 

“ 24 

44 

19 

July  5 

9 

s to  m 

o 

1 c 

8 

8 

♦Brunette 

b 

9 

“ 29 

ii 

22 

“ 10 

8 

1 

r c 

v d c 

9.5 

9 

Bubach  . 

p 

9.5 

“ 30 

44 

19 

“ 10 

8.5 

1 

d c 

1 c 

9 

8 

California 

b 

7 

“ 29 

44 

26 

“ 10- 

4 

s to  m 

1 c 

bds 

9.5 

9 

♦Cameronian 

b 

9;  5 

“ 29 

44 

25 

“ 8 

8 

m 

r c 

1 8 

7 

7 

Cheyenne 

P 

8 

“ 25 

44 

21 

“ 10 

7 

m 

1 c 

b 8 

9.8 

9 

Clark  Early 

b 

9.2 

“ 29 

44 

19 

“ 10 

8.5 

m to  1 

r o 

d c 

9.8 

9 

Clark  Seedling 

b 

8.5 

“ 25 

44 

22 

June  30 

3 

m to  1 

r c 

dc 

9.5 

9 

Clyde 

b 

9.8 

“ 24 

44 

21 

July  8 

9.8 

1 to  111 

r c 

bds 

8.5 

9.2 

Crawford  

b 

9 

“ 30 

(4 

22 

“ 9 

9 

m 

r c 

s 

9 

9 

Crescent 

p 

9.4 

“ 23 

if 

18 

“ 5 

9.5 

m 

r c 

s 

7 

8 

Daisy 

b 

8.5 

“ 26 

44 

20 

“ 5 

8.5 

m 

r c 

1 8 

8 

7 

♦Dayton  ..  ... 

b 

9 

“ 24 

21 

June  30 

3 

s 

lc 

9 

8 

Dew 

b 

9.4 

“ 31 

44 

26 

July  6 

7 

1 

i 

d c 

8 

9 

*D  utter 

b 

9 

“ 25 

44 

21 

“ 5 

7.5 

1 

1 c 

b s 

9 

8.5 

Eclipse .. 

p 

9.5 

“ 25. 

44 

20 

“ 10 

8.5 

s to  m 

o 

lc 

8 

8 

Edgar  Queen 

b 

9.2 

“ 25 

44 

21 

“ 10 

9 

m to  1 

ire 

lc 

7 

8 

Enhance 

b 

9.5 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 9 

9 

m to  1 

ire 

d c 

8 

9.5 

♦E.  P.  Roe 

b 

6 

“ 24 

44 

26 

“ 7 

5 

1 

b c 

8 

8.5 

8 

Eureka 

p 

9.3 

“ 27 

44 

23 

“ 5 

8 

m 

r c 

dc 

7 

8 

♦Fairmount 

b 

9 

“ 25 

44 

19 

“ 9 

9.5 

1 

dc 

d c 

9 

7.5 

Gandy...  

b 

9.5 

“ 31 

26 

“ 10 

8 

m to  1 

rbc 

lc 

9 

8 

Gen.  Putnam 

p 

9.5 

“ 24 

44 

17 

“ 6 

9 

m to  1 

r 

1 8 

8 

8 

Clenfield.. 

b 

9.2 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 10 

5 

m 

1 c 

d c 

9 

7 

Great  Pacific 

p 

9.5 

“ 25 

44 

21 

“ 5 

9.5 

m 

d c 

r 

9 

8 

♦Greenville 

p 

9.2 

“ 29 

44 

22 

“ 10 

9.5 

1 

r d c 

b c 

8 

7 

♦Gypsy  

P 

9.3 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 10 

9 

m 

r c 

d c 

9 

9 

"’'Harmon 

b 

9 

“ 24 

44 

19 

June  30 

4 

1 

r c 

v d c 

9 

9 

♦Hattie  Jones 

P 

9.4 

“ 26 

44 

21 

July  8 

9.5 

m to  1 

r d c 

1 sc 

6 

7 

Haverland  

p 

9 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 5 

9 

m 

lc 

8 

8 

8 

♦Hermit 

b 

9 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 10 

8 

1 

r c 

b c 

8 

8 

Hoard 

b 

8.5 

“ 25 

44 

22 

“ 9 

9 

m to  1 

r c 

lc 

8 

8 

♦Huntsman 

p b 

9.8 

“ 29 

44 

21 

“ 10 

8.5 

1 

re 

d c 

9 

8 

♦Hyslop  ..  

b 

8 

“ 25 

44 

21 

June  29 

s 

i 

*Iowa  Beauty 

b 

8 

*•  25 

44 

21 

July  5 

7 

1 

r c 

be 

10 

8.5 

Jessie 

b 

8.5 

“ 24 

44 

19 

“ 6 

8 

m to  1 

r c 

d c 

7 

9 

*Jones  Seedling 

b 

8.8 

“ 25 

44 

21 

“ 7 

8.5 

1 

dc 

d c 

9 

8.5 

♦Katie 

b 

9.4 

“ 29 

44 

21 

“ 10 

7 

1 

r d c 

c 

8.5 

7.5 

King  No.  2 

b 

9 

“ 26 

44 

20 

“ 5 

7 

m 

r c 

lc 

8 

8 

♦Leader 

b 

8.6 

“ 24 

44 

21 

“ 9 

8.5 

1 

1 c 

bde 

9.5 

9 

♦Leroy 

P 

9.4 

“ 24 

44 

18 

“ 5 

9 

1 

d c 

d c 

8.5 

8 

♦Leviathan 

b 

7.5 

“ 28 

44 

21 

“ 10 

8.5 

1 

bd 

1 8 

6 

5 

HORTICULTURAL,  DEPARTMENT. 


125 


Table  No.  1.— STRAWBERRIES.— Continued. 


Variety. 


Lida 

♦Lillie  Monroe 

♦Lincoln 

Little  No.  15 

Lovett 

Lower 

♦Magnate 

Michel 

Middlefield 

Miner 

Moore  Early 

Mrs.  Cleveland 

Muskingum 

♦Mystic 

♦Neptune * 

♦No.  1 (Allen) 

♦No.  8 (Allen) 

♦No.  3 (Belt) 

♦No.  2 (Cameron) 

♦No.  6 (Cameron) 

♦No.  13  (Cameron) 

♦No.  1 (Engle) 

♦No.  2 (Feicht) 

♦No.  3 (Feicht) 

♦No.  31  (Haynes) 

♦No.  2 (J.  S.) 

♦No.  4 (J.  S.).._ 

♦No.  6 (J.  S.) 

♦No.  18  (Little) 

♦No.  26  (Little) 

♦No.  42  (Little) 

♦No.  1 (Stayman) , 

♦No.  3 (Stayman) 

♦No.  34  (Thompson)  ... 
♦No.  77  (Thompson)  ... 

♦Odessa 

Ohio  Centennial 

♦Ohio  Monarch 

Ontario 

Parker  Earle 

♦Pawnee 

♦Primate... 

Princess 

Sadie 

Saunders.. 

Sharpless 

♦Smeltzer  Early 

♦Southard 

♦Standard.. 

♦Stevens 

Stimmel  No.  15 

Stimrnel  No.  20 

♦Sunrise 

♦Swindle 

♦Tom  Walker 

Van  Deman 

Westbrook 

♦West  Lawn  

♦Weston  

♦Williams 

Wilson.. 

Woolverton 

♦Yankee  Doodle. 


Sex. 

o 

h 

O 

M 

> 

Date  of  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruits. 

Last  fruits. 

Productiveness 

(1-10). 

Size. 

Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Firmness. 

P 

7.5 

May  25 

June  21 

J uly  10 

9 

m 

r c 

be 

7 

8 

b 

8.5 

“ 25 

“ 19 

“ 10 

5 

1 

d c 

d s 

8 

7 

P 

9 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 10 

9 

m 

r d c 

b s 

7 

8 

b 

9 

“ 24 

“ 19 

June  30 

8.5 

m 

b c 

c 

9 

8 

b 

9 

“ 24 

“ 19 

July  5 

9 

m 

r c 

b c 

8 

8 

b 

9.2 

“ 26 

“ 19 

“ 5 

8 

1 

r c 

d s 

8 

8 

P 

8.5 

“ 24 

“ 21 

“ 10 

6 

m 

1 c 

b s 

8 

8.5 

b 

9.8 

“ 24 

“ 16 

June  30 

6 

s 

c 

b s 

7 

7 

b 

8.5 

“ 20 

“ 21 

July  8 

7.5 

m 

c 

c 

9.5 

9 

b 

9 

“ 26 

“ 19 

“ 6 

8.5 

m to  1 

c 

d s 

8 

7 

b 

9 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 10 

8 

m to  1 

b c 

b s 

8 

8 

p 

9.8 

“ 25 

“ 19 

“ 10 

9 

m 

r b c 

b s 

8 

8 

b 

9.8 

“ 29 

“ 22 

“ 7 

9 

m to  1 

d c 

d r 

8.5 

8 

b 

9.8 

“ 29 

“ 26 

“ 10 

6 

m to  1 

r c 

bde 

9.5 

9 

P 

9.8 

“ 29 

“ 21 

“ 9 

6 

m to  1 

r c 

d c 

7 

5 

p 

8.5 

“ 29 

“ 22 

“ 5 

9 

m 

r c 

b c 

9 

9 

b 

9.5 

“ 31 

“ 26 

“ 8 

7.5 

1 

r c 

b c 

8.5 

7 

b 

9.2 

“ 25 

“ 26 

“ 10 

9 

1 

c 

bis 

8 

8 

b 

9.2 

“ 24 

“ 20 

“ 9 

8.5 

m 

1 c 

b c 

9 

8 

P b 

8.5 

“ 29 

“ 22 

“ 10 

4 

m 

r b c 

bs 

8.5 

8.5 

P 

7.5 

“ 29 

“ 22 

“ 10 

8 

m 

r c 

b c 

8 

7.5 

b 

7 

“ 29 

“ 24 

“ 8 

5 

1 

i r 

1 c 

8 

8 

b 

9 

“ 25 

“ 18 

“ 10 

9.5 

m to  1 

r c 

c 

8 

8,5 

P 

7 

“ 25 

. “ 20 

“ 10 

8 

1 

i c 

lc 

7 

9 

P 

9.8 

“ 29 

“ 21 

“ 10 

5 

m 

ire 

bs 

6 

6 

b 

9 

“ 26 

“ 21 

“ 10 

6 

s to  m 

r c 

c 

8 

8.5 

P 

9 

“ 24 

“ 21 

“ 9 

5 

m 

r c 

v d c 

9 

7.5 

P 

9 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 10 

9.5 

l 

r c 

bd  s 

7 

6 

b 

8 

“ 24 

“ 18 

“ 9 

8.5 

m 

r c 

bde 

8 

8.5 

b 

8.8 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 5 

9 

1 

i 

b d s 

9 

8 

b 

8.5 

“ 24 

“ 21 

“ 10 

9 

1 

r c 

c 

9 

8 

P 

9.5 

“ 29 

“ 22 

“ 6 

9.5 

m 

r o 

Is 

8 

8 

b 

9.8 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 10 

9.5 

m 

1 c 

d c 

7 

8.5 

P 

8.8 

“ 25 

“ 22 

“ 8 

5 

m 

r c 

b c 

8 

8 

b 

7.5 

“ 24 

“ 19 

“ 7 

9.5 

8 

lc 

b c 

7 

5 

P 

9 

“ 29 

“ 23 

“ 7 

5 

1 

i 

bs 

7 

7 

p 

9.4 

“ 29 

“ 25 

“ 9 

9 

1 

b c 

d s 

9 

8.5 

b 

9.8 

“ 29 

“ 23 

“ 10 

5 

1 

1 c 

b 8 

9 

8 

b 

8.4 

“ 29 

“ 26 

“ 8 

9.4 

m to  1 

c 

1 c 

9 

8.5 

b 

9.6 

“ 29 

“ 25 

“ 10 

9.8 

m 

c 

d 8 

8.5 

9.5 

b 

9 

“ 24 

“ 19 

“ 9 

7.5 

1 

r c 

d c 

9.8 

7 

b 

9.2 

“ 26 

“ 21 

“ 10 

6 

m 

lc 

d c 

6 

7 

P 

8.8 

“ 26 

“ 21 

“ 10 

8 

m to  1 

r 

8 

9 

8 

P 

9 

“ 24 

“ 19 

June  30 

9 

m 

r c 

d c 

9 

8 

b 

9 

“ 25 

“ 21 

July  9 

8 

m to  1 

1 c 

b s 

7 

8 

b 

9.5 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 10 

8 

m 

b c 

b c 

8 ' 

8 

b 

9. 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 8 

8.5 

m 

r c 

d c 

9 

8.5 

b 

8.8 

“ 22 

“ 16 

“ 4 

8 

1 

r c 

b s 

7 

8 

b 

9.5 

“ 25 

“ 24 

“ 7 

9 

1 

r c 

bde 

9.5 

7 

b 

9.2 

“ 25 

il  21 

June  30 

9 

m 

r c 

d c 

9 

8 

P 

8 

“ 24 

“ 19 

“ 30 

8.5 

m 

b c 

Is 

9 

8 

P 

8 

“ 24 

“ 21 

“ 30 

6 

s to  m 

1 c 

d c 

9 

8 

b 

9.2 

“ 28 

“ 21 

July  7 

6 

m 

1 c 

b s 

8 

8 

P 

9 

“ 26 

“ 23 

“ 5 

8 

m 

r c 

c 

7 

9 

P 

9.8 

“ 26 

“ 19 

“ 9 

9 

1 

r c 

d c 

8 

8 

b 

7 

“ 25 

“ 19 

“ 9 

5 

m 

r c 

1 c 

8 

8 

P 

8 

“ 25 

“ 21 

“ 8 

8 

m 

c 

d c 

8 

9 

p 

8.5 

“ 25 

“ 21 

J une  30 

6 

s to  m 

i 

d s 

7 

7.5 

p 

9.5 

" 29 

“ 21 

July  9 

9.8 

1 

b c 

b s 

8 

8.5 

b 

8.8 

“ 29 

“ 21 

“ 10 

8.5 

1 

r c 

d c 

8.5 

9 

b 

8.5 

“ 28 

“ 21 

“ 10 

8 

m 

c 

d c 

8 

9 

b 

8.5 

“ 29 

“ 21 

•“  10 

8.5 

m 

1 c 

d c 

8 

9 

P 

9.8 

“ 25 

“ 19 

“ 5 

9 

1 to  m 

r d c 

b s 

8 

9 

126 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


To  test  tlie  comparative  productiveness  of  a few  of  the  leading  varieties, 
the  berries,  upon  rows  eighteen  rods  in  length,  were  picked  and  measured, 
and  in  the  following  table  the  crop  obtained  is  given  in  quarts: 

Table  No.  2.-YIELD  F^OM  ONE  FORTY-FIFTH  OF  AN  ACRE. 


Dates  of  picking. 


Variety. 

June 

20. 

June 

23. 

June 

24. 

June 

27. 

June 

29. 

July 

3. 

July 

5. 

July 

7. 

Total 

quarts. 

Bubach.. 

5 

10 

7 

13 

8 

14V* 

2*4 

X 

60% 

Haverland  

3*4 

10 

6 

16 

8 

13 

3 

1 

60*4 

Gandy 

3 

11 

15 

12 

3 

1*4 

40*4 

Lower 

*4 

3 

"m 

12 

11 

9 

2 

1 

43 

Lida... 

i 

2 

4 

4 

14 

5 *4 

1 

2 

33*4 

Sucker  State 

i 

4 

3 

10 

4 

7 

*4 

29*4 

Moore 

1*4 

3 *4 

6 

8 

5 

% 

24% 

Most  of  the  varieties  were  grown  in  narrow  matted  rows,  with  twenty- 
five  plants  in  a space  of  forty  feet. 

At  the  time  of  blossoming,  the  plot  containing  the  new  varieties  was 
carefully  gone  over,  and  the  more  promising  sorts  were  marked,  that 
their  productiveness  might  be  accurately  determined.  Some  varieties  that 
were  very  promising  early  in  the  season  were  disappointing  at  the  close, 
hence  the  variableness  of  the  yield.  The  same  amount  of  space  and  equal 
care  were  given  to  each  sort.  By  dividing  the  season  into  three  periods 
and  giving  the  yield  for  each  division  of  time,  an  attempt  has  been  made 
to  show  which  are  valuable  as  early  varieties. 


Table  No.  3.-YIELD  OF  TWENTY-FIVE  PLANTS  IN  QUARTS. 


Variety. 

June 

21. 

June 

24. 

June 

26. 

June 

27. 

Total 

yield, 

June 

21-27. 

June 

28. 

June 

29. 

June 

30. 

Total 

yield, 

June 

28-30. 

July 

1. 

July 

3. 

July 

7-10. 

Total 

yield, 

quarts. 

Afton.. 

1 

4 

1 

6 

2 

2 

4 

2 

*4 

Vi 

13 

Banquet 

1% 

2 

lVi 

1 

6% 

1*4 

X 

2*4 

X 

X 

9*4 

Beauty 

1 

2 

2 

5 

1% 

1 

2% 

1 

*4 

X 

9*4 

Beverly . 

2 

1 

3 

1 

4 

5 

1*4 

3 

12*4 

Brunette  

% 

lVi 

1 

1 

3% 

IX 

IX 

1 

*4 

6% 

Greenville 

4 

4 

8 

2 

3 

5 

3 

X 

16X 

Gypsy  

*4 

2*4 

2 

5 

0 

.. 

X 

7X 

Hattie  Jones 

1 

2*4 

4 

1 

8*4 

4 

4 

2*4 

1 

16 

Huntsman 

*4 

3 

3*4 

Vi 

7 *4 

Vi 

Vi 

*4 

8% 

Jones  Seedling.. 

4 

2 

1 

7 

2 

2 

2 

*4 

11*4 

Katie 

V2 

3 

2 

5*4 

Vi 

*4 

1 

X 

Vi 

7X 

Leader .„ 

1 

2*4 

2 

5 Vi 

2Vt 

2*4 

1*4 

X 

Vi 

10% 

Leroy 

4 

4*4 

134 

9% 

2 

2 

3X 

Vi 

15*4 

Leviathan 

Vi 

% 

2 

3% 

1% 

1 

2% 

1*4 

X 

7% 

Lida 

2% 

3% 

5% 

1 

5 

1*4 

14% 

Lincoln 

Vi 

lVi 

2 

4 

IX 

1 

2X 

1*4 

X 

8*4 

Lovett  Early 

1 

3 

6 

10 

1*4 

1*4 

IX 

1*4 

14X 

Mrs . Cleveland . 

1 

4 

4 

9 

lVi 

1*4 

2 

1 

1 

14*4 

Muskingum 

3 

3 

6 

3*4 

*4 

*4 

10% 

Parker  Earle 

Vi 

llA 

2 

4*4 

6% 

10X 

2X 

4*4 

20 

Southard... 

1 

2 

2 

1 

6 

*4 

*4 

X 

6% 

Standard 

Vi 

1 

2 Vi 

Vi 

4*4 

3 

3 

IX 

X 

9X 

Swindle  

Vi 

*4 

2 

1 

4 

IX 

IX 

2 

X 

8 

Tippecanoe . 

1 

2 

2 

134 

6% 

IX 

IX 

2 

Vi 

10 

Weston 

Vi 

2 

3 

5*4 

1 

3% 

4X 

4 

Vi 

14X 

Williams  . 

2 

2 

2 

6 

3 

3 

lVi 

X 

10X 

Woolverton 

4 

3*4 

7*4 

2 

3 

2 

lVi 

2 

16 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


127 


In  the  following  diagram,  we  have  endeavored  to  show  at  a glance  the 
relative  productiveness  of  the  varieties  in  the  above  table,  selecting  only 
those  with  a yield  in  excess  of  ten  quarts  from  the  forty  feet  of  row. 


Table  No.  4.-YIELD  OF  FIFTEEN  SELECTED  SORTS. 


i 

l <3 

1 

ik i 

VCW  CjU, 

? !0  Jj 

r 

/3 

it>  u>  n tl  t 

"W 

"W’OiXa.'ca* 

_ 

to 

lb% 

lb 

lb 

ll'A 

i^t 

li’hb 

Wt 

n 

iV'x 

U'% 

iOh 

UL^ 

1 nil 

| 

NOTES  UPON  VARIETIES. 

We  append  brief  notes  upon  the  vigor,  productiveness,  quality  and  firm- 
ness of  some  of  the  more  promising  of  the  varieties  of  comparatively  recent 
introduction,  and  refer  the  reader  to  the  preceding  tables  for  further 
information  regarding  the  size,  shape  and  color  of  their  fruit  and  their  date 
of  ripening,  etc. 

Banquet  still  deserves  a place  as  a home  berry.  It  is  handsome  in 
appearance  and  of  high  quality,  but  is  not  productive  enough  for  market 
purposes. 

Beder  Wood — In  last  year’s  report  this  variety,  although  quite  vigorous 
and  productive,  was  placed  in  the  doubtful  class  from  its  low  quality  aud 
lack  of  firmness.  It  is,  however,  the  equal  of  Crescent  in  these  respects 
and  except  that  it  is  likely  to  be  injured  by  the  leaf  blight  it  would 
probably  surpass  that  sort  in  vigor  of  plant  and  productiveness.  Since  it 
can  be  kept  free  from  this  disease,  at  a slight  cost,  by  the  use  of  fungicides, 
there  is  a promising  future  before  it. 


128 


AGRICULTURAL,  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Belle  should  take  a high  place  as  a variety  for  market  purposes,  as  it 
adds  firmness  to  the  other  qualities  desired  in  a profitable  variety.  The 
fruits  are  of  good  size,  and  are  even  in  size,  form  and  color. 

Boynton  is  a promising  sort,  so  far  as  the  vigor  and  productiveness  of 
the  plants  are  concerned,  but  the  berries  are  so  small  that  it  is  not  likely 
to  become  a profitable  variety. 

Edgar  Queen  is  quite  vigorous  in  plant  and  above  the  average  in  pro- 
ductiveness; the  fruits  often  reach  a large  size  and,  although  somewhat 
deficient  in  firmness  and  quality,  it  is  likely  to  be  desirable  for  local 
marketing. 

Enhance  has  again  shown  itself  one  of  the  best  varieties  for  either  local 
market  or  shipping  purposes.  In  vigor  of  plant  and  in  firmness  it 
stands  near  the  head,  while  it  is  surpassed  in  fruit  production  by  very  few 
varieties. 

Gandy  is  very  vigorous  in  plant  and  is  valued  for  its  large,  handsome 
fruit,  its  high  quality  and  lateness  in  ripening,  but  it  is  rather  below  the 
standard  of  productiveness. 

General  Putnam  has  for  four  years  been  one  of  the  most  vigorous  kinds 
grown  and,  although  it  does  not  stand  particularly  high  in  quality  and 
firmness  of  fruit,  it  is  surpassed  by  very  few  sorts  in  productiveness.  The 
berries  are  from  medium  to  large  in  size  and  quite  regular  in  form. 
Worthy  of  trial. 

Great  Pacific , although  in  fruit  of  only  medium  size  and  moderate  firm- 
ness, is  so  vigorous  and  productive  that  it  is  likely  to  be  well  worth 
planting  as  a variety  for  local  market  purposes. 

Jessie  and  Lida  require  extra  care  to  do  well,  and  neither  has  been 
generally  profitable,  but  the  latter  in  particular  has  given  us  excellent 
results. 

Little  No.  15,  now  named  Hoard,  is  a promising  market  sort.  The 
plants  are  strong  and  productive,  and  the  berries  are  above  the  average  in 
size  and  firmness,  and  of  very  good  quality. 

Lovett  is  not  as  early  as  was  claimed  by  its  introducer,  but  it  is  vigorous, 
fairly  healthy  and  quite  productive,  besides  equaling,  if  not  surpassing,  the 
best  of  the  old  sorts  in  the  quality  and  firmness  of  its  fruit. 

Michel  ( Osceola ) is  very  vigorous  in  plant  and  is  highly  esteemed  as  a 
pollenizer  and  for  early  fruiting,  since  it  furnishes  a large  amount  of  pollen 
and  one  or  two  pickings  can  be  obtained  from  it  before  other  varieties  are 
ripe.  While  of  little  value  as  a market  sort  it  can  well  have  a small  place 
in  a family  collection. 

Mrs.  Cleveland  is  one  of  the  healthiest  and  most  vigorous  varieties  grown. 
The  plants  are  quite  productive  and  the  fruits  make  a fair  showing  in 
quality  and  firmness. 

Muskingum  has  been  grown  by  us  for  several  years  under  the  name  of 
Kearns  and,  although  somewhat  troubled  by  rust,  it  is  one  of  our  best  late 
varieties  for  sale  in  a local  market.  It  is  one  of  our  most  vigorous  kinds, 
besides  being  quite  productive,  of  good  quality  and  fair  firmness. 

Ohio  Centennial  has  for  several  years  held  a high  rank  for  its  vigor  of 
growth,  productiveness  and  excellent  quality,  as  a variety  for  family  or 
local  market  purposes,  but  it  is  rather  deficient  in  firmness  for  a shipping 
variety. 

Parker  Earle  is  by  many  regarded  as  the  most  valuable  of  the  compar- 
atively new  strawberries.  It  makes  very  few  plants,  but  sets  an  immense 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


129 


number  of  fruits,  and  with  high  culture  and  a favorable  season  will  ripen 
most  of  them. 

Princess  is  hardly  productive  enough  for  a market  berry,  but  its  vigor 
and  the  high  quality  of  its  fruit  give  it  a high  rank  among  the  varieties  for 
a family  collection. 

Sadie  is  quite  vigorous  and  productive ; although  of  only  medium  size, 
its  quality  combined  with  its  other  good  features  makes  it  well  worthy  of 
trial,  especially  for  home  use. 

Siayman  No.  1 needs  only  a greater  degree  of  firmness  to  be  near  the 
head  of  the  list,  as  in  vigor  and  productiveness  it  compares  well  with  any 
sort  grown  the  past  year. 

Stayman  No.  3 has  the  vigor  and  productiveness  of  No.  1 and  the  fruit 
is  fairly  firm,  but  it  lacks  in  flavor. 

Swindle  has  qualities  that  would  make  it  an  excellent  market  sort  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  rusts  so  badly  that  it  cannot  be  grown  to  advan- 
tage, unless  it  is  sprayed.  It  is  a seedling  of  Orescent  and  resembles  that 
variety  in  the  shape  of  its  fruit.  The  berries,  however,  are  firmer  and  of 
larger  size. 

Van  Deman  made  a promising  showing  in  1890  but  since  that  time  it 
has  been  lacking  in  productiveness.  As  this  is  due  to  a large  extent  to 
the  leaf  blight,  the  variety  should  not  be  condemned. 

Westbrook  has  thus  far  seemed  rather  deficient  in  productiveness,  but 
its  firmness  and  fair  quality  render  it  worthy  of  further  trial  as  a shipping 
variety. 

Woolverton  which  has  somewhat  disappointed  us  in  past  years,  in  vigor 
and  productiveness  made  an  excellent  showing  this  season  and  if  it  retains 
these  characteristics  will  be  a valuable  shipping  sort,  owing  to  its  more 
than  usual  firmness. 

Although  a full  description  of  the  varieties  that  have  fruited  but  once 
upon  our  grounds,  was  given  in  Bulletin  100,  it  seems  desirable  to  repeat 
here  the  description  given  of  the  half  dozen  most  promising  sorts,  viz.: 
Clyde,  Greenville,  Leroy,  No.  2 (Feicht),  Weston  and  Yankee  Doodle. 

Clyde.  B. — Plants  from  Stayman  & Black,  Leavenworth,  Kan.  First 
received  as  Cycloma.  The  plants  are  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk 
long,  slender;  leaflets  usually  small,  ovate;  color,  medium  green;  texture, 
papery;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best 
June  24-26.  Fruit  large  to  medium  in  size,  round  conical,  or  broad  coni- 
cal, dark  scarlet  color,  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9.8,  quality  8.5, 
firmness  9.2. 

The  plants  remained  healthy  and  crop  held  out  well  to  close  of  season; 
they  are  productive  and  the  berries  are  firm.  One  of  the  most  promising 
of  the  new  varieties  for  market  purposes. 

Greenville.  P.  Plants  from  E.  M.  Buechly,  Greenville,  Ohio.  Plants 
of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long,  quite  stout,  but  reclining;  leaf- 
lets usually  large,  round-ovate,  turned  up  at  edge,  dark  green,  texture 
papery;  teeth  large,  rounded.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best 
June  26-28.  Fruit  large,  round-conical  or  depressed  conical,  sometimes 
ridged;  color,  bright  crimson;  flesh  dark;  productiveness  9.5,  quality  8, 
firmness  7. 

The  plants  are  strong  growing,  healthy  and  productive.  The  crop  held 
out  well  to  close  of  season.  The  fruit  is  lacking  in  firmness,  otherwise 
excellent.  A promising  variety  for  use  in  a local  market. 

17 


130 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Leroy.  P. — Plants  from  J.  H.  Haynes,  Delphi,  Ind.  Plants  of  strong 
growth;  leaf -stalk  of  medium  length,  stout;  leaflets  medium  size,  narrow 
ovate,  color  dark  green;  texture  papery;  teeth  large,  pointed.  First  ripe 
fruits  June  19.  Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large,  depressed  conical, 
sometimes  ridged;  color  dark  crimson;  seeds  prominent;  flesh  dark; 
productiveness  9,  quality  8.5,  firmness  8. 

Plants  are  of  vigorous  growth  and  rust  but  little.  The  crop  holds  out 
well  in  size  and  productiveness.  The  fruit  is  not  very  firm  but  the  seeds 
are  prominent,  making  it  a fairly  good  shipper.  Early.  Promising. 

No.  2.  ( Feicht .)  B. — Plants  from  David  Feicht,  Little  York,  Ohio. 

Plants  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  usually  long;  leaflets  of  medium  size, 
ovate;  teeth  sharp.  First  ripe  fruits  June  18.  Crop  at  best  June  24. 
Fruit  medium  to  large  in  size;  round  conical;  crimson  color;  flesh  dark; 
productiveness  9.5,  quality  8,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  strong  and  healthy.  Crop  ripened  early  and  held  out  well.  Its 
productiveness  makes  it  promising  for  home  use  or  local  market. 

Weston.  P. — Plant  of  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  long;  leaflets  medium 
to  large  in  size,  broad  ovate;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  thin  but  tough. 
First  ripe  fruits  June  21.  Crop  at  best  June  24-27.  Fruit  large,  broad 
conical,  somewhat  ridged,  bright  scarlet  color;  flesh,  medium  dark; 
productiveness  9.8,  quality  8,  firmness  8.5. 

Plants  very  strong  and  healthy.  Crop  held  out  best  of  any  variety. 
Berry  of  attractive  appearance  and  fair  quality,  seeds  prominent,  making 
it  a good  shipper.  One  of  the  best  varieties  grown  here  this  season. 

Yankee  Doodle.  P. — Plants  from  Geo.  Q.  Dow,  North  Epping,  N.  H. 
Plants  of  very  strong  growth;  leaf-stalk  varies  in  length;  leaflets  large, 
broad  ovate;  color,  dark  green;  texture,  tough.  First  ripe  fruits  June  21. 
Crop  at  best  June  24.  Fruit  large  to  medium  in  size,  round  conical  or 
depressed  conical,  bright  scarlet  color,  flesh  light;  productiveness  9, 
quality  8,  firmness  9.  Now  known  as  Epping. 

Plants  strong,  healthy  and  productive.  Crop  held  out  fairly  well. 
Promising  as  a market  sort. 

Closely  following  the  above  were  the  following  varieties,  some  of  which 
seem  to  have  considerable  value: 


Afton. 

Beauty. 

Belle  of  La  Crosse. 
Beverly. 

Brunette. 

Clark  (Early). 
Fairmount. 


Gypsy. 

Huntsman. 

Leader. 

No.  1 (Allen). 

No.  2 (Cameron). 
No.  26  (Little). 
No.  6 (J.  S.). 


No.  3 (Stayman). 
Pawnee. 

Smeltzer. 

Standard. 

Stevens. 

Tom  Walker. 
Williams. 


About  forty  varieties  marked  with  asterisk  (*)  in  Table  No.  1 seemed  to 
have  some  good  points,  but  were  so  deficient  in  others  that  further  trial 
will  be  needed  to  determine  their  value.  The  list  includes: 


Accomack. 

Alabama. 

Bickle. 

Cameronian. 

Cheyenne. 

Clark  (Seedling). 


Leviathan. 
Lillie  Monroe. 
Lincoln. 

Jones. 

Katie. 

Magnate. 


No.  4 (J.  S.). 

No.  34  (Thompson). 
No.  77  (Thompson). 
No.  18  (Little). 

No.  42  (Little). 

No.  2 (J.  S.). 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


131 


Dutter. 
Glenfield. 
Harmon. 
Hattie  Jones. 
Hermit. 

Iowa  Beauty, 


Mystic. 

Neptune. 

No.  3 (Allen). 

No.  3 (Feicht). 

No.  6 (Cameron). 
No.  13  (Cameron). 


Odessa. 

Ohio  Monarch. 

Primate. 

Southard. 

Surprise. 

Westlawn. 


Several  varieties  were  so  lacking  in  one  or  more  of  the  characteristics  of  a 
good  strawberry  that  they  are  placed  in  the  following  rejected  list: 

California.  E.  P.  Hoe.  Nigger. 

Dayton.  Estelle.  No.  1 (Engle). 

Dr.  Moraire.  Hyslop.  No.  31  (Haynes). 

SUMMARY. 

The  old  varieties  Bubach,  Crescent,  Haverland,  Warfield  and  Wilson 
are  still  most  commonly  grown  as  market  varieties,  but  the  Crescent  and 
Wilson,  from  their  liability  to  injury  from,  leaf-blight,  have  in  some  sec- 
tions been  superseded,  respectively,  by  Warfield  and  Bubach.  They  are 
all  (with  the  exception  of  Wilson)  pistillate  varieties,  and  must  have  per- 
fect-flowering sorts  planted  with  them  to  supply  pollen.  Miner,  Cumber- 
land and  Sharpless  succeed  in  most  localities  and  are  excellent  for  the 
purpose.  Wilson  and  Michel  are  also  used.  For  home  use,  or  for  local 
markets,  the  Cumberland,  Great  Pacific  and  Sharpless  have  much  to 
recommend  them.  To  precede  these  sorts  by  a few  days,  Alpha  and  Michel 
can  be  used,  but  they  will  be  found  considerably  less  productive  than 
Warfield  and  Crescent,  which  follow  soon. 

Lovett,  Mrs.  Cleveland  and  Townsend  No.  19  are  also  worthy  of  a place 
among  early  market  kinds. 

It  is  too  soon  to  pass  upon  the  varieties  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  in 
Table  1,  but  of  the  older  and  yet  comparatively  new  sorts,  the  most  prom- 
ising for  market  are  Belle,  Crawford,  Enhance,  Florence,  Muskingum, 
Ohio  Centennial,  Parker  Earle  and  Stayman  No.  1.  As  will  be  seen  from 
the  table,  Parker  Earle  leads  the  others  in  the  list  by  several  points,  but 
it  will  not  succeed  without  the  best  of  care.  For  local  markets  the  Beder 
Wood,  Edgar  Queen,  General  Putnam  and  Hoard  seem  worthy  of  trial. 

VARIETIES  OF  DOUBTFUL  VALUE. 

Of  the  older  sorts,  the  following  seem  to  have  little  to  commend  them, 
and  as  our  lists  are  much  too  long,  and  as  many  of  them  although  sent  out 
several  years  ago  are  not  generally  catalogued,  they  will  receive  no  further 
consideration:  Acme,  Arlington,  Auburn,  Bubach  No.  34,  Cling- to,  Clin- 
ton, Cloud,  D.  and  D.,  Daisy,  Dubois,  Howard,  Lady  Rusk,  Little  No.  5, 
Logan,  London  No.  34,  Martha,  Ohio,  Prince  (of  Berries),  Shaw,  Tippe- 
canoe, Townsend  No.  3,  Waldron,  Welch,  Woodruff  No.  1,  Yale  and 
Zanesfield. 

STRAWBERRY  LEAF-BLIGHT  OR  RUST. 

Although  some  of  the  varieties  are  so  nearly  exempt  from  this  disease 
that  the  crop  is  not  noticeably  lessened  by  it,  others  are  so  badly  injured 


132 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


that  what  would  otherwise  be  profitable  varieties  have  been  quite  generally- 
discarded.  The  disease  first  shows  itself  upon  the  leaves  as  purplish  spots, 
these  enlarge  and,  the  center  tissues  being  destroyed,  they  change  to  a 
yellowish  white  color.  The  spots  are  often  so  numerous  as  to  destroy  the 
leaves.  The  fungus  also  works  upon,  and  does  most  injury  to,  the  flower 
or  fruit-stalks,  as  very  small  spots,  especially  upon  the  pedicels  will  serve 
to  girdle  them  and  thus  cut  off  the  supply  of  food.  As  a result,  the  berries 
wither  and  dry  up.  The  disease  is  generally  most  troublesome  upon  old 
varieties  and  in  plantations  from  which  one  or  more  crops  of  fruit  have 
been  taken;  a dry  soil  and  a dry  season  also  seem  to  increase  its  effect. 

While  much  can  be  done  by  selecting  varieties  as  little  as  possible  sub- 
ject to  scab,  using  plants  from  young  plantations  only,  planting  upon  rich 
and  fairly  moist  soil  and  conserviug  the  moisture  so  far  as  possible  by 
heavy  mulching,  or  frequent  shallow  cultivation,  it  will  generally  pay  the 
commercial  grower,  in  localities  where  the  rust  is  troublesome,  to  make 
use  of  fungicides,  for  the  destruction  of  the  spores  of  the  disease,  as  it  is 
now  known  that  they  are  entirely  efficient. 

The  best  preparation  is  Bordeaux  mixture  prepared  in  the  usual  way, 
using  3 pounds  of  copper  sulphate,  3 pounds  of  fresh  lime  and  32  gallons 
of  water.  (If  leaf  eating  insects  are  present  it  will  be  of  advantage  to  add 
2 ounces  of  Paris  green  for  their  destruction.)  A bearing  plantation 
should  be  sprayed  after  the  flower-stalks  have  developed  and  just  before 
the  blossoms  open.  This  will  serve  to  protect  the  fruit-stalks  and  will 
hold  in  check  the  rust  upon  the  leaves.  The  young  plantations  should  be 
sprayed  at  the  same  time.  This  will  suffice  for  them  until  July  when  they 
should  receive  a second  and  final  application,  but  the  bearing  plants,  if  the 
disease  is  particularly  destructive,  will  be  benefited  by  an  intermediate 
application  soon  after  the  fruit  has  set.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  apply 
Bordeaux  mixture  to  strawberries,  or  other  fruits,  within  three  weeks  of 
the  time  they  are  to  be  gathered,  as  the  lime  will  spot  the  fruit  and, 
although  there  may  not  be  enough  of  the  copper  to  furnish  a fatal  dose, 
it  is  not  a desirable  thing  to  take  into  the  stomach. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


138 


RASPBERRIES. 

The  plants  were  set  eight  by  three  and  one-half  feet,  and  from  four  to  six 
stems  were  left  in  a hill.  In  June,  as  the  young  canes  developed,  the 
tips  were  pinched  off  to  induce  them  to  send  out  side  branches.  After  the 
danger  of  freezing  weather  was  over  in  the  spring,  the  side  shoots  were  cut 
back  to  lengths  of  from  six  to  ten  inches. 


Table  No.  5.— BLACK  AND  HYBRID  RASPBERRIES. 


Size, 
s,  small, 
m,  medium. 
1,  large. 


Abbreviations. 

Form, 
r,  round, 
c,  conical, 
o,  ovate. 


Color. 

b,  black,  g,  glossy, 
p,  purple,  1,  light, 
o,  orange,  pu,  pubescent. 


Variety. 

Vigor  (1-10). 

Date  bloom. 

First  ripe  fruits. 

Last  fruits. 

•B 

CO 

© 

a 

© 

> 

'O  l 
£ 

Size. 

| Form. 

Color. 

Quality. 

Ada 

7 

J une  14 

July  14 

July  24 

7 

m 

r 

g b 

8. 

Caroline 

6 

“ 14 

“ 11 

“ 22 

8.5 

m 

r 

1 o 

8 

Columbian  Red 

9.5 

“ 12 

“ 16 

Aug.  5 

9 

1 

r c 

P r 

8.5 

Conrath 

9 

“ 7 

“ 7 

July  24 

9 

1 

r 

b 

8. 

Cromwell 

8.5 

“ 9 

“ 5 

“ 22 

8.5 

m 

r 

b 

8 

Farnsworth 

8 

“ 12 

“ 11 

“ 22 

8.5 

m 

r 

b 

8.5 

Gregg 

8.5 

“ 12 

“ 15 

Aug.  5 

8.5 

1 

r 

b pu 

7 

Kansas 

7 

“ 12 

“ 7 

July  24 

6 

1 

r 

g b 

8 

Lovett 

9 

“ 12 

“ 6 

“ 24 

7 

m 

r 

b 

9 

Nemaha 

8.5 

“ 12 

“ 15 

Aug.  4 

9 

1 

r 

b pu 

7 

Ohio 

9 

“ 12 

“ 11 

“ 1 

9.2 

1 

r 

b 

6 

Older 

7 

“ 12 

“ 9 

July  24 

8 

1 

r 

b 

9 

Palmer 

8.5 

“ 9 

“ 8 

“ 22 

8.5 

m 

r 

b 

8.5 

Progress  

5 

“ 9 

“ 10 

“ 24 

5 

m 

r c 

b 

8.5 

Shaffer... 

9 

“ 14 

“ 16 

Aug.  8 

8 

1 

r o 

P 

8 

Souhegan 

“ 11 

“ 5 

July  25 

9 

m 

r 

b 

8 

Smith  (Prolific) 

7 

“ 12 

“ 11 

“ 24 

9 

1 

r 

b 

9 

Surrey 

8 

“ 12 

“ 14 

Aug.  5 

5 

m 

r 

b pu 

7 

Tyler 

8 

“ 8 

“ 5 

July  24 

9 

m 

r 

b 

8 

Virginia 

' 9 

“ 9 

1 

“ 11 

1 

“ 24 

9 

1 

1 

r c 

1 

b 

8.5 

BULLETINS  107- 108- 109- 1 IO. 


FEBRUARY,  1894. 


MICHIGAN 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 


VARIOUS  DEPARTMENTS. 


107  Fattening  Eambs, 3 

Farm  Department. 

108  Potatoes  and  Potato  Scab,  - - - 39 

Horticultural  Department. 

109  Variety  Tests  of  Vegetables,  - 49 

Horticultural  Department. 

no  The  External  Conformation  of  the  Horse,  - 67 

Veterinary  Department. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICH. 
1894. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State , 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  them.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary , Agricultural  College , Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural 


Experiment  Station, 


Postoffice  Address Agricultural  College.  Mich. 

Railroad,  Express  and  Telegraph  Address,  . Lansing.  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  AND.  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board term  expires  1396 

Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, “ “1896 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks “ “1897 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac “ “1897 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids “ “ 1899 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair “ “ 1899 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Governor  of  the  State, ) . 

Hon.  LEWIS  G.  GORTON,  President  of  the  College >icx  officio. 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 

Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden.  j Experiment. 

C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps,  i Veterinary. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps.  j Institutes. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  F.  Moore,  j 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden,  Mechanics. 
L.  G.  Gorton,  C.  W.  Garfield,  j Military, 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield,  i Land  Grant. 


C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain 
Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F.  Moore. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
L.  G.  Gorton. 

H.  Chamberlain  C.  W.  Garfield. 

C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore. 
Edwin  Phelps,  H.  Chamberlain 


STATION  COUNCIL. 


Lewis  G.  Gorton, Director. 

Clinton  D.  Smith,  M.  S„  . Agriculturist.  Robert  C.  Kkdzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D..  . . Chemist. 

L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S.,  ...  Horticulturist.  Ira  H.  Butterfield.  . . Sec.  and  Tress 

ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 

F.  B.  Mumford,  B.  8.,  Assistant  in  Agriculture,  j E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Consulting  Veterinarian 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  8.,  “ “ Horticulture.  G.  C.  Davis,  M.  8.,  “ Entomologist. 

R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S.  “ “ “ j Chas.  F.  Wheeler.  B.  S.,  “ Botanist. 

W.  L.  R08SMAN,  B.  S.,  “ “ Chemistry.  H.  M.  Howe,  Assistant  to  Director. 

H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  8..  “ “ “ ' Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon Librarian 


SUB-STATIONS. 


Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  Local  Agen*:. 


BULLETIN  107. 


FEBRUARY,  1804. 


FATTENING  LAMBS. 


F.  H.  MUMFORD. 


v 


Michigan  has  long  held  a prominent  place  as  a sheep  producing  State. 
In  recent  years  especially,  her  farmers  have  attained  no  small  degree  of 
success  in  the  business  of  fattening  sheep  and  lambs  for  the  eastern  markets. 
So  extensive  has  the  industry  become,  and  so  successful  have  been  the 
feeders  engaged  in  the  business,  that  Michigan  lambs  have  obtained  a 
desirable  reputation  among  eastern  buyers.  There  are,  in  general,  two 
classes  of  farmers  engaged  in  the  production  of  mutton.  One  class  feed 
enough  sheep  to  consume  the  coarse  fodder  and  grain  produced  on  the 
farm,  the  other  depends  upon  purchasing  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  food  con- 
sumed. To  either  of  these  classes  any  experiment  tending  to  determine 
the  relative  values  of  some  of  our  common  food  stuffs  for  fattening  pur- 
poses, is  a matter  of  interest  and  importance. 

On  investigation  we  were  led  to  believe  that  corn,  oats,  and  bran,  either 
alone  or  in  combination,  were  the  grains  most  commonly  used  in  Michigan 
for  fattening  sheep.  Corn  and  oats  are  produced  here  in  great  abundance, 
and  close  proximity  to  the  great  corn  producing  districts  of  the  west  has 
induced  our  feeders  to  purchase  annually,  thousands  of  car  loads  of 
western  corn.  Wheat  bran  can  be  obtained  in  nearly  every  county  of  the 
State  and  is  largely  purchased  for  mixing  with  other  grains. 

The  following  experiment  is  the  first  of  a series  intended  to  investigate 
the  comparative  values  of  these  common  grains  for  fattening  purposes,  and 
incidentally  the  consideration  of  some  points  of  interest  growing  out  of  our 
experience  in  fattening  lambs.  Exact  experiments  tending  to  fix  a stand- 
ard of  meat  production  for  our  different  grains,  are  lacking.  How  many 
pounds  of  com  with  a definite  amount  of  clover  hay  will  produce  a pound 


4 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


of  mutton  or  beef?  How  many  pounds  of  corn  and  bran,  or  corn  and  oats 
with  a like  amount  of  hay  will  produce  a pound  of  mutton  or  beef?  The 
question  is  an  exceedingly  complicated  one,  and  its  solution  dependent  on  so 
many  conditions  that  the  results  at  best  could  be  only  approximate.  How- 
ever even  such  a standard  would  be  of  great  service  to  the  practical  feeder, 
and  the  answers  to  the  above  questions  would  go  a long  way  toward  deciding 
on  the  selection  of  feeding  rations.  All  the  conditions  were  made  as  nearly 
identical  as  possible,  except  the  grain  rations.  The  comparison  was 
between  corn,  oats,  and  bran,  either  each  fed  alone  as  a grain  ration,  or 
in  combination. 

PLAN  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT. 

The  plan  was  to  secure  as  nearly  an  average  lot  of  lambs  as  possible, 
representing  the  class  of  animals  usually  purchased  by  feeders  for  fatten- 
ing. Our  aim  was  to  obtain  lambs  from  one  flock  in  order  that  the  animals 
used  in  the  experiment  might  have  the  advantage  of  having  been  under 
the  same  conditions  for  some  time  previous.  We  were  fortunate  in  secur- 
ing a lot  numbering  125  lambs  of  similar  breeding  and  in  all  respects  a 
desirable  flock  for  experimental  purposes.  They  were  divided  into  10  lots 
numbered  consecutively  from  1-10.  They  were  confined  in  a light  airy 
barn,  well  ventilated  and  supplying  the  best  of  conditions  for  the  health 
and  comfort  of  the  animals.  The  feeding  pens  were  roomy  and  so  con- 
structed that  lambs  could  be  confined  at  one  end  while  the  feeding  was  in 
progress.  The  lambs  were  at  no  time  permitted  to  exercise  in  the  open 
air  and  were  not  taken  out  except  for  the  purpose  of  weighing  once  each 
week.  Pure  water,  frequently  renewed,  was  kept  constantly  before  the 
animals,  but  was  not  weighed.  In  all  lots  except  8 and  9,  the  influence  of 
the  individual  differences  of  the  animals  was  guarded  against  as  much  as 
possible  by  carefully  grading  into  lots  of  the  same  weight  and  apparent 
thrift.  The  large  number  of  animals  used  in  each  division  of  the  experi- 
ment also  contributed  toward  making  the  averages  more  reliable.  Care  was 
taken  to  feed  at  regular  intervals.  They  were  fed  grain  and  hay  at  6:30 
each  morning,  roots  and  silage  at  12,  and  grain  and  hay  again  at  3:30. 

In  all  the  lots  except  8 and  9,  the  amounts  of  hay  and  grain  were  sup- 
plied with  reference  to  the  appetites  of  the  animals,  while  the  roots  were 
supplied  at  the  rate  of  one  pound  per  day  and  head. 

Lots  8 and  9 were  fed  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  relative  value 
of  roots  and  silage  for  fattening  lambs,  and  was  a continuation  of  a former 
experiment  along  the  same  line.  The  animals  however,  were  apparently 
in  no  way  less  thrifty  than  the  others  and  the  results  are  included  in  the 
general  summaries  and  tabulated  comparisons.  Lots  8 and  9 each  received 
clover  hay  ad  libitum  and  a grain  ration  consisting  of  one  pound  per  day 
and  head  of  bran  and  oats,  mixed  equal  parts  byweight.  In  addition  lot 
8 was  fed  ruta  bagas  ad  libitum  and  lot  9 com  silage  ad  libitum. 

December  3,  1892,  the  lambs  were  all  dipped  in  kerosene  emulsion. 
The  excitement  of  dipping  and  discomfort  following  the  operation  probably 
slightly  affected  the  gains,  especially  as  the  time  of  dipping  was  followed 
immediately  by  a fall  in  temperature. 

All  the  feed  except  hay  was  weighed  daily  and  recorded.  * The  weights 
of  hay  were  recorded  for  the  weekly  periods  only.  The  lambs  were  weighed 
each  week  on  the  dates  given  in  the  tables.  The  weighing  was  done  each 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


5 


time  in  the  morning  after  a feed  of  grain  and  before  feeding  hay  or  supply- 
ing with  water. 

The  lambs  were  all  shorn  during  the  week  ending  March  8. 

We  were  desirous  of  ascertaining  the  influence  of  shearing  lambs  during 
the  fattening  period,  and  a discussion  of  the  results  will  be  found  in 
another  portion  of  this  bulletin. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  ANIMALS. 

The  125  lambs  used  in  this  experiment  were  purchased  on  September  25, 
1892.  They  were  sired  by  a well  bred  Shropshire  ram  from  the  common 
grade  ewes  of  the  state.  Merino  blood  largely  predominates  in  the 
common  flocks  of  Michigan,  and  these  we  believe  fairly  represented 
the  majority  of  lambs  fed  in  the  state.  On  their  arrival  at  the 
college  farm  they  were  given  a liberal  feed  of  oats  and  hay  and  turned 
immediately  on  a Held  of  rape,*  where  they  remained  35  days.  They 
gained  15  &3  per  head  while  pasturing  on  rape  and  were  in  excellent  con- 
dition when  placed  in  winter  quarters.  They  were  fed  on  a light  ration  of 
grain,  consisting  of  oats  and  bran,  and  clover  hay,  until  Nov.  30, 1892,  when 
the  experiment  proper  began.  From  this  time  until  March  29,  1893, 
at  which  time  the  experiment  terminated,  all  food  consumed  was  carefully 
weighed  and  a daily  record  kept. 

KIND  AND  COST  OF  FOOD  STUFFS. 

The  corn  used  in  this  experiment  was  fed  whole  and  was  either  grown 
on  the  college  farm  or  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  except  a small  quan- 
tity of  western  corn  purchased  to? complete  the  experiment. 

The  oats  were  of  the  American  Banner  variety,  grown  on  the  college 
farm  and  of  prime  quality.  They  were  also  fed  whole. 

The  wheat  bran  was  purchased  of  our  local  millers  and  was  the  residue 
from  the  manufacture  of  roller  process  flour. 

The  clover  hay  was  an  excellent  sample  of  bright,  well  cured  clover  and 
was  readily  eaten  by  the  lambs  in  all  lots.  The  silage  was  produced  from 
a medium  maturing  yellow  dent  corn.  The  corn  was  well  glazed  at  the 
time  of  the  siloing  and  the  silage  resulting  was  probably  above  the  average 
in  quality.  It  was  cut  in  one-half  inch  lengths  and  the  filling  alternated 
between  two  silos,  filling  the  first  one  day  and  the  other  the  next. 

Silage  is  a very  indefinite  substance;  its  value  depends  so  much  on  the 
time  of  harvesting,  kind  of  corn  used  and  manner  of  filling  that  the  use  of' 
tables  already  established  is  attended  with  some  uncertainty.  The  silage 
in  this  experiment  was  analyzed  and  its  composition  found  to  agree  very 
closely  with  the  figures  given  in  the  tables. 

The  ruta  bagas  were  of  the  variety  known  as  Skirving’s  Purple  Top. 
They  were  sliced  before  feeding  and  were  greedily  eaten  by  the  lambs  in 
all  lots. 


* The  field  of  rape  comprised  12  acres  and  was  of  the  variety  known  ns  Hybrid  Hird  rape. 


6 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  following  table  gives  the  prices  of  food  stuffs  as  quoted  to  us  by  a 
local  dealer: 


Corn 

Oats ... 

Bran 

Hay 

Silage 

Ruta  Bagas 


$0  56  per  bushel. 
32  “ 

13  75  per  ton. 

7 00  “ 

2 50  “ 

2 50  “ 


When  in  any  case  a mixture  of  grain  was  used  the  mixture  was  invari- 
ably composed  of  equal  parts  by  weight  as  follows: 

Corn  and  bran  equal  parts  by  weight. 

Corn  and  oats  equal  parts  by  weight. 

Oats  and  bran  equal  parts  by  weight. 

Corn,  oats  and  bran  equal  parts  by  weight. 

Below  are  arranged  the  average  daily  fodder  rations  consumed  by  e-ach 
lamb: 


AVERAGE  DAILY  RATIONS  FOR  ONE  LAMB. 


Lot  1. 


Corn 1.47  lbs. 

Roots 1. 

Hay 1.4  •* 

Nutritive  Ratio 1:7.8 

Total  cost 2.09  cts. 


Lot  2. 


Oats 1.64  lbs. 

Hay 1.4  “ 

Roots 1.  w 

Nutritive  ratio 1:6.4 

Total  cost 2.27  cts. 


Lot  3. 


Bran 1.49  lbs. 

Roots 1. 

Hay 1.45  “ 

Nutritive  ratio 1:5.13  u 

Total  cost 1.66  cts. 


Lot  4. 


Corn .81  lbs. 

Oats .81  “ 

Hay... , 1.43  “ 

Roots 1. 

Nutritive  ratio 1:7 

Total  cost 2.25  cts. 


Lot  5. 


Corn .83  lb6. 

Bran .83  " 

Hay 1.42  “ 

Roots  .... 1.  “ 

Nutritive  ratio 1:6.59  “ 

Total  cost 2.02  cts. 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


Lot  6. 


Oate 

Bran 

Hay 

Roots 

Nutritive  ratio 
Total  cost 


.82  lbs. 
.82  “ 
1.44  “ 

1. 

1:5.6  “ 

2.01  cts. 


Lot  7. 


Corn 

Oats 

Bran 

Hay 

Roots 

Nutritive  ratio 
Total  cost 


Lot  8. 


.55  lbs. 
.55  “ 
.55  “ 
1.4  “ 

1. 

1:6.  “ 

2.09  cts. 


Oats 

Bran 

Hay 

Roots 

Nutritive  ratio 
Total  cost 


.5  lbs. 
.5  “ 


1.20  “ 
5.6  “ 
1:6.25  “ 
1.89  cts. 


Lot  9. 


Oats .5  lbs. 

Bran .5  “ 

Hay  _ .82  “ 

Silage 3.40  “ 

Nutritive  ratio 1:7.6  “ 

Total  cost 1.54  cts. 


Lot  10. 


Corn .84  lbs. 

Oats .84  “ 

Bran .84  “ 

Hay .62  “ 

Roots. 1.61  “ 

Nutritive  ratio 1:6.8  “ 

Total  cost 2.67  cts. 


DETAILED  RECORD  OF  EXPERIMENT. 

The  following  tables  contain  the  weekly  records  of  food  consumed  and 
gains  resulting  from  each  lot  For  convenience  of  reference  the  financial 
statement  is  placed  immediately  following  the  records  of  feed  and  gain: 


8 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LOT  1.  (10  Lambs.) 

Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  ( Grain  ration — Corn.) 


Dates. 

Corn. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Total 
weight,  j 

i 

Total 

gain. 

Avg. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30  _ 

830 

83 

December  7 ...  

52 

ios 

70 

866 

36 

86 

3.6 

14 

70 

105 

70 

875 

9 

87 

.9 

“ 21 

70 

105  i 

70 

884 

9 

88 

.9 

“ 28 

70 

105 

70 

904 

20 

90 

! 9 

January  4..  . 

70 

100 

70 

910 

6 

91 

.6 

“ 11 

70 

100 

70 

952 

42 

95 

4.2 

“ 18 

105 

100 

70 

1,006 

54 

100 

5.4 

“ 25 

105 

100 

70 

1,020 

14 

102 

1.4 

February  1. 

140 

105 

70 

1,045 

25 

104 

2.5 

“ 8 

140 

105 

70 

1,069 

24 

107 

2.4 

“ 15 

123 

105 

70 

1,092 

23 

109 

2.3 

“ 22 

108 

90 

70 

1,130 

38 

113 

3.8 

March  1__  

106 

90 

70 

1,124 

-6 

112 

-.6 

“ 8 

120 

90 

70 

1,135 

11 

113 

1.1 

“ 15 

138 

90 

70 

1,175 

40 

117 

4 

“ 22 

140 

90 

' 70 

1,229 

54 

123 

5.4 

“ 29 

130 

90 

70 

1,273 

44 

127 

4.4 

Totals 

1,757 

1,675 

1,190 

443 

1 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  1.  (10  lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  10  lambs,  830  lbs.  @ 5 cts $41  50 

shearing  10  lambs 70 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,757  lbs.  corn  @ 56  cts.  per  bu. 17  57 

1,L90  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 1 49 

1,670  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 5 85 


Total  expenditures $67  11 


CREDIT. 


By  10  lambs,  1,205.5  lbs.  @ 5 cts. $60  27 

wool,  67.5  lbs.  @ 21  cts. 14  18 

Total  receipts $74  45 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


73 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


LOT  2.  (10  Lambs). 


Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  ( Grain  ration — Oats). 


Dates. 


Oats. 


Hay. 


Roots. 


Total  Total 
weight.  gain. 


Avg. 

weight. 


Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 


November  30 
December  7 
“ 14 

“ 21 
“ 28 


52 

70 

70 

70 


103 

103 

103 

103 


70 

70 

70 

70 


834 

856 

866 

877 

870 


22 

10 

11 

-7 


83  

85  2.2 

86  1 

88  1.1 

87  -.7 


January  4 
“ 11 

“ 18 
v 25 


70 

70 

105 

105 


118 

118 

118 

118 


70 

70 

70 

70 


850 

-20 

85 

916 

66 

91 

950 

34 

95 

958 

8 

96 

February  1 _ 
“ 8. 

“ 15. 

“ 22 


140 

148 

148 

154 


100 

100 

100 

100 


70 

70 

70 

70 


1,000 

1,019 

1,038 

1,064 


42 

19 

19 

26 


100 

102 

104 

106 


.4.2 

1.9 

1.9 

2.6 


March  1 

“ 8 

“ 15 

“ 22 
“ 29. 


154 

154 

154 

154 

145 


82 

82 

82 

82 

82 


70 

70 

70 

70 

70 


1,094 

1,085 

1,123 

1,173 

1.213 


30 

-9 

38 

50 

40 


109 
108 
112 
117 
12  L 


3 

-.9 

3.8 

5 

4 


Totals 


1,963 


1,694 


1,190 


379 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  2.  (10  Lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  10  lambs,  834  lbs.  @ 5 cts $41  70 

shearing  10  lambs 70 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,963  lbs.  oats  @ 32  cts.  per  bu 19  63 

1,160  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 1 49 

1,687  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 5 90 

Total  expenditures $69  42 


CREDIT. 

By  10  lambs,  1,145.5  lbs.  @ 5 cts $57  27 

wool,  67.5  lbs,  @ 21  cts. 14  18 

Total  receipts $71  45 


Profit  on  one  lamb 20 

2 


10 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LOT  3.  (10  Lambs.) 

Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  ( Gh'ain  ration — Bran.) 


Dates. 

Bran. 

Hay. 

Boots. 

Total 

weight. 

I 

Total 

gain. 

A\g. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30. _ __  _ 

824  j 

82 

December  7...  

52 

I04 

70 

842  ; 

18 

84 

1.8 

“ 14 

70 

104 

70 

852  | 

10 

85 

1 

“ 21 

70 

104 

70 

864 

12  i 

86 

1.2 

“ 28 

70 

104 

70 

882 

18 

88 

1.8 

January  4.  

70 

118 

70 

862 

-20 

86 

-2 

M 11 

70 

118 

70 

896 

34 

89 

3.4 

“ 18 

105 

118 

70 

932 

36 

93 

3.6 

“ 25 

105 

118 

70 

944 

12 

94 

1.2 

February  1___  __  . 

125 

105 

70 

944 

0 

94 

0 

“ 8 

119 

105 

70 

954 

10 

95 

1 

“ 15 

119 

105 

70 

960 

6 

96 

.6 

“ 22 

122 

105 

70 

994 

34 

99 

3.4 

March  1 

137 

84 

70 

1,025 

31 

102 

3.1 

“ 8 

140 

84 

70 

1.020 

-5 

i 102 

-.5 

“ 15 

146 

84 

70 

1,022 

2 

! 102 

.2 

“ 22 

138 

84 

70 

1,054 

32 

! 105 

3.2 

“ 29 

121 

84 

70 

1,066 

12 

1 106 

1.2 

Totals 

1,779 

1,728 

1,190 

242 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  3.  (10  Lambs). 

DEBIT. 


To  10  lambs  824  lbs.  @ 5 cts £41  20 

shearing  10  lambs 70 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,779  lbs.  bran  @ $13.75  per  ton 12  22 

1,190  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  “ “ 149 

1,737  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  “ . “ 6 08 

Total  expenditures $61  69 


CREDIT. 

By  10  lambs,  998.5  lbs.  % 5 cts $49  92 

wool  67.5  lbs.  @ 21  cts 14  18 


Total  receipts $64  10 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


24 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


LOT  4.  (10  Lambe.) 


Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  (Grain  ration — Corn  and  oats.) 


Dates . 


Corn 
and  oats. 


Hay. 


Root6. 


I Total 
weight. 


Total 

gain. 


Avg. 

weight. 


Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 


November  30 


December  7 
14 


21 


28 


52 

70 

70 

70 


116 

116 

116 

116 


70 

70 

70 

70 


842 

864 

872 

882 

898 


22 

8 

10 

16 


84  

86  2.2 

87  .8 


88 

90 


1 

1.6 


January  4 
“ 11 
18 
25 


70 

70 

105 

105 


102 

102 

102 

102 


70 

70 

70 

70 


900 

936 

988 

1,000 


2 

36 

52 

12 


90 

93 

99 

100 


2 

&6 

5.2 

1.2 


February  1 
8 

“ 15 

“ 22 


140 

148 

148 

134 


96 

96 

96 


70 

70 

70 

70 


*1.039 

1,056 

1,078 

1,110 


39 

17 

22 

32 


104 

105 
108 
111 


3.9 

1.7 

2.2 

3.2 


March  1_. 
“ 8_. 
“ 15;. 

“ 22.. 
“ 29-. 


140 

150 

154 

154 

155 


91 

91 

91 

91 

91 


70 

70 

70 

70 

70 


1.138 

28 

114 

1.160 

22 

116 

1,177 

17 

118 

1,224 

47 

122 

1,278 

54 

128 

2.8 

2.2 

1.7 

4.7 
5.4 


Totals 


1,935 


1,711  1,190 


430 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  4.  (10  Lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  10  lambs  842  lbs.  @ 5 cts $42  10 

shearing  10  lambs 70 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,935  lbs.  corn  and  oats 19  35 

1.190  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 1 49 

1,711  lbs.  hay  at  $7.00  “ “ 5 98 

Total  expenditures $69  62 


CREDIT. 


By  10  lambs  1.210.5  lbs.  % 5 cts - $60  52 

wool  67.5  lbs.  <(Xy  21  cts - 14.18 

Total  receipts... $74  70 

Profit  on  one  lamb 51 


12 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LOT  5.  (10  Lambs.) 


Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  ( Grain  ration — Com  and  bran.) 


Dates. 

Corn 
and  bran. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Total 

weight. 

Total 

gain. 

Avg.  i 
weight. : 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30 

866 

86 

December  7 

52 

120 

70 

880 

Ii 

88 

1.4 

“ 14 

70 

120 

70 

890 

10 

89 

1 

“ 21 

70 

120 

70 

902 

12 

90 

1.2 

“ 28 

70 

120 

70 

916 

14 

91 

1.4 

January  4 . 

70 

104 

70 

910 

-6 

91 

-.6 

“ 11 

70 

104 

70 

946 

36 

94  i 

3.6 

“ 18 

105 

104 

70 

990 

44 

99 

4.4 

“ 25 

105 

104 

70 

1,010 

20 

101 

2 

February  1 __ 

140 

98 

70 

1,020 

10 

102 

1 

“ 8 

148 

98 

70 

1,045 

25 

104 

2.5 

“ 15.  

148 

98 

70 

1,072 

27 

107 

2.7 

“ 22 

154 

98 

70 

1,122 

50 

112 

5 

March  l._ 

154 

82 

70 

1.148 

26 

115 

2.6 

“ 8 

154 

82 

70 

1,144 

-4 

114 

-.4 

“ 15 

154 

82 

70 

1,126 

-11 

112 

-1.8 

“ 22 

154 

82 

70 

1,198 

72 

120 

7.2 

• “ 29 

155 

82 

70 

1,224 

'26 

122 

2.6 

Totals. . 

1,973 

1,698 

1,190 

358 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  5.  (10  Lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  10  lambs  866  lbs.  @ 5 cts $43  30 

shearing  10  lambs 70 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,973  lbs.  corn  and  bran 16  64 

1,190  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 1 49 

1,698  lbs.  hay  at  $7.00  “ “ 5 94 

Total  expenditures $68  07 


CREDIT. 

By  10  lambs  1,156.5  lbs.@  5 et-s $57  82 

wool  67.5  @ 21  cts 14  18 

Total  receipts $72  00 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


39 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


LOT  6.  (15  Lambs.) 


Weekly  record  of  feed , weight  and  gain . ( Grain  ration — Oats  and  bran). 


Dates. 

Oats 

and  bran. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Total 

weight. 

Total 

gain. 

t 

Avg. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30 

1.258 

84 

December  7 

72 

157 

105 

1,286 

28 

86 

1.8 

“ 14 

105 

157 

105 

1,293 

7 

86 

.4 

“ 21 

105 

157 

105 

1,302 

9 

87 

.4 

“ 28 

105 

157 

105 

1,324 

22 

88 

1.4 

January  4. _ 

105 

156 

105 

1,302 

-22 

87 

-1.4 

“ ' 11 

105 

156 

105 

1,368 

66 

91 

4 

“ 18 

157 

156 

105 

1,408 

40 

94 

2.8 

“ 25 

157 

156 

105 

1,460 

52 

97 

3.5 

February  1 

210 

150 

105 

1,482 

22 

99 

1.4 

“ 8 

222 

150 

105 

1,521 

39 

101 

2.5 

“ 15 

222 

150 

105 

1,560 

39 

104 

2.6 

“ 22 

231 

150 

105 

1,596 

36 

106 

2.4 

March  1___  

231 

146 

105 

1,624 

28 

108 

1.8 

“ 8 

231 

146 

105 

1.642 

18 

109 

1.3 

“ 15 

213 

>46 

105 

1,659 

17 

111 

1.3 

“ 22 

231 

146 

105 

1,771 

112 

118 

7.4 

“ 29 

233 

146 

105 

1,799 

28 

120 

1.8 

Totals 

2,935 

2,582 

1,785 

541 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  6.  (15  Lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  15  lambs,  1,258  lbs.  % 5 cts $62  90 

shearing  15  lambs 1 05 

To  feed  as  follows: 

2.935  lbs.  oats  and  bran 24  76 

1,785  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 2 23 

2,580  lbs.  hay  % $7.00  per  ton 9 03 

Total  expenditures $99  97 


CREDIT. 


By  15  lambs,  1,697.75  lbs.  @ 5 cts.  ... $84  88 

wool  101.25  lbs.  @ 21  cts 21  26 

Total  receipts  $106  14 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


41 


14 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LOT  7.  (15  Lambs.) 


Weekly  record  of  feed , weight  and  gain.  ( Gh'ain  ration — Corn,  oats  and  bran.) 


Dates. 

Corn,  oats 
and  bran. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

T9tal 

weight. 

j Total 
1 gain. 

Avg. 
i weight. 

! Avg. 
weekly 
gain. 

November  30  __  

1,250 

83 

December  7.  

72 

150 

105 

1,294 

44 

86 

3 

“ 14 

105 

150 

105 

1.304 

10 

| 87 

.7 

21 

105 

150 

105 

1,316 

12 

88 

.8 

“ 28 

105 

150 

105 

1,344 

28 

90 

9 

1 

January  4.  

105 

154 

105 

1,320 

-24 

88 

-1.6 

“ 11 

105 

154 

105 

1.380 

60 

92 

4 

18 

157 

154 

105 

1.430 

50 

95 

3.3 

“ 25 u.___ 

157 

154 

105 

1.486 

56 

99 

37 

February  1_  . 

210 

135 

105 

1,492 

6 

100 

.4 

8 

222 

135 

105 

1,530 

38 

102 

3 

“ 15 

222 

135 

105 

1.568 

38 

105 

3 

« 22 

231 

135 

105 

1.625 

57 

108 

4 

March  1__ 

231 

145 

105 

1,666 

41 

111 

3 

“ 8 

231 

145 

105 

1.690 

24 

113 

1.6 

“ 15_  __  

231 

145 

105 

1,703 

13 

114 

I 

“ 29.  J 

231 

145 

105 

1,787 

84 

119 

6 

“ 29 | 

233 

ua 

105 

1.831 

44 

122 

3 

Totals  

2,958 

2,481 

1,785 

581 

_ __ 

1 



FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 


Lot  7.  (15  Lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  15  lambs.  1,250  lbs.  @ 5 cts $02  50 

shearing  15  lambs 1 05 

To  feed  as  follows: 

2,953  lbs.  corn,  oats  and  bran 26  75, 

1,785  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton  _j__  2 23 

2.481  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 8 68 


Total  expenditures $101  21 


CREDIT. 


By  15  lambs.  1,729.75  lbs.  @ 5 cts. $86  49 

wool  101.25  lbs.  @ 21  cts 21  26 

Total  receipts $107  75 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


44 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


LOT  8.  (20  Lambs.) 


Weekly  record  of  feed , weight  and  gain.  ( Grain  ration — Oats  and  bran.) 


Dates. 

Oats  and 
bran. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Total 

weight. 

! Total 
gain. 

Avg. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30 

1 

| 1,462 

73 

December  7 

105 

143 

100 

| 1,486 

24 

74 

1.2 

“ 14 

140 

143 

318 

1,520 

34 

76 

1.7 

21 

140 

143 

485 

1,556 

36 

78 

1.8 

“ 28 

140 

143 

560 

1.632 

76 

81 

3.8 

January  4 _ _ . 

140 

145 

560 

1,605 

-27 

80 

-1.3 

11 

140 

145 

560 

1.650 

45 

82 

2.2 

“ 18 

140 

145 

620 

! 1,706 

56 

85 

2.8 

“ 25 

140 

145 

800 

1,750 

44 

87 

2.2 

February  1 

140 

148 

900 

1,750 

0 

87 

0 

“ 8 

140 

148 

1.010 

1.783 

33 

89 

1.6 

“ 15 __ 

140 

148 

1,020 

1,816 

33 

90 

1.6 

“ 22 

140 

148 

1,040 

1.866 

50 

93 

2.5 

March  1_ 

140 

139 

1,020 

1,909 

43 

95 

2.1 

“ 8 . 

140 

139 

1,020 

1.936 

27 

96 

1.3 

“ 15__  

140 

139 

1,020 

1,925 

-11 

96 

-.5 

“ 09 

140 

139 

1,120 

2,003 

78 

100 

3.9 

“ 29 

140 

139 

960 

2,051 

48 

102 

2.4 

Totals 

2,345 

2,439 

13,413 

589 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  8.  {20  lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  20  lambs,  1,462  lbs.  (a),  5 cts. $73  10 

shearing  20  lambs 1 40 

To  feed  as  follows: 

2,345  lbs.  bran  and  oats 19  86 

13,413  lbs.  roots  % $2.50  per  ton 16  76 

2,439  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 8 51 

Total  expenditures $119  63 


CREDIT. 


By  20  lambs,  1,916  lbs.  % 5 cts $95  80 

wool,  135  lbs.  (a>,  21  cts 28  35 

Total  receipts $124  15 

Profit  on  1 lamb 22 


16 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


LOT  9.  (20  Lambs.) 

Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  { Grain  ration — Oats  and  bran.) 


Dates. 

Oats  and 
bran. 

Hay. 

Silage. 

Total 

weight. 

! Total 
gain. 

Avg. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

November  30 

1,490 

74 

December  7 

105 

151 

100 

1,514 

24 

75 

1.2 

“ 14 

140 

151 

318 

1,558 

44 

78 

2.2 

“ 21 

140 

151 

485 

1,598 

40 

79 

2 

“ 28 

140 

151 

560 

1,636 

38 

81 

1.9 

January  4 

140 

93 

375 

1.616 

-20 

80 

-1 

“ 11 

140 

93 

375 

1.682 

66 

84 

3.3 

“ 18 ' 

140 

93 

505 

1.744 

62 

87 

3.1 

“ 25 | 

140 

93 

550 

1,752 

8 

87 

.4 

February  1 

140 

112 

525 

1,762 

10 

88 

.5 

“ 8 

140 

112 

525 

1,797 

35 

89 

1.7 

“ 15 

140 

112 

525 

1,832 

35 

91 

1.7 

“ 22 

140 

112 

545 

1,880 

48 

94 

2.4 

March  1 . 

140 

110 

560 

1,890  | 

10 

94 

.5 

“ 8 

140 

110 

560 

1.940  | 

50 

97 

2.5 

15 

140 

110 

560 

1,950 

10 

97 

.5 

“ 22 

140 

110 

560 

2,018 

68 

100 

3.4 

“ 29 

140  ! 

110 

480 

2,076 

58 

103 

2.9 

Totals j 

I 

2,345  | 

1,974 

: 1 

8,108 

586 

9 v v t 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  9.  {20  lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  20  lambs,  1,490  lbs.  % 5 cts. $74  50 

shearing  20  lambs 1 40 

To  feed  as  follows: 

2345  lbs.  oats  and  bran 19  86 

8,108  lbs.  silage  @ 82.50  per  ton 10  13 

1,974  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 6 91 


Total  expenditures $112  80 


CREDIT. 


By  20  lambs,  1,941  lbs.  at  5 cts. _ $97  05 

wool,  133  lbs.  @ 21  cts 28  35 

Total  receipts $125  40 


«8 


Profit  on  one  lamb 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


17 


LOT  10.  (5  Lambs.)— Self  feed. 


Weekly  record  of  feed,  weight  and  gain.  ( Grain  ration — Corn,  oats  and  bran.) 


Dates. 

Corn,  oats 
and  bran. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Total 

weight. 

Total 

gain. 

Avg. 

weight. 

Avg. 

weekly 

gain. 

December  7 

lOO 

84 

“ 14 

134 

14 

100 

431 

9 

86 

1.8 

“ 21 

78 

17 

110 

440 

9 

88 

1.8 

“ 28 

120 

15 

105 

452 

12 

90 

2.4 

January  4 

36 

16 

85 

464 

12 

93 

2.4 

“ 11 

105 

19.5 

35 

478 

14 

95 

2.8 

“ 18 

104 

34.5 

35 

486 

8 

96 

1.6 

“ 25 

60 

18 

35 

498 

12 

99 

2.4 

February  1 

131 

30 

35 

509 

11 

101 

2.2 

“ 8 

30 

16 

35 

523 

14 

104 

2.8 

“ 15 

95 

33 

35 

538 

15 

106 

3 

“ 22 

67 

15 

35 

550 

12 

110 

2.4 

March  1 

100 

36 

35 

552 

2 

110 

.4 

Totals 

1,060 

264 

680 

130 

t 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Lot  10.  (5  lambs.) 

DEBIT. 


To  5 lambs,  422  lbs.  @ 5 cts $21  10 

shearing  5 lambs 35 

To  feed  as  follows: 

1,060  lbs.  corn,  oats  and  bran 9 49 

264  lbs.  hay  @ $7.00  per  ton 92 

680  lbs.  roots  @ $2.50  per  ton 85 


Total  expenditures $32  71 


CREDIT. 

By  5 lambs,  518.25  lbs.  @ 5 cts $25  91 

wool,  33.75  lbs.  % 21  cts 7 09 


Total  receipts $33  00 


Profit  on  one  lamb 06 

3 


18 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


SUMMARY  OF  TOTALS. 


Totals  of  food,  weights  and  gains. 


Lot. 

No. 

lambs. 

Grain. 

Hay. 

Roots. 

Cost  of  feed. 

Gain. 

Average 

weekly 

gain. 

1 

10 

1,757 

1,675 

1,190 

$24 

92 

443 

2.6 

2 

10 

1,963 

1,694 

1,190 

27 

05 

379 

2.2 

3 

10 

1,779 

1,728 

1,190 

19 

77 

242 

1.4 

4 

10 

1,735 

1,711 

1,190 

26 

83 

436 

2.6 

5 

10 

1,973 

1,698 

1,190 

24 

07 

358 

2.1 

6 

15 

2,935 

2,582 

1,785 

36 

02 

541 

2.1 

7 

15 

2,953 

2,481 

1,785 

37 

36 

581 

2.3 

8 

20 

2,345 

2,439 

13,413 

45 

08 

589 

1.7 

9 

20 

2,345 

1,974 

*8,108 

36 

82 

586 

1.7 

10 

5 

1,060 

264 

680 

11 

26 

130 

2.16 

* Silage. 


EXPLANATIONS. 


The  tables  for  each  lot  contain  a weekly  record  of  kind  and ‘amounts  of 
food  consumed,  total  weight  at  end  of  each  period,  total  gain  of  entire  lot, 
average  weight  and  average  weekly  gain  of  one  sheep. 

The  summary  of  totals  contains  number  of  lambs  in  each  lot,  total 
weights  of  food  consumed,  cost  of  food,  and  gain  of  each  lot,  and  average 
gain  of  one  sheep  for  one  week. 

Lot  10  which  was  fed  with  a “self  feed”  were  under  experiment  for  12 
weeks  only,  and  in  every  case  the  totals  and  averages  are  based  on  the 
feeding  period  of  12  weeks. 

The  lambs  in  all  lots  were  shorn  during  the  week  ending  March  8,  1893, 
and  weights  of  wool  recorded  after  the  above  date,  to  avoid  confusion  in 
the  tables,  the  total  weights  are  found  by  adding  weight  of  wool  to  actual 
weight  of  shorn  sheep. 

The  lambs  averaged  6.75  lbs.  of  wool  per  head,  and  this  average  amount 
is  in  each  case  calculated  in  the  financial  statement.  The  wool  was  con- 
signed to  a Philadelphia  firm  and  netted  21  cts.  here. 

The  minus  ( — ) sign  before  numbers  in  column  of  gains  indicates  a loss. 

The  lambs  fed  well,  although  the  gains  were  not  as  satisfactory  as  in  other 
experiments  conducted  at  this  station.  During  the  week  ending  Jan.  4, 
the  lambs  were  nearly  all  “ off  their  feed,”  caused  by  overfeeding.  With 
this  exception,  the  lambs  were  at  all  times  apparently  thriving  well. 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


19 


Table  I. — Showing  weekly  gain , cost  of  1 lb.  gain , pounds  of  grain  to  1 lb.  gain,  pro- 
tein fed  per  day  per  1,000  lbs.  of  sheep  live  weight,  carbohydrates  fed  per  day  per 
1,000  lbs.  of  sheep  live  weight,  and  nutritive  ratio. 


Lot. 

Distinguishing  rations. 

Weekly 

gain. 

Cost  of 
1 pound 
gain. 

Pounds  of 
grain  fed 
to  1 pound 
gain. 

Protein  fed 
per  day 
per  1,000 
pounds. 

Carbohy- 
drates fed 
per  day  per 
1,000  lbs. 

Nutritive 

ratio. 

1 

Corn 

2.6 

$.056 

3.96 

2.2 

16.7 

1:7.8 

2 

Oats 

2.2 

.073 

5.17 

2.4 

15.39 

1:6.4 

3 

Bran 

1.4 

.081 

7.35 

2.9 

14.8 

1:5.1 

4 

Corn  and  oats 

2.6 

.061 

4.4 

2.37 

16.3 

1:7 

5 

Corn  and  bran 

2.1 

.067 

5.5 

2.56 

16.2 

1:6.5 

3 

Oats  and  bran.. _ 

2.1 

.066 

5.4 

2.6 

14.9 

1:5.6 

7 

Corn,  oats  and  bran. 

2.3 

.064 

5.08 

2.6 

16 

1:6 

8 

Roots - 

1.7 

.076 

3.98 

2.4 

15.4 

1:6.2 

9 

Silage  

1.7 

.062 

4 

2.2 

14.5 

1:7.6 

10 

“Self  feed  ” 

2.16 

.086 

8.15 

3 

19.2 

1:6.8 

The  pounds  of  grain  required  to  produce  a pound  of  gain  in  the  various 
lots  is  an  interesting  point.  From  table  1 it  will  be  observed  that  the 
least  number  of  pounds  required  for  1 lb.  gain  is  in  Lot  1,  fed  with  corn 
and  clover  hay.  The  largest  quantity  of  grain  eaten  to  produce  1 pound 
gain  was  in  Lot  10,  fed  with  a “ self  feed.”  In  all  rations  containing  corn 
the  amount  of  grain  necessary  to  produce  1 pound  of  gain,  is  less  than  in 
the  other  rations  with  the  exception  of  lambs  fed  with  a “ self  feed  ” as 
mentioned  above. 


POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 

» 

It  has  been  argued  by  practical  feeders  that  the  results  obtained  from 
comparing  lots  of  1,  2 or  3 animals  are  unreliable.  The  individual  differ- 
ences of  the  animals  are  often  so  great  that  conclusions  based  upon  so  few 
animals  may  be  misleading.  In  the  experiment  under  discussion  the 
utmost  care  was  taken  not  only  to  carefully  divide  the  animals  into  lots  of 
equal  weight,  and  general  thrift,  but  also  to  employ  a sufficiently  large 
number  of  animals  in  each  lot,  so  that  as  much  as  possible,  we  might  over- 
come the  influence  of  the  individual  differences  of  the  animals. 

The  length  of  the  experiment  also,  (119  days)  will  contribute  toward 
making  the  results  the  more  valuable. 


20 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Table  2. — Gains  by  weeks. 


Dates. 

Lot  1. 

Lot  2. 

Lot  8. 

Lot  4. 

Lot  5. 

Lot  6. 

Lot  7. 

Lot  8. 

Lot  9. 

Lot  10. 

Weekly 

average. 

Nov.  30 

Dec.  7 

3.6 

.9 

2.2 

1.8 

2.2 

1.4 

1.8 

3.0 

1.2 

1.2 

2.0 

“ 14 

1.0 

1.0 

.8 

1.0 

.4 

.7 

1.7 

2.2 

1.8 

1.8 

“ 21 

.9 

1.1 

1.2 

1.0 

1.2 

.4 

.8 

1.8 

2.0 

1.8 

1.2 

“ 28 

1.0 

-.7 

1.8 

1.6 

1.4 

1.4 

2.0 

3.8 

1.9 

2.4 

1.6 

Jan.  4 

1.6 

-2 

-2 

.2 

-.6 

-1.4 

-1.6 

-1.3 

-1 

2.4 

-.5 

“ 11 

4.2 

6.6 

3.4 

3^6 

3.6 

4.0 

4.0 

2.2 

3.3 

2.8 

3.7 

“ 18 

5.4 

3.4 

3.6 

5.2 

4.4 

2.8 

3.3 

2.8 

3.1 

1.6 

3.5 

“ 25 , 

1.4 

.8 

1.2 

1.2 

2.0 

3.5 

3 

2.2 

.4 

2.4 

1.8 

Feb.  1 

2.5 

4.2 

0 

3.9 

1.0 

1.4 

.4 

0 

.5 

2.2 

1.6 

“ 8 

2.4 

1.9 

1.0 

1.7 

2.5 

2.5 

3.0 

1.6 

1.7 

2.8 

2.1 

“ 15 

2.3 

1.9 

.6 

2.2 

2.7 

2.6 

3.0 

1.6 

1.7 

3 

2.1 

“ 22 

3.8 

2.6 

3.4 

3.2 

5.0 

2.4 

4.0 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

3.1 

Mar.  1 

-.6 

3.0 

3.1 

2.8 

2.6 

1.8 

3.0 

2.1 

.5 

.4 

1.8 

“ 8 

1.1 

-.9 

-.5 

2.2 

-.4 

1.3 

1.6 

1.3 

2.5 

.9 

“ 15 

4.0 

3.8 

.2 

1.7 

1.8 

1.3 

1.0 

-.5 

.5 

1.1 

“ 22. . 

5.4 

5.0 

3.2 

4.7 

7.2 

7.4 

6.0 

3.9 

3.4 

5.1 

“ 29 

4.4 

4.0 

1.2 

5.4 

2.6 

1.8 

3.0 

2.4 

2.9 

3 

Table  2 is  added  for  convenience  of  reference.  It  contains  the  average 
weekly  gain  of  one  lamb  in  each  lot  for  each  week  during  the  entire  period 
of  17  weeks.  The  averages  of  the  10  lots  for  each  week  will  be  found  in 
column  headed  “ weekly  average.” 

The  amount  of  hay  eaten  with  the  different  grain  rations  is  a matter  of 
interest.  Table  3 gives  the  proportion  of  grain  to  hay.  The  lambs  receiv- 
ing a large  daily  ration  of  roots  consumed  a large  quantity  of  hay  as  com- 
pared with  grain,  and  those  fed  with  “ self  feed  ” consumed  relatively  a 
very  small  amount  of  hay.  Lot  1 fed  corn,  and  Lot  3 fed  oats,  consumed 
, a relatively  larger  amount  of  hay  than  did  the  other  lots  in  the  distinctively 
grain  test. 

Table  3. — Relation  of  hay  to  grain. 


Lot. 

Pounds 

hay. 

Pounds 

grain. 

1 

.96 

1 

2 

.85 

1 

3 

.97 

1 

4 

.88 

1 

5 

.86 

1 

6 

.87 

1 

7 

.84 

1 

8 

1.40 

1 

9 

.84 

1 

10 

.24 

1 

FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


21 


One  thing  seems  to  be  quite  clearly  indicated  by  this  experiment,  viz.: 
that  small  gains  are  not  necessarily  unprofitable,  nor  large  gains  a sure  index 
of  profitable  food  consumption.  (Compare  Lots  9 and  10. ) Lot  9 made 
an  average  weekly  gain  of  1.7  lbs.  per  head,  and  yielded  a profit  of  63  cts. 
per  head.  Lot  10  made  a weekly  gain  of  2.16  lbs.  per  head  and  yielded  a 
profit  of  only  6 cts  per  head. 


SELF  FEED. 

By  “ self  feed  ” is  understood  any  arrangement  which  admits  of  free 
access  to  grain  at  all  times. 

It  is  a common  practice  among  feeders  in  many  parts  of  this  state  to 
use  a “ self  feed.”  Many  employ  this  method  during  the  whole  feeding 
period.  Others  believe  that  better  results  are  obtained  by  using  it  during 
the  latter  period  of  fattening.  So  common  is  this  practice  that  it  was 
thought  advisable  to  investigate  the  value  of  this  method  as  compared 
with  regular  times  of  feeding. 

To  determine  its  value  five  lambs  were  placed  in  Lot  10.  They  were  fed 
clover  hay  ad  libitum  and  1 pound  of  ruta  bagas  per  day  and  head. 

The  grain  ration  consisted  of  corn,  oats,  and  bran  mixed  equal  parts  by 
weight.  This  grain  ration  was  placed  in  a conveniently  constructed  box 
arranged  so  that  lambs  could  feed  at  will.  Some  care  was  necessary  in 
accustoming  the  lambs  to  the  heavy  feed  of  grain  before  they  were  allowed 
constant  access  to  the  “ self  feed”  arrangement. 

The  lambs  were  fed  thus  from  December  7,  1892,  to  March  1,  1893,  a 
period  of  twelve  weeks.  During  .this  time  they  consumed  1,060  lbs.  of 
grain,  264  lbs.  of  hay,  and  680  lbs.  of  roots.  They  gained  during  this  time 
130  lbs.  or  2.16  lbs.  per  head  and  week.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  lambs 
ate  a large  amount  of  grain,  and  a relatively  small  amount  of  hay. 
Although  the  gain  was  slightly  above  the  average,  and  the  lambs  appar- 
ently well  fattened,  it  will  be  noticed  from  table  1,  that  as  compared  with 
the  other  lots  the  gain  was  made  at  the  highest  cost  per  pound.  It  will 
also  be  observed  that  it  required  more  pounds  of  grain  to  one  pound  of 
gain  than  in  any  of  the  other  lots. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  financial  statement  that  of  all  the  lots  these 
were  fed  at  the  least  profit;  namely  6 cts.  per  lamb.  Owing  to  the  small 
number  of  lambs  in  this  division  of  the  experiment,  we  are  not  prepared 
to  say  that  the  “self  feed”  is  unprofitable,  without  further  investigation. 
The  indications  of  this  experiment,  however,  point  to  the  fact  that  it  may 
be  an  expensive  method  of  fattening  lambs. 

ROOTS  VS.  SILAGE  FOR  FATTENING  LAMBS. 

In  a former  experiment  (bulletin  84)  conducted  at  this  station  some  of 
the  conclusions  drawn  were  as  follows: 

“1.  This  experiment  indicates  the  superiority  of  roots  (sugar  beets)  over 
silage  for  fattening  lambs. 

2.  Either  roots  or  silage  may  enter  largely  into  the  fattening  ration  and 
allowing  a reasonable  valuation  on  each,  may  be  fed  with  profit. 

3.  Lambs  may  be  successfully  fattened  without  the  use  of  a heavy  grain 
ration.” 


22 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


To  further  investigate  this  subject  40  lambs  were  divided  into  two  lots 
and  appear  in  the  tables  as  lots  8 and  9.  The  silage  used  in  this  experi- 
ment was  above  the  average  in  quality.  The  roots  used  were  ruta  bagas. 
The  results  appear  in  former  pages  of  this  bulletin. 

The  gains  produced  by  each  ration  were  the  same,  namely:  1.7  lbs,  per 
week  and  head.  It  will  be  observed,  however,  that  although  the  quantity 
of  grain  fed  was  the  same,  that  the  lambs  fed  ruta  bagas  consumed  a con- 
siderably larger  quantity  of  hay  than  those  fed  silage.  The  amount  of 
roots  eaten  by  Lot  8,  as  compared  with  the  silage  eaten  by  Lot  9,  was  very 
large. 

The  profit  on  Lot  8,  fed  roots,  was  22  cts.  on  each  lamb,  that  on  Lot  9 
fed  silage  was  63. 

We  are  led  to  conclude,  therefore,  that  considering  the  ruta  bagas  and 
silage  used  in  this  experiment  (see  page  5)  the  silage  produced  the  same 
gain  at  a less  cost. 

The  results  of  this  experiment  as  compared  with  bulletin  84  would  seem 
to  indicate  the  superiority  of  sugar  beets  over  ruta  bagas  for  fattening 
lambs. 

The  conclusions  quoted  above  (bulletin  84,  Michigan)  are  still  further 
confirmed  byjffiis  experiment. 

SHEARING  LAMBS  DURING  THE  FATTENING  PERIOD. 

Shearing  lambs  during  some  part  of  the  feeding  period  has  been  prac- 
ticed with  more  or  less  success  in  this  state.  In  many  cases  the  animals 
are  shorn  in  the  fall.  More  often,  however,  the  shearing  is  done  sometime 
in  March,  3 or  4 weeks  before  it  is  desired  to  dispose  of  the  sheep.  To 
observe  the  advantages,  if  any,  resulting  from  this  practice,  all  the  animals 
in  this  experiment  were  shorn  during  the  week  ending  March  8,  1893. 
They  were  continued  on  the  rations  as  before  until  March  29,  1893,  thus 
making  a period  of  3 weeks  after  shearing.  Taking  the  average  of  all  the 
lots  the  gain  of  1 lamb  in  one  week,  for  the  13  weeks  before  shearing  was 
1.9  lbs.  The  average  gain  after  shearing  was  2.8  lbs. 

During  the  week  of  shearing  the  lambs  made  very  small  gains.  The 
most  rapid  gains  of  any  in  the  experiment  were  made  during  the  period 
following  the  shearing.  The  results  of  this  trial  are  apparently  favorable 
to  shearing  when  lambs  are  confined  in  warm  quarters. 

TEMPERATURE  AS  AFFECTING  GAINS. 

A study  of  the  tables  will  reveal  the  fact  that  some  influence  outside 
and  in  spite  of  the  food,  to  some  extent  controlled  the  gains.  It  has  often 
been  remarked  by  feeders  that  sheep  feed  better  in  a cold,  than  in  an  open 
winter.  How  potent  this  influence  may  be,  or  whether  it  is  of  sufficient 
importance  to  merit  our  consideration  can  be  determined  only  by  more 
extended  observation.  It  will  appear  from  the  tables  that  there  is  a general 
falling  off  in  gain,  produced  by  the  same  quantity  of  food,  during  certain 
weeks.  By  comparing  the  outside  temperature  for  the  weeks  showing  a 
decreased  gain  or  vice  versa , it  was  noticed  that  a falling  off  in  gain  was 
quite  generally  accompanied  by  a rise  in  temperature,  and  an  increased 
gain  seemed  to  be  quite  generally  accompanied  by  a fall  in  temperature. 
Diagram  I illustrates  this  apparent  relation  between  temperature  and  gain. 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


23 


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24 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  average  gain  by  weeks  is  found  by  adding  the  average  weekly  gain 
of  each  lot  and  dividing  by  the  number  of  lots.  The  temperature  was 
compiled  from  the  meteorological  report  of  this  station  and  represents  the 
mean  weekly  temperature  obtained  from  three  daily  observations.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  in  most  cases  the  temperature  and  gain  seem  to  vary 
together.  Exceptions  to  this  general  tendency  apparently  exist  in  the 
weeks  ending  Dec.  14,  Jan.  11,  Mar.  8 and  Mar.  15.  The  exception  in  the 
week  ending  Dec.  14  may  possibly  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the 
lambs  were  all  dipped  on  the  Bd  day  of  December,  and  the  gains  were  in 
all  probability  somewhat  influenced  thereby.  In  the  week  ending  Jan.  4, 
the  lambs  were  all  “off  their  feed,”  probably  from  over  feeding,  and  hence 
the  apparent  influence  of  a rise  in  temperature  is  exaggerated. 

Whether  under  different  conditions,  cold  temperatures  would  be  favor- 
able to  better  gains  or  not  remains  to  be  further  investigated. 

COMPARISON  OF  FOODS  WITH  RESPECT  TO  COMPOSITION. 

1.  RELATION  OF  PROTEIN  TO  GAIN. 

A great  many  experiments  have  been  conducted  with  a view  to  determining 
the  value  of  foods  from  their  chemical  composition.  An  exhaustive  series 
of  experiments  by  German  chemists,  seemed  to  point  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  content  of  available  protein  in  a food  stuff  largely  determined  its  feed- 
ing value.  Many  experiments  in  this  country  have  given  credence  to  this 
conclusion.  Hence  it  has  been  taught  that  the  gain  depends  upon  the 
available  protein  in  the  food.  The  statement  is  comprehensive,  and  if  true 
could  not  fail  to  be  of  the  utmost  practical  importance.  The  experiments 
recorded  in  this  bulletin  were  not  planned  with  any  reference  whatever  to 
the  amount  of  available  protein  present  in  the  different  foods.  The  com- 
parison was  originally  intended  to  be  between  different  rations  and  their 
value  for  fattening  lambs.  The  conditions  were  made  as  nearly  identical  for 
all  the  lots  as  possible  with  the  exception  of  the  kind  and  quantity  of  fodder 
articles.  The  results  therefore  should  be  an  index  of  the  comparative  value 
of  the  rations  fed,  either  because  of  the  protein  or  other  substances  con- 
tained, or  from  the  specific  action  of  the  rations  themselves.  To  determine 
this  point  the  available  protein  fed  per  day  in  each  ration  was  calculated 
for  each  1000  lbs.  live  weight.  The  calculations  are  made  from  the  German 
tables  and  the  average  composition  and  digestibility  assumed  to  be  the 
same  in  the  foods  used,  as  those  in  the  tables.  To  illustrate  more  clearly 
to  the  eye  the  relation  of  protein  to  gain  we  have  prepared  the  following 
diagram . 

At  the  top  opposite  the  vertical  lines  are  arranged  the  lots,  while  on 
the  left  side  will  be  found  the  number  of  pounds  of  protein  fed  per  day  to 
a 1000  lbs.  of  sheep,  live  weight;  similarly  on  the  right  are  the  average 
number  of  pounds  gained  per  head,  per  week,  in  each  of  the  lots,  for  the 
-entire  period.  The  lowest  content  of  protein  and  the  smallest  gains  are 
placed  opposite  at  the  bottom  of  the  diagram  and  increase  with  regular 
increments  toward  the  top  of  the  diagram. 

The  heavy  black  line  represents  the  gain  and  the  lighter  line  the  pro- 
tein. If  the  gain  depends  upon  the  available  protein  in  the  food,  the  lines 
should  be  parallel,  or  at  least  tend  in  the  same  direction.  It  will  be 
observed,  however,  that  not  only  do  the  lines  not  run  parallel  but  with  few 
exceptions  they  tend  in  an  exactly  opposite  direction. 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


25 


Om&m&mRTiOiV  OP  PROTEIN  TO  GAIN 


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Lot  1 which  contained  the  least  protein  made  the  greatest  gain  and  in 
lots  2 and  3 an  increase  of  protein  is  accompanied  by  a decreased  gain. 
This  is  true  of  all  lots  except  9 and  10  in  which  the  gain  seems  to  vary 
with  the  supply  of  protein.  In  lots  6 and  8 an  increase  in  protein  does 
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4 


26 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


fore  that  we  are  justified  in  the  inference  that  in  this  experiment  some 
other  and  stronger  influence  than  the  supply  of  protein  determined  the 
gains. 


FARM  DEPARTMENT. 


27 


2.  RELATION  OF  CARBOHYDRATES  TO  GAIN. 

Let  us  study  the  results  still  further.  The  supply  of  carbohydrates  in 
the  fodder  rations  have  often  been  regarded  as  of  secondary  importance. 
Diagram  2 is  arranged  precisely  like  diagram  1 except  that  the  substances 
included  under  the  term  carbohydrates  are  inserted  in  place  of  protein. 
The  diagram  illustrates  the  relation  of  gain  per  week  to  pounds  of  car- 
bohydrates fed  daily  per  1,000  lbs.  of  sheep  live  weight.  The  heavy  black 
line  represents  the  gains  and  the  lighter  line  the  carbohydrates.  If  it  is 
true  that  the  gains  bear  no  direct  relation  to  the  supply  of  carbohydrates 
then  the  line  should  follow  no  general  rule  and  we  should  expect  more  or 
less  irregularity  in  their  relations.  It  is  noticeable,  however,  that  the 
lines  are  apparently  closely  related  and  vary  together.  Commencing  on 
the  left  we  notice  that  a decrease  of  carbohydrates  in  lot  2 as  compared 
with  lot  1 is  followed  by  a decreased  gain;  the  same  is  true  of  lot  3;  in 
lot  4 the  increase  in  carbohydrates  is  marked,  and  the  gain  rises  from  1.4 
lbs.  to  2.6  lbs.  per  week,  and  so  on  through  each  lot  the  relation  between 
the  supply  of  carbohydrates  and  the  gain  is  apparently  well  defined.  In 
only  two  cases  is  there  an  apparent  exception;  in  lots  6 and  9 a decrease 
in  the  carbohydrates  is  not  followed  by  a decreased  gain.  We  are  led  to 
believe  that  the  results  obtained  cannot  be  explained  by  mere  coincidence. 
That  ten  lots  of  lambs  comprising  125  individuals,  fed  under  precisely 
similar  conditions,  except  kind  and  amounts  of  fodder  rations  used, 
should  by  mere  coincidence  show  such  an  intimate  relation  between  gain 
and  amount  of  carbohydrates  eaten  is  scarcely  probable.  It  is  interesting 
at  this  point  to  call  attention  to  an  experiment  by  Lawes  and  Gilbert  some 
years  ago  in  which  they  investigate  the  “ Comparative  feeding  value  of 
different  foods,  according  to  their  composition.”  One  of  their  conclusions 
at  that  time  was,  “ The  comparative  feeding  value  of  our  current  stock 
foods  depends  more  upon  the  proportion  of  the  digestible  non-nitrogenous 
substances  (carbohydrates)  they  contain  than  upon  their  richness  in 
nitrogenous  compounds.”  Many  other  experiments  in  this  country  would 
also  seem  to  indicate  that  under  certain  conditions  the  gain  does  not 
depend  solely  upon  the  available  protein  in  the  feed.  It  is  possible  that 
experimenters  have  confined  their  attention  too  closely  to  the  consideration 
of  the  protein  in  feed  to  the  exclusion  of  the  carbohydrates.  It  is  a fruit- 
ful field  for  observation  and  is  at  least  worthy  of  more  careful  considera- 
tion than  it  has  received. 


28 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS. 

1.  Lots  receiving  corn  in  the  grain  ration,  either  in  whole  or  in 
part,  produced  the  best  gains,  were  apparently  in  better  finish, 
and  in  general  were  fed  at  a greater  profit  than  the  lots  receiving 
bran  or  oats. 

2.  A grain  ration  of  bran  proved  to  be  an  inferior  material  for 
fattening  lambs. 

3.  A ration  of  corn  and  oats  produced  slightly  better  results 
than  either  a mixture  of  corn  and  bran,  or  of  corn,  oats  and  bran. 

4.  The  results  of  this  experiment  indicate  that  the  gains  result- 
ing from  fattening  lambs  by  means  of  a “ self  feed,”  are  produced 
by  a larger  consumption  of  grain  for  1 pound  of  gain,  than  when 
fed  at  regular  intervals  in  the  usual  manner,  and  other  things 
being  equal  the  gains  are  less  profitable. 

5.  A mixture  of  fodder  articles  composed  largely  of  a good 
quality  of  silage  proved  a cheap  and  successful  ration  for  fatten- 
ing lambs. 

6.  The  rate  of  gain  was  apparently  increased  by  shearing  dur- 
ing the  fattening  period. 

7.  In  this  experiment  colder  temperatures  were  quite  generally 
accompanied  by  increased  gains. 

8.  The  amount  of  available  protein  in  the  various  rations  was 
apparently  a less  potent  factor  in  producing  gains  than  the 
amount  of  available  corbohydrates. 

9.  Small  gains  are  not  necessarily  unprofitable  nor  are  large 
gains  a sure  index  of  profitable  food  consumption. 


BULLETIN  108. 


FEBRUARY,  1894, 


POTATOES  AND  THE  POTATO  SCAB. 


BY  L.  R.  TAFT  AND  B.  J.  CORYELL. 


Potato  raising  is  an  industry  in  which  the  State  of  Michigan  is  largely 
interested,  growing  an  annual  crop  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  million  bushels, 
with  an  average  yield  per  acre,  from  1880  to  1891,  inclusive,  of  91  bushels. 
For  the  same  time  the  Detroit  prices  in  car  load  lots  averaged  45  cents 
per  bushel. 

Because  of  its  importance,  this  Station  has  given  the  potato  crop  a con- 
siderable amount  of  attention.  The  evident  appreciation  of  our  experi- 
ments by  the  potato  raisers  is  a sufficient  reason  for  some  general 
suggestions  that  are  here  introduced. 

The  potato  crop  matures  in  a comparative  short  time,  and  to  produce  an 
abundant  yield  a large  amount  of  plant  food  must  be  readily  available — 
more  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  utilized  by  the  plant  than  is  required 
by  any  other  farm  crop  raised  in  Michigan.  Coarse  manure  or  stiff  sod, 
though  they  may  contain  an  abundance  of  plant  food,  are  unsuitable  for 
the  potato,  as  they  decompose  slowly,  and  the  crop  suffers  because  it  can- 
not obtain  a ready  supply  of  nourishment.  A lack  of  fertility  or  of 
moisture,  especially  at  the  time  the  tubers  are  developing,  must  seriously 
affect  the  yield,  as  the  tubers  make  their  entire  growth  in  a 
period  of  from  four  to  six  weeks.  But  little  substance  is  stored  up  in  the 
vines  for  the  future  use  of  the  tubers,  and  most  of  the  material  must  come 
directly  from  the  soil.  Hence  the  necessity  for  having  the  manure  well 
rotted,  or  the  fertilizers  soluble;  of  having  the  soil  mellow  and  pulverized 
to  allow  the  free  and  easy  penetration  of  the  roots  to  absorb  the  fertility, 
and  of  having  a sufficient  amount  of  moisture  to  dissolve  the  plant  food. 

During  the  summer  a drought  generally  occurs,  but  thorough  and 
repeated  cultivation  will  do  much  to  husband  the  moisture  and  carry  the 
vines  through  this  period.  Should  the  drought  be  severe,  or  come  when 
the  tubers  are  developing  rapidly,  a shortened  crop  must  be  the  result. 


30 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


An  examination  of  the  rainfall  record  of  the  State  shows  that  the 
drought  comes  regularly,  although  it  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 
With  the  view  of  determining  the  best  date  for  planting,  so  that  the  tuber- 
forming period  will  not  come  at  the  time  of  the  least  rainfall,  a table  of 


rainfall  and  temperature  is  given.  That  portion  of  the  State  designated  on 
the  chart  as  Southern  Michigan  consists  of  the  three  southern  tiers  of 
counties.  The  part  called  Northern  Michigan  consists  of  those  counties 
in  the  lower  peninsula  north  of  the  southern  line  of  Muskegon,  Montcalm, 
Gratiot,  Saginaw,  Tuscola  and  Sanilac.  The  rainfall  of  the  counties  that 
border  on  the  lakes  is  greater  than  in  the  interior.  The  counties  on  Lake 
Michigan  have  a greater  rainfall  than  those  on  Lake  Huron,  while  the 
Grand  Traverse  region  is  especially  favored. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  it  is  the  general  practice  to  plant 
potatoes  after  getting  in  the  corn,  or  about  the  20tli  of  May.  Potatoes 
planted  at  this  time  will  form  tubers  in  August,  at  the  time  of  the  least 
rainfall  and  the  greatest  heat,  or  under  the  most  unfavorable  conditions. 
If  the  planting  is  done  either  earlier  or  later  it  would  be  more  favorable; 
if  earlier,  it  should  be  done  as  early  as  possible,  and  it  can  be  done  early 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


31 


in  April  on  many  soils.  The  copious  June  rains  will  furnish  abundant 
moisture  at  the  time  when  most  needed,  even  though  the  July  precipita- 
tion be  less  than  the  normal.  A medium  early  variety  should  be  used  in 
this  case. 

Generally,  better  results  can  be  obtained  by  using  the  second  alternative 
— planting  later.  By  plowing  early  in  May  and  keeping  the  ground  well 
cultivated,  the  moisture  from  the  spring  rains  can  be  retained,  and  an 
ideal  seed  bed  secured.  If  we  plant  early  in  June,  the  ground  being  warm, 
the  seed  will  vegetate  quickly  and  the  June  rains  will  cause  a rapid  growth. 
The  great  need  of  moisture  will  not  come  until  September,  when  there  is 
an  increase  in  precipitation  and  a lower  temperature.  That  the  late  varie- 
ties of  potatoes  are  better  for  this  late  planting,  the  results  this  year,  in 
our  variety  tests,  well  illustrate.  The  planting  was  done  from  the  6th  to 
the  8th  of  June,  and  while  the  drought  killed  the  early  varieties  in  from 
58  to  65  days  from  planting  and  the  crop  was  nearly  a failure,  the  late 
varieties  ripened  in  from  85  to  120  days,  with  a satisfactory  yield. 

In  northern  Michigan  the  drought  comes  in  July,  at  a time  when  it  will 
do  the  least  harm  to  the  potato  grower.  The  line  representing  the  rainfall 
for  August  and  September,  while  not  indicating  a large  precipitation, 
shows  by  its  evenness  that  it  is  quite  reliable.  This  condition  with  5°  to 
8°  lower  temperature  may  in  part  explain  why  the  northern  portion  of  the 
State  is  so  successful  in  potato  growing.  The  average  yield  per  acre  in 
that  part  of  the  State  is  a fraction  over  100  bushels  per  acre,  while  in 
southern  Michigan  it  is  about  82  bushels. 

TESTS  OF  VARIETIES. 

There  were  174  varieties  tested  this  season.  The  soil  was  a clay  loam 
and  for  the  previous  two  years  was  in  strawberries.  It  was  plowed  in  the 
fall,  and  in  the  spring  about  twenty- five  loads  of  compost  per  acre  were 
added  and  the  land  again  plowed.  The  planting  was  done  on  the  6th,  7th 
and  8th  of  June.  The  manner  of  planting  was  as  in  previous  years. 

The  growth  was  very  vigorous  until  August  1,  when  began  a period  of 
two  weeks  of  very  dry  weather,  accompanied  by  strong  hot  winds.  The 
early  varieties  were  attacked  by  a leaf  blight,  which  is  treated  briefly  later 
on  in  this  bulletin,  and  which,  with  the  heat,  killed  many  of  them,  so  that  the 
yield  was  unsatisfactory  and  consisted  mostly  of  small  potatoes.  The 
drought  affected  the  mid-season  varieties  to  some  extent,  but  the  late 
varieties  were  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  injured.  The  vines  of  many  of  the 
latter  remained  green  until  killed  by  frost  on  the  27th  of  September. 

In  examining  the  table,  one  must  bear  in  mind  the  unfavorable  con- 
ditions under  which  the  early  varieties  were  grown.  The  date  of  ripening, 
yield  and  cooking  qualities  were  all  affected.  Many  of  the  later  varieties 
that  show  a large  per  cent  of  small  tubers,  would  be  quite  desirable  kinds 
in  a more  favorable  season.  Several  of  the  varieties  that  were  tried  for 
the  first  time  in  1892  have  a poor  average,  although  they  gave  large  yields 
the  past  season.  More  credence  should  be  given  to  the  yield  of  1893  than 
that  of  the  previous  year,  for  then  the  conditions  were  particularly 
unfavorable. 

The  “Manner  of  Growth”  is  indicated  by  the  following  abbreviations: 
“up”  upright;  “m”  medium,  “sp”  spreading. 

In  the  columns  indicating  the  cooking  qualities,  the  varieties  are 
marked  from  1 to  10.  Below  7 is  very  poor,  7 poor,  8 fair,  9 good,  10  best. 
Many  varieties  stand  low  because  of  premature  ripening. 


POTATOES,  TABLE  OF  VARIETIES. 


32 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN, 


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HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT, 


33 


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POTATOES,  TABLE  OF  VARIETIES  -Continued. 


34 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


3 

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Cooking 

qualities. 

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122 

155 

111.3 

139.8 
100 

66.5 

256 

82.8 

112 

38.7 

25.2 

83.2 

89.4 
90.9 

57.8 

162 

124.8 
178 
132 

65.2 

72.2 

218.8 
132.6 

68.5 
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43.8 
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47 

139.2 

125.5 

83.5 

90.2 

65.9 
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“ 20 
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HORTICULTURAL.  DEPARTMENT. 


35 


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284.2 

194.2 

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185.7 
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154.8 
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63.7 

195.6 

101.3 

136.1 
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67.7 

189 

77.1 

74.9 

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188.4 
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108.6 
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33338 

* Killed  by  heat  and  blight. 


POTATOES,  TABLE  OF  VARIETIES.-Confirmed. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Remarks. 

Still  one  of  the  best. 

Cooking 

qualities. 

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Yield. 

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85388  S8S38 

HHHHH  HINHNH  HHMWCO 

'WOT 

203.4 
219.8 
253 

138.4 

179.1 

135 

230.6 

152.3 

289.4 

200.1 

170 

150.7 
207.6 
304.2 

380.4 

'UBing 

95.4 

94.1 

78.4 

69.5 

73.2 

68.6 

51.4 

73.1 

62.5 

30.2 

90.5 
77.4 
28.9 
73.1 
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O r-  O O 50  c-  eg  50  C^l>-C^CCt^ 

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Sept.  26 
“ 20 
“ 24 

Aug.  14* 
“ 15* 

“ 25* 

Sept.  20 
“ 18 
Oct.  3 
Sept.  20 

“ 26 
“ 20 
“ 25 

“ 26 
“ 30 

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O-^XOM  0®0^30  -t<  oj  ^ c-.  uO 

CM  i-i  ^ CM  CM  CM  CM  03  CM  CM 

Variety. 

Wall  Orange 

Watson  Seedling  . 

Way 

West  No.  1 

“ “ 2 

“ “ 3 

White  Beauty  of  Hebron 

White  Chief 

White  Elephant 

White  Flower 

White  Star 

Wixom  Seedling 

Wolverine  Beauty 

Woodbury  White 

World’s  Fair 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


37 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  MORE  PROMISING  NEW  VARIETIES. 

Many  varieties  in  the  preceding  table,  tried  by  this  department  for  the 
first  time,  were  turned  over  by  the  Farm  Department.  They  were  treated 
in  Bulletin  No.  95. 

Columbian  Rose. — V.  D.  Stoneroad,  Lewiston,  Pa.  This  is  a very 
promising  variety.  The  vines  are  strong  and  vigorous,  rather  spreading. 
Tubers  are  medium  size  and  uniform;  form  round  andsome'what  irregular; 
color  rose. 

Early  May. — R.  C.  Barless,  Rose,  N.  Y.  An  early  variety  of  some 
promise.  It  did  not  reach  maturity  because  of  the  drought  and  heat. 

Stoneroad  Main  Crop  Nos.  1 and  2. — These  are  seedlings  from  the 
above-named  person.  The  vines  are  fairly  good  growers.  The  tubers  are 
of  good  appearance,  light  colored,  oblong  with  few  shallow  eyes.  They 
resemble  each  other  closely. 

Early  Norther. — V.  D.  Stoneroad.  It  was  somewhat  affected  by  leaf- 
blight,  but  it  matured  its  crop.  It  is  said  to  be  a seedling  of  the  Early 
Rose.  In  color  it  is  darker  than  the  parent,  but  about  the  same  form. 
Season  medium  early. 

Vaughan  White  Prize  and  World’s  Fair. — J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago, 
111.  These  varieties  are  just  alike  in  appearance  and  in  season.  They  are 
medium  size;  skin  netted;  color  much  like  the  Beauty  of  Hebron;  form 
round,  irregular.  The  Worlds  Fair  is  very  productive. 

Wolverine  Beauty. — S.  J.  Youngman,  Lake  view,  Mich.  A white, 
oblong,  flattened  potato,  recommended  as  scab  proof.  They  have  very 
thick,  russet  skin.  Only  8 percent  were  scabby,  which  was  a small  number 
compared  with  many  of  the  varieties. 

VARIETIES  RECOMMENDED. 

The  table  shows  very  clearly  the  standing  of  the  various  varieties,  but  it 
may  be  desirable  to  give  a short  list  here  of  the  well  tried  sorts  that  are 
known  to  be  reliable. 

VERY  EARLY. 

Early  Six  Weeks’  Market , Gardner  Early  and  June  Eating. 


EARLY. 


The  following  varieties  are  a little  later  than  the  previous  class,  better 
yielders  and  not  so  easily  injured  by  adverse  weather:  Early  Oxford , Lee 
Favorite , McFadden  Earliest , Queen , Paris  Rose. 

MEDIUM. 

Chautauqua , Early  Pearl , Fillbasket,  Freeman,  Nott  Victor,  Queen 
of  Paris , Signal,  Supplanter , Rural  Blush  and  Thorburn. 


38 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LATE. 

Those  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  especially  reliable:  American 

Wonder  *,  Bannock , Copper  Mine , Dakoia  Red , Halo  of  Dakota *,  Hicks 
81  and  101,  Mulla,  President  Lincoln *,  Rochester  Favorite , Rural  New 
Yorker  No.  2 *,  Summit *,  Vick  Champion,  While  Elephant  and 
Woodbury  White. 

POTATO  SCAB. 

J?  Quite  extensive  experiments  were  carried  on  in  seeking  methods  of 
checking  this  disease.  It  had  already  been  quite  thoroughly  established 
that  corrosive  sublimate  and  Bordeaux  mixture  in  the  order  named  were 
the  best  fungicides  with  which  to  combat  the  scab.  Our  investigations 
were  carried  on  for  the  purpose  of  finding  the  best  strength  and  the 
proper  length  of  time  for  soaking  the  seed. 

In  treating  with  corrosive  sublimate,  three  strengths  of  the  solution 
were  used — 1 part  corrosive  sublimate  to  750  parts  of  water,  1 part  to  1,000 
and  1 part  to  2,000.  This  is  equal  to  1 oz.  of  corrosive  sublimate  to  nearly 
6 gal.  of  water,  1 oz.  to  7|  gals,  and  1 oz.  to  15§  gals.  The  potatoes  that  were 
used  for  seed  were  soaked  in  these  solutions  for  lengths  of  time  varying 
from  a few  minutes  to  eight  hours. 

Two  varieties  of  potatoes  were  used  for  each  experiment — the  O.  K.  Mam- 
moth and  the  early  Ohio.  The  seed  of  the  former  was  very  scabby  (Fig. 2), 
so  much  so  that  the  potatoes  would  not  be  salable.  The  scab  spots  on  the 
Early  Ohio  were  neither  numerous  nor  deep  enough  to  hurt  their  sale  in 
any  market.  After  the  seed  was  removed  from  the  solution  it  was  placed 
in  new  paper  bags,  which  prevented  any  contamination  from  crates  or 
baskets. 

The  soil  was  a very  uniform  clay  loam.  It  had  been  yearly  cropped  with 
garden  vegetables  for  about  twenty  years,  and  received  an  annual  dressing 
of  compost  for  most  of  that  time.  No  potatoes  had  been  grown  on  it  for 
at  least  six  years,  and  probably  longer. 

The  plots  were  arranged  in  sections  which  were  two  rods  long  and  wide 
enough  for  fourteen  rows  of  potatoes.  For  each  row  two  pounds  of  seed 
was  used,  making  twenty-five  hills.  Two  rows  in  each  plot  were 
untreated.  Next  to  these  rows  came  the  row  that  was  treated  for  the 
shortest  length  of  time,  the  arrangement  of  the  rows  in  the  field  being  the 
same  as  in  the  tables.  The  sections  were  placed  end  to  end,  and  the  culti- 
vation was  north  and  south,  passing  from  one  section  to  another.  The 
planting  was  done  on  June  10. 


FIELD  PLAN  OF  THE  SCAB  EXPERIMENTS. 


1 

2 

a 

4 

5 

6 

7 

JS 

O.  K. 
Mammoth. 

O.  K. 
Mammoth . 

Early  Ohio. 

O.  K. 
Mammoth. 

Early  Ohio. 

Bore 
Rural  New  1 

eauz. 

Worker  No.  2. 

A 

I 

o 

1,000  lbs. 

2,000  lbs. 

z 

1-750 

1-1,000 

1-1,000 

1-2,000 

1-2,000 

fertilizer  per 

fertilizer  per 

acre. 

acre. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


39 


RESULTS  WITH  1 TO  750  TREATMENT. 
Section  1. 


Variety. 

| Treatment. 

Length  of 
time  in 
solution. 

Yield 
per  acre. 

Per  cent 
scabby. 

untreated 

137.5 

54.3 

Early  Ohio  - - 

101.5 

63 

O.  K.  Mammoth 

1-750 

5 min. 

108.3 

9 

“ *• 

ftft 

10  “ 

112 

11 

“ “ 

4ft 

M hour 

96.8 

10.5 

44 

ftft 

K “ 

100 

9.6 

14  4ft 

ftft 

X “ 

116.1 

7.8 

A*  44 

44 

1 “ 

122.2 

5 

“ “ 

ftft 

1M  “ 

114.6 

7 

4. 

ftft 

m “ 

112 

7 J8 

ftft 

IX  “ 

129.4 

7.6 

4ft  4t 

ft  ft 

2 

94 

4 

4ft  tft 

ftft 

214  “ 

134.8 

10 

Average  of  the  treated  plots. ..  

112.7 

8 

No  definite  information  was  gained  from  this  section  except  that  the 
treatment  was  fairly  successful,  and  that  the  seed  treated  the  longer  length 
of  time  was  slower  in  sprouting. 


RESULTS  WITH  1-1,000  TREATMENT. 


8bction  2.  Section  8. 


Variety. 

j Treat- 
ment. 

Length 
of  treat- 
ment. 

Yield 

per 

acre. 

I Per 
! cent 
| scabby. 

Variety. 

Treat- 

ment. 

Length 
of  treat- 
ment. 

Yield 

per 

acre. 

Per 

cent 

scabby. 

0.  K.  Mammoth 

untreated 

145 

63 

O.  K.  Mam’oth. 

untreated 

152.8 

69 

Early  Ohio 

•* 

97 

68 

Early  Ohio 

ftft 

139.7 

69 

0.  K.  Mammoth 

1-1,000 

14  hour 

159.1 

8 

ftft  ftft 

1-1,000 

14  hour 

133.3 

31 

ift  ftft 

ftft 

14  “ 

111.3 

3 

ftft  ftft 

H “ 

152.8 

34 

44  44 

ftft 

X “ 

135.6 

5 

ftft  ftft 

44 

X “ 

126 

34 

ftft  ftft 

1 

103.3 

4*4 

ftft  (ft 

1 “ 

131 

25 

44  ftft 

U4  “ 

118 

10 

ftft  ftft 

44 

114  “ 

157.8 

13 

114  “ 

134 

2 

ftft  ftft 

44 

1H  “ 

124 

7 

t 4 

IX  “ 

137 

2 

ftft  ftft 

44 

IX  “ 

149.3 

17 

ftft 

4ft 

2 “ 

102 

3 

ftft  ft  ft 

4‘ 

2 “ 

143 

17 

ftft 

214  “ 

91.9 

2 

44  ftft 

2*4  “ 

138.4 

8 

1 ft 

2*4  “ 

98 

5 

ftft  ftft 

44 

214  “ 

131.5 

5 

ftft  ftft 

ftft 

3 

102 

5 

44  44 

44 

3 

108.2 

3 

ftft 

4 

107 

5 

ftft  ftft 

4 

109.6 

4 

Average  of  the  treated  plots 

116.6 

4.5 

Average  of  the  treated  plots 

133.7 

16.5 



— <T) 

A study  of  the  treatment  of  the  1 to  the  1,000  solution  on  the  two  varie- 
ties indicates  three  things,  that  the  scab  decreases  as  the  length  of  the 
treatment  increases,  as  also  does  the  yield,  and  that  the  Early  Ohio  is 
more  subject  to  the  scab  than  the  O.  K.  Mammoth.  The  former  has  a thin 
skin,  while  the  skin  of  the  latter  is  very  thick.  It  is  possible  that  the 
thick  skin  prevents  the  entrance  of  the  germs. 


40 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


RESULTS  WITH  1-2,000  TREATMENT. 

Section  4.  Section  5. 


Variety. 

Treat- 

ment. 

Length 
of  treat- 
ment. 

Yield 

per 

acre. 

Per 

cent 

scabby. 

Variety. 

Treat- 

ment. 

Length 
of  treat- 
ment. 

Yield 

per 

acre. 

Per 

cent 

scabby. 

0.  K.  Mammoth 

untreated 

72.5 

34 

Early  Ohio 

untreated 

126.3 

76 

106.3 

32 

114.7 

68 

44  44 

1-2,000 

M hour 

110 

4 

4 4 4 4 

1-2,000 

Vi  hour 

139.4 

11 

44  44 

44 

1 

111  5 

6 

44  44 

“ 

1 “ 

131.5 

34 

4 4 44 

• 44 

U4  “ 

91.6 

5 

4 4 4 4 

44 

llA  “ 

148.4 

4 

44  44 

44 

2 “ 

99 

3% 

4 4 4 4 

2 “ 

123.6 

15  a 

4 4 4 4 

44 

2%  “ 

93.7 

3 

4 4 44 

44 

2%  “ 

155.4 

14 

4 4 4 4 

44 

3 “ 

105.2 

2 

44  44 

44 

3 “ 

116.5 

7 

44  44 

44 

3 ft  “ 

102.5 

1 

44  44 

3 H “ 

112.5 

14 

“ 

4 “ 

130 

1 

44  44 

44 

4 “ 

143.5 

4 

4 4 4 4 

44 

5 “ 

106.6 

o 

44  44 

44 

5 

129.1 

IV2 

4 4 44 

44 

6 “ 

107.8 

5 

44  44 

44 

6 

154.8 

3 

44  44 

8 “ 

149.8 

1 

44  44 

8 “ 

100.1 

8 

Average  of  the  treated  plots 

109.8 

3 

Average  of  the  treated  plots 

136.8 

11 

The  treatment  with  1 to  2,000  gave  the  same  results  as  the  1 to  1,000 
solution.  For  purposes  of  comparison,  the  results  obtained  from  Sections 
2 and  3,  and  also  Sections  4 and  5,  are  given  in  a condensed  form  in  the 
following  table: 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  WITH  DUPLICATE  PLOTS. 


Sections  2 and  3.  Sections  4 and  5. 


No. 

plots. 

Treatment. 

Length  of 
Treatment. 

Yield. 

Per  cent 
scabby. 

No. 

plots. 

Treatment. 

Length  of 
Treatment. 

Yield. 

Per  cent 
scabby. 

4 

untreated 

133.6 

67.7 

4 

untreated 

105 

52.5 

2 

1-1,000 

M hour 

146.2 

19.5 

2 

1-2,000 

Vi  hour 

124.7 

7.5 

2 

44 

H “ 

132 

18.5 

2 

44 

1 

121.5 

20 

2 

44 

X “ 

130.8 

19.5 

2 

44 

IV?  “ 

120 

4.5 

2' 

44 

1 

117.1 

15 

2 

u 

2 

111.3 

10 

2 

44 

114  “ 

137.9 

11.5 

2 

44 

2Vz  “ 

124.5 

8.5 

2 

44 

m “ 

129 

4.5 

2 

44 

3 

110.8 

4.5 

2 

44 

m “ 

143.1 

9.5 

2 

2Vz  “ 

107.5 

7.5 

2 

44 

2 

122.5 

10 

2 

4 

136.7 

2.5 

2 

44 

214  “ 

115.1 

5 

2 

5 

117.8 

4.7 

2 

44 

214  “ 

114.7 

5 

2 

6 

1313 

4. 

2 

44 

3 

105.1 

4 

2 

8 

150 

4.5 

2 

44 

4 

108.3 

4.5 

Average  of  the  treated  plots.. 

125.1 

10.5 

Average  of  the  treated  plots.. 

123.3 

7.1 

There  appeared  to  be  as  good  results  from  the  weaker  solution  as  from 
the  stronger.  The  per  cent  of  scab  on  Sections  4 and  5 was  less  than  on 
Sections  2 and  3 for  the  same  length  of  immersion,  but  as  the  untreated 
plots  had  15  per  cent  less  scab  it  shows  that  it  was  probably  outside  influ- 
ence that  caused  it.  If  the  strengths  used  in  these  experiments  for  the 
time  being  be  disregarded,  the  results  of  Sections  2,  3,  4 and  5 may  be  com- 
bined as  follows: 


Fig.  3.  The  Crop  from  Treated  Seed. 


Fig.  4.  The  Crop  from  Untreated  Seed. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


41 


GENERAL  SUMMARY. 
Average  of  Sections  2,  3,  4 and  5. 


The  final  summary  eliminates  many  of  the  accidental  variations  and  as 
far  as  conclusions  may  be  drawn  from  one  year’s  work,  it  seems  to  show 
that  the  per  cent  of  scab  decreases  as  the  length  of  time  of  immersion 
increases,  but  not  in  direct  ratio.  Those  that  were  immersed  an  hour  or 
less,  have  a comparatively  large  per  cent  of  scab;  when  immersed  over  an 
hour,  the  amount  of  scab  drops  abruptly,  as  is  shown  in  the  above  table  for 
the  one  and  one-quarter  and  one  and  one-half  hour  treatment.  The  per 
cent  of  scab  here  (6.8),  being  less  than  in  the  next  series  (9.6),  shows  that 
there  is  still  a variation  not  yet  eliminated.  The  longer  immersions 
show  that  the  scab  decreases  very  slowly,  and  that  for  practical  purposes 
one  and  one-half  hour  is  sufficient. 

Observe  next  the  yields.  There  is  an  increase  in  yield  of  the  treated 
plots  over  the  untreated,  but  as  the  length  of  the  treatment  increases 
beyond  one  and  one-half  hours  the  yield  decreases.  Checking  the  scab 
seems  to  cause  an  increased  growth,  but  when  the  seed  is  immersed  two 
hours  or  more,  the  plants  are  so  slow  in  starting  that  this  increase  is 
overcome. 

The  beneficial  effect  of  the  treatment  is  greater  than  is  shown  in  the 
previous  tables.  The  amount  of  scab  on  the  tubers  grown  on  the  untreated 
plots  was  much  greater  than  on  the  treated.  On  the  latter  the  scab  spots 
were  mere  pimples  (Fig.  3),  and  not  over  one  in  ten  showed  even  these. 
While  on  the  former  (Fig.  4)  they  were  often  as  large  as  a twenty-five 
cent  piece,  and  were  formed  upon  more  than  half  the  tubers. 

The  diagrams  show  graphically  the  average  results. 

6 


42 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Fig.  5.— PER  CENT  AND  AREA  OF  SCAB,  TREATED  AND  UNTREATED. 


/ s $ 


Ir 


1. — Untreated,  (a)  per  cent  free,  (b)  per  cent  scabby. 

2. — Treated,  (a)  per  cent  free,  (b)  per  cent  scabby. 

3. —  (a)  Area  of  scab  on  the  untreated  plots,  (b)  area  of  scab  on  the  treated  plots. 

1. — Yield  of  the  untreated  plots,  (a)  free,  (b)  scabby. 

2. — Yield  of  the  treated  plots,  (a)  free,  (b)  scabby. 

3. —  (a)  Area  of  the  scab  on  the  untreated  plots,  (b)  area  of  the  scab  on  the  treated  plots. 


A duplicate  of  this  experiment  was  tried  on  land  that  grew  a crop  of 
potatoes  in  1892.  The  soil  was  very  uneven,  and  where  the  seed  treated 
for  a long  length  of  time  was  planted  it  was  low  and  moist.  The  scab  and 
the  yield  increased  as  this  lower  ground  was  approached.  There  was  much 
more  scab  in  this  duplicate  experiment,  showing  that  the  germs  from  the 
previous  crop  remained  in  the  soil  and  prevented  the  treatment  from  being 
a complete  success,  although  the  amount  of  scab  was  reduced  one  half. 


GENERAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  CHECK  PLOTS. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


43 


EFFECT  ON  THE  SOLUTION  OF  TREATING  THE  SEED. 

A solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  was  made  and  a sample  taken  for 
analysis.  In  the  remainder,  six  lots  of  potatoes  were  soaked  for  two  hours 
each,  it  being  at  the  rate  of  one  bushel  of  potatoes  to  one  gallon  of  solu- 
tion. A second  sample  was  then  taken.  The  two  samples  were  analzyed 
by  Prof.  F.  S.  Kedzie,  who  found  that  the  amount  of  corrosive  sublimate 
was  reduced  from  .92  parts  to  1,000  of  water  to  .36  parts  to  1,000  of  water, 
or  from  1 part  of  corrosive  sublimate  to  1,087  parts  of  water  before  treat- 
ing the  seed  to  1 part  to  2,777  parts  of  water  after  treating. 

Taking  this  as  a basis,  it  would  be  advisable,  after  soaking  about  twelve 
bushels  of  potatoes  in  15  gallons  of  solution,  to  add  three-fourths  of  one 
ounce  of  the  poison  to  the  solution,  so  that  the  strength  will  not  become 
too  weak. 

BORDEAUX  MIXTURE  FOR  THE  SCAB. 

Rural  New  Yorker  No.  2 potatoes  were  treated  for  the  scab  with  Bor- 
deaux mixture.  The  strength  used  was  4 pounds  of  sulphate  of  copper,  3 
pounds  of  lime  and  32  gallons  of  water. 

Two  plots  were  used,  one  containing  1,000  pounds  of  “ Potato  Grower  ” 
per  acre  and  the  other  2,000  pounds  per  acre. 


RESULTS  WITH  BORDEAUX  MIXTURE  FOR  SCAB. 


Length  of  treatment. 

Fertilizer, 
1,000  lbs.  per  acre. 

Fertilizer, 
2,000  lbs.  per  acre. 

Average  of  the 
two  plots. 

Yield 
per  acre. 

Per  cent 
scabby. 

Yield 
per  acre. 

j Per  cent 
scabby. 

Yield 
per  acre. 

Per  cent 
scabby. 

Untreated 

200.7 

41 

152.7 

56.5 

152.5 

41.5 

174.6 

02 

170.1 

50.2 

5 minutes 

142.5 

9 

122.2 

13 

132.3 

11 

54  hour 

187.5 

5 

173.6 

11 

180.5 

8 

y*  “ 

209.5 

24.5 

164.4 

13 

186.9 

18.7 

\ “ 

176.4 

15 

174.2 

7 

175.3 

11 

i **  

181.4 

11 

105.7 

15 

143.5 

13 

1*4  “ 

165 

8 

183.3 

4.5 

174.1 

6.2 

VA  “ 

146.6 

13 

148 

5 

147.3 

9 

134  “ - 

161.6 

9 

166.4 

17 

104 

13.5 

2 “ 

218.9 

5 

196.4  ; 

0 

207.6 

5.5 

Wt  “ 

184 

10 

200  ! 

10 

192 

10 

3 “ 

180 

19 

201.6  | 

7 

190.8 

13 

3J4  “ 

230 

13 

284.2 

12 

232.1 

12.5 

4 “ 

174 

7 

204.9 

12 

189.4 

9.5 

Average  untreated  . . 

170.1 

50.2 

“ treated 

178.1 

10.8 

— 

The  Bordeaux  mixture  makes  nearly  as  good  a showing  as  the  corrosive 
sublimate  as  far  as  the  per  cent  of  scabby  tubers  is  concerned,  but  in  the  size 
of  the  scab  spots  there  was  no  difference  between  those  on  the  treated  plots 
and  those  on  the  untreated,  all  being  very  small.  Trials  under  more 
adverse  conditions  are  necessary  to  establish  its  real  value  for  this  disease. 

The  above  results  seem  to  show  that  a treatment  for  a short  length  of 
time  is  as  effective  as  the  longer  treatments.  On  the  other  hand  there 
seems  to  be  no  injury  to  the  tubers  when  soaked  for  long  lengths  of  time. 


44 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


CONCLUSIONS  FROM  THE  SCAB  EXPERIMENTS. 

1.  The  potato  scab  can  be  readily  and  cheaply  controlled. 

2.  Corrosive  sublimate  is  the  best  remedy  known  as  yet.  Bordeaux  mix- 

ture is  promising. 

3.  Ground  once  infected  with  scab  will  retain  the  germs  for  several  years 

and  treating  the  seed  for  such  ground  will  not  be  as  effective. 

4.  The  treatment  causes  not  only  a more  salable  product,  but  within 

proper  limits  an  increased  yield. 

5.  Corrosive  sublimate,  1 part  to  2,000,  seems  to  be  as  effective  as  1 

part  to  1,000.  The  latter  strength  is  preferable  as  the  solution 

gradually  loses  strength. 

6.  The  best  length  of  time  to  soak  the  seed  is  about  one  and  one-half 

hours.  A longer  soaking  may  lessen  the  scab  still  more,  but  it 

reduces  the  yield. 

PRACTICAL  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  TREATING  FOR  SCAB. 

Use  two  ounces  of  corrosive  sublimate  to  sixteen  gallons  of  water.  Dis- 
solve the  poison  by  first  wetting  it  with  an  equal  amount  of  water,  stirring 
it  until  it  is  all  made  fine  and  is  thoroughly  wetted.  If  it  is  to  be  used  at 
once,  it  should  be  turned  into  about  two  gallons  of  hot  water  to  dissolve  it 
quickly.  Never  use  metal  dishes.  Always  take  earthen  or  glassware,  or 
wooden  pails. 

For  treating  small  quantities,  barrels,  half  barrels  or  tubs  may  suffice. 
The  tubers  may  be  enclosed  in  a coarse  sack  and  thus  immersed,  or  they 
may  be  poured  into  the  barrel,  and,  when  ready  to  be  removed,  a burlap 
cloth  can  be  stretched  over  the  top  of  the  barrel  and  the  liquid  strained 
into  another  vessel,  and  the  potatoes  dumped  on  the  ground. 

For  treating  larger  quantities,  a less  laborious  method  would  be  to  use  a 
long  and  rather  narrow  box,  or  a watering  trough  can  be  used.  The  tubers 
can  be  taken  out  with  a wire  or  perforated  wooden  scoop.  The  tubers 
should  soak  about  one  and  one-half  hours.  After  soaking  three  pecks  of 
potatoes  to  each  gallon  of  solution,  if  there  are  many  more  to  treat,  about 
three-eighths  of  the  original  amount  of  corrosive  sublimate  should  be 
added,  together  with  sufficient  water  to  replace  what  has  been  wasted  in 
removing  the  potatoes. 

All  wooden  vessels  that  have  contained  the  solution  can  be  made  suit- 
able for  general  farm  use  again  by  washing  thoroughly  in  clean  water  and 
then  in  water  containing  a little  sal- soda. 

Soak  the  potatoes  when  ready  to  cut  the  seed.  Of  the  two  operations 
the  soaking  should  preferably  be  done  first,  although  it  is  not  necessary. 

The  expense  of  this  treatment  is  very  slight,  consisting  merely  of  the 
cost  of  the  poison  and  the  time  of  putting  the  potatoes  in  and  taking  them 
out  of  the  solution.  The  operator  may  be  employed  the  balance  of  the 
time  in  cutting  seed. 

Corrosive  sublimate  is  worth  about  $1.00  per  pound,  and  two  ounces 
should  not  cost  more  than  fifteen  to  twenty  cents.  For  the  accommoda- 
tion of  those  who  cannot  obtain  it  readily,  arrangements  have  been  made 
with  C.  Alsdorf  & Son,  Lansing,  who  will  send  four  ounces,  post-paid,  for 
twenty-five  cents.  It  will  be  in  one  ounce  packages,  ready  for  use.  The 
cash  outlay  for  the  treatment  is  about  two  cents  per  bushel  at  the  outside. 

This  remedy  was  tried  by  hundreds  of  farmers  the  past  season,  and  in  no 
case,  when  it  was  properly  used,  has  an  unfavorable  report  been  received. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


45 


All  seem  well  pleased  with  it,  and  one  correspondent  reports  an  increase  in 
his  crop  of  one  hundred  bushels  of  marketable  potatoes  per  acre  as  a 
result  of  the  treatment. 

When  such  marked  benefits  can  be  obtained  from  so  small  an  outlay,  no 
potato  grower  can  afford  not  to  use  this  remedy. 

FERTILIZER  TESTS. 

In  the  tests  of  fertilizers  upon  potatoes,  the  same  plots  and  the  same 
fertilizers  were  used  as  heretofore.  A continuation  of  these  tests  will 
show  how  well  chemical  fertilizers  will  keep  up  the  fertility. 

Bach  plot  is  one  rod  wide  and  four  rods  long,  and  contained  three  rows 
of  potatoes.  The  rows  are  three  feet  apart  and  the  remaining  space  is 
occupied  by  young  pear  trees.  Four  plots  are  in  a row,  and  the  fifth  plot 
begins  back  by  the  side  of  the  first  plot.  The  fertilizers  were  applied  both 
above  and  below  the  seed. 

The  planting  was  done  on  May  19  and  20.  On  the  appearance  of  the 
vines  considerable  trouble  was  experienced  from  potato  beetles,  and 
the  August  drought  reduced  the  yield  to  a noticeable  degree. 

The  plots  Ila,  Via  and  Xa  were  one  square  rod  of  the  nothing  plots  of 
the  previous  years,  fertilized  this  year  by  1,000  pounds  per  acre  of 
“ Potato  Grower  ” fertilizer,  made  by  the  Michigan  Carbon  Works, 
of  Detroit. 

FERTILIZER  TESTS. 


Yield  per  acre.— Bushels. 


A 

© 

Average  yields. 

Fertilizer. 

How  applied. 

O 

a 

© o 

a 

OD 

*5 

O 

. a 
. 

o 

o 

1893. 

1892. 

1891. 

For  3 
years. 

s 

O 

03 

I 

Mulch  between  rows  

85.8 

127.5 

115.4 

201.6 

156.6 

262.2 

178 

Ila 

Potato  grower 

Under  6eed 

179 

229.1 

196.6 

lib 

Nothing 

45.8 

74.3 

58 

132.9 

55.8 

102.6 

130 

132.6 

166.9 

221.2 

196.3 

109 

III 

IV 

( 4 lbs.  sulphate  ammonia.. ) 

< 10  lbs.  ground  bone > 

( 6 lbs.  muriate  potash ) 

Under  seed 

Over  seed 

78.2 

36.8 

141.1 

53.7 

179.5 

77 

168 

128 

V 

Manure 

Under  6eed 

150.6 

153.6 

163.6 

155.9 

173.2 

219 

188 

Via 

Potato  grower 

Over  seed 

112.3 

196.5 

173 

160.6 

VIb 

Nothing 

54.6 

47.9 

72.3 

136.7 

58.3 

113.5 

73.1 

170.6 

101 

VII 

VIII 

f 4 lbs.  sulphate  ammonia ) 

■<  10  lbs.  ground  bone >• 

( 6 lbs.  sulphate  potash ) 

Under  seed 

Over  seed . 

74.9 

68.8 

128.8 

57.2 

156.5 

93.8 

216.2 

171.9 

162 

125 

197.2 

107.7 

IX 

1 bu.  wood  ashes 

79 

255.1 

84.7 

169.3 

111 

80.5 

163 

118 

Xa 

Potato  grower  

Under  seed 

220.6 

227 

234.2 

Xb 

Nothing. 

77.2 

124.3 

113.5 

105 

54.8 

172.2 

111 

XI 

( 6 lbs.  nitrate  soda ) 

< 10  lbs.  ground  bone  . > 

( 6 lbs.  sulphate  potash ) 

Under  seed 

103.4 

161.1 

217.2 

159.9 

96 

184.9 

147 

XII 

Over  seed 

107.8 

132 

139.4 

126.4 

96.5 

143.1 

122 

XIII 

Manure 

Over  seed 

111.3 

126 

158.9 

132.1 

105.9 

188.8 

142 

XIV 

Nothing 

83.8 

125.8 

115.9 

108.5 

51.3 

128.9 

96 

XV 

5 10  lbs.  ground  bone ) 

Under  seed 

131.2 

134.1 

137.9 

135.4 

150 

281 

172 

XVI 

( 6 lbs.  sulphate  potash.. $ 

Over  seed 

102.7 

197.7 

185.9 

182.1 

156 

199.3 

179 

XVII 

Nothing 

70.3 

92.4 

95.6 

86 

45.5 

115.4 

82 

XVIII 

6 lbs.  sulphate  potash 

Under  seed 

58.8 

100.5 

108.9 

109.4 

64.7 

194.4 

128 

XIX 

0 “ “ “ 

Over  seed 

84.7 

179.6 

179.9 

148.1 

47.9 

190.4 

129 

( 6 lbs.  nitrate  soda ) 

XX 

■<  10  lbs.  ground  bone > 

( 6 lbs.  muriate  potash ) 

Under  seed 

120.4 

237.9 

221.1 

193.1 

114.1 

186 

164 

46 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


In  examining  the  yields,  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  each  row 
contains  a nothing  plot.  The  yields  of  these  nothing  plots  vary  somewhat, 
but  as  the  soil  in  each  tree  row  is  quite  uniform  the  nothing  plot  of  that 
row  should  be  used  as  a base  of  comparison  for  the  plots  of  that  row. 

The  following  table  shows  the  gains  of  the  fertilized  plots  over  the 
nothing  plots,  and  it  should  be  used  in  determining  the  relative  value  of 
the  fertilizer  in  the  different  rows. 


GAIN  PER  ACRE  FROM  THE  USE  OF  FERTILIZERS. 


It  should  be  noted  that  in  plots  IV,  VIII,  XII  and  XIII,  where  the 
gain  was  comparatively  small,  the  fertilizers  were  applied  over  the  seed 
and  the  difference  was  without  doubt  due  to  the  lack  of  moisture  to  dis- 
solve them. 

The  results  of  this,  the  third  year  of  the  experiment,  are  very  much  like 
those  of  last  year.  The  most  noticeable  change  is  that  the  plots  with  com- 
mercial fertilizers  are  decreasing  in  yield  rapidly  while  the  manure  plots 
show  but  a small  decrease. 

The  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  for  potatoes  is  advisable  when  the  soil 
lacks  fertility,  and  well  composted  manure  is  not  available.  Good  prepar- 
ation of  the  soil  is  necessary  to  secure  an  increase  of  crop  sufficient  to  pay 
the  additional  cost  of  the  fertilizer. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


47 


LEAF-BLIGHT  OF  THE  POTATO. 

t 

A bacterial  disease,  has  been  quite  injurious  at  the  college  for  several 
years.  It  appears  during  the  hot,  dry  weather  and  is  especially  severe  oa 
those  varieties  that  are  at  that  time  half  grown.  In  1892  the  mid-season 
varieties  and  the  early  kinds  escaped.  This  season,  it  was  the  opposite, 
but  in  both  cases  it  was  the  most  injurious  upon  those  varieties  that  had 
reached  a certain  stage  of  growth,  when  the  heat  and  drought  became 
severe. 

Vines  killed  by  the  leaf -blight  are  readily  distinguished  from  those 
killed  by  the  drought.  In  the  former  case  the  leaf  turns  black  at  or  near 
the  tip.  This  blackened  area  increases  until  in  about  a week  one-half  to 
three-fourths  of  the  leaf  surface  is  affected.  At  this  stage  if  the  weather 
continues  unfavorable  the  drought  aids  in  killing  the  weakened  vines. 
Vines  killed  by  heat  and  dry  weather  lack  the  discolored  leaflets,  and  the 
leaf  stems  and  small  branches  hang  pendant  on  the  upright  stalks.  The 
only  remedy  is  to  fight  the  drought. 

Agricultural  College,  ) 

February  1,  1894.  j 


BULLETIN  109 


FEBRUARY,  1894. 


VARIETY  TESTS  OF  VEGETABLES. 


B'V  L.  It.  TAFT. 


Page. 


Cabbage  (R.  J.  Coryell) 50 

Cauliflower  “ “ 51 

Sweet  corn  “ 51 

Peas  “ “ 55 

Beans  ^H.  P.  Gladden) 60  ; 

Celery  “ “ 61  ! 


Page. 


Cucumbers  (H.  P.  Gladden) 61 

Lettuce  “ “ 62 

Salsify  “ “ 62 

Squashes  “ “ 62 

Tomatoes  “ “ 63 


For  several  years  it  has  been  the  custom  of  this  department  to  make 
careful  tests  of  the  varieties  of  vegetables  sent  out  by  the  different  dealers 
as  novelties,  and  to  issue  the  results  in  bulletin  form  at  the  end  of  the 
season.  Many  of  these  so-called  new  sorts  are  sold  at  prices  much  above 
those  of  standard  varieties,  but  although  highly  praised  by  the  introducers, 
are  not  always  worthy.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  often  greatly 
improved  strains  of  some  of  the  old  and  valuable  sorts  or  new  and  distinct 
varieties  of  marked  merit,  and  would  then  be  desirable  acquisitions. 

The  purchaser  can  only  determine  their  value  by  actual  trial,  and  for 
any  one  person  to  purchase  and  grow  all  the  highly  praised  varieties  sent 
out  in  a single  season  will  require  a large  expense  in  money  and  time. 
The  Experiment  Station  can  do  this  work  and  the  reports  of  the  results  of 
the  trials  will  be  of  value  to  every  one  who  purchases  garden  seeds.  It 
must  be  admitted,  however,  that  in  many  cases  we  are  one  year  behind  the 
time,  but  the  grower  will  have  the  report  for  use  the  next  year  and  by  that 
time  the  cost  will  be  reduced  so  that  a start  can  be  obtained  with  a smaller 
outlay.  It  is  desirable,  and  the  seedsmen  are  each  year  doing  it  more  and 
7 


50 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE- 


more,  that  promising  novelties  be  submitted  for  trial,  to  some  half  dozeu 
experiment  stations  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  who  make  a specialty 
of  testing  varieties,  the  year  before  they  are  catalogued.  Before  a seeds- 
man takes  up  a novelty  he  generally  tests  it  for  at  least  one  season  upon 
his  own  trial  grounds,  and  if,  when  he  obtains  a sample  of  a variety  which 
he  proposes  to  introduce  should  it  upon  trial  prove  desirable,  he  would  send 
a sufficient  amount  to  some  of  the  experiment  stations,  or  require  the 
originator  to  do  so,  not  only  might  it  save  the  public  from  loss  should  it  be 
inferior,  but,  if  it  has  real  merit,  a report  to  that  effect  by  the  stations 
would  both  increase  the  sales  of  the  dealer  and  assure  the  public  that  the 
variety  has  value. 

In  the  course  of  our  variety  tests  we  have  had  frequent  occasion  to 
ascertain  the  character  of  the  seeds  sold  by  different  dealers,  both  as  to 
vitality  and  the  value  of  the  strains,  and  we  believe  that  most  of  them  are 
doing  what  they  can  to  keep  their  seeds  up  to  a high  standard.  We  find 
that  as  a rule  far  better  results  are  obtained  when  the  seeds  are  ordered 
direct  from  the  dealers,  rather  than  purchased  as  box  or  bulk  seeds  of  a 
grocer;  but,  however  reliable  a seedsman  may  be,  it  will  always  be  found 
safest  to  test  the  vitality  of  the  seeds  before  putting  in  the  crop.  Seeds  of 
low  germinating  power  are  occasionally  sent  out  by  all  dealers,  unwittingly 
often  times,  and  a few  minutes  spent  in  testing  the  seeds  may  save  one 
from  serious  pecuniary,  as  well  as  a vexatious  loss. 

The  tests  of  the  cabbages,  cauliflower,  sweet  corn  and  peas  have  been 
under  the  charge  of  my  assistant,  Mr.  B.  J.  Coryell,  and  the  report  was 
prepared  by  him,  while  Mr.  H.  P.  Gladden  has  looked  after  the  beans, 
celery,  cucumbers,  lettuce,  salsify,  squashes  and  tomatoes,  and  has  pre- 
pared the  appended  notes.  Quite  a variety  of  other  vegetables  were  grown, 
but  in  very  few  of  them  were  there  any  novelties  that  have  been  found 
better  than  the  old  sorts. 

The  seeds  used  in  the  tests  were  obtained  from  the  following  firms: 
Robert  Buist,  Jr.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Atlee  Burpee  & Co.,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  Currie  Bros.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. ; D.  M.  Ferry  & Co.,  Detroit,  Mich.; 
J.  J.  H.  Gregory,  Marblehead,  Mass.;  Peter  Henderson  & Co.,  New  York; 
D.  Landreth  & Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  A.  W.  Livingston’s  Sons,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio:  W.  H.  Maule  & Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  A.  M.  Nic-hol,  Gran- 
ville, Ohio;  W.  W.  Rawson.  Boston,  Mass.;  John  A.  Salzer,  La  Crosse, 
Wis.;  J.  M.  Thorburn  & Co..  New  York  City,  and  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago, 
HI. 


CABBAGE. 

R.  J.  CORYELL. 

The  forty-eight  varieties  tested  this  year  included  nearly  all  of  the  new 
sorts  listed  by  the  seedsmen,  and  some  of  the  standard  kinds  for  compari- 
son. The  seeds  were  sown  in  the  forcing  house  on  March  20.  The  plants 
were  transplanted  into  fiats  on  April  8 and  set  in  the  field  May  16. 

The  severity  of  the  drought,  which  extended  from  July  16  to  well  into 
September,  was  so  great  that  the  test  was  a failure  in  that  many  kinds 
headed  out  of  season.  The  test  was  of  value  since  it  showed  clearly  those 
kinds  that  would  produce  a good  crop  under  adverse  conditions.  The 
. earliest  varieties  were  not  affected,  the  injury  being  most  severe  on  those 
that  mature  at  midseason  or  later.  Of  these  the  larger  kinds,  or  those 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


51 


that  have  many  leaves,  suffered  most.  The  medium-sized  varieties  that 
had  but  few  outside  leaves  were  generally  uniform  in  heading  and  pro- 
duced a fair  crop. 

Of  the  early  varieties  the  Etampes,  Currie,  and  Lightning , Salzer,  were 
the  first  to  head.  The  latter,  a strain  of  the  Wakefield,  produced  very  even, 
solid  heads.  The  Charleston  Wakefield , Henderson,  was  a day  or  so 
later  and  enough  larger  to  make  up  the  difference  in  time.  Eclipse , 
Currie,  advertised  as  a second  early  variety,  matured  with  the  Charleston 
Wakefield.  The  type  did  not  appear  to  be  fixed,  but  a good  crop  was 
produced.  Following  these  kinds  within  a week  are  several  larger 
varieties.  Henderson' s Early  Summer , Ferry,  proved  to  be  an  excellent 
strain  of  that  well-known  sort.  Ideal , Salzer,  was  much  like  it  and  as 
good.  Bloomsdale  Early  Market , Landreth,  and  Early  Flat  Dutch,  Ferry, 
were  of  the  same  season  as  the  preceding  kinds,  but  not  so  good. 

Of  the  mid-season  sorts,  All  Seasons,  Ferry,  followed  closely  the 
second  early  kinds.  Every  plant  produced  a salable  head.  It  is  a strain 
of  the  Flat  Dutch  and  will  be  found  a reliable  variety. 

Succession,  Ferry,  was  four  days  later  than  All  Seasons  and  much  like 
it,  maturing  in  eighty-six  days  from  the  time  of  setting  in  the  field.  It 
was  the  best  variety  of  this  class  and  in  fact  the  best  of  any  planted  this 
year.  The  heads  were  of  medium  size,  solid  and  uniform.  The  stump  was 
short  and  leaves  few.  Reynolds , Maule,  and  Fottler's  Early  Drumhead , 
Ferry,  were  a few  days  later  than  Succession.  They  produced  uniformly 
good  heads. 

All  the  late  cabbages  did  poorly.  Autumn  King,  Henderson,  and 
World  Beater , Burpee,  are  similar  in  growth  and  appearance.  Safe  Crop , 
Burpee,  did  fairly  well.  Large  Late  Mountain , Landreth,  resembles  the 
preceding  variety  closely.  Fewer  plants  headed,  but  those  that  did  were 
much  better. 

CAULIFLOWER. 

Eleven  varieties  were  tried.  They  were  treated  nearly  the  same  as  the 
cabbages,  being  planted  and  cultivated  on  the  same  dates,  but  were  given 
richer  soil.  The  drought  affected  them  as  it  did  the  cabbages,  causing  a 
failure  of  the  later  maturing  varieties. 

Of  the  earlier  varieties,  the  Snowball,  Ferry,  Dwarf  Erfurt,  Ferry,  and 
Sea  Foam , Rawson,  were  the  best  in  the  order  named. 

Mont  Blanc , Buist,  made  a good  showing.  The  head  is  well  protected 
by  leaves,  which  is  an  advantage  to  it.  Autumn  Giant , Vaughan,  was  much 
like  this  variety  but  it  did  not  do  as  well. 

SWEET  CORN. 

Each  variety  of  sweet  corn  occupied  a row  100  feet  long,  except  in  a few 
cases  where  the  amount  of  seed  was  too  limited.  The  rows  were  four  feet 
apart  and  the  hills  in  the  row  were  put  at  a greater  or  less  distance  accord- 
ing to  its  growth.  The  planting  was  done  on  May  25.  Five  kernels  were 
placed  in  a hill  and  afterwards  thinned  to  four  stalks.  Many  kernels  did 
not  germinate  and  the  varieties  did  not  average  more  than  three  stalks  per 
hill.  All  varieties  grew  well  until  the  hot  winds  and  drought  came  during 
the  first  part  of  August,  which  affected  all  except  the  earliest  varieties. 
The  frost  Injured  a few  of  the  later  kinds. 


Table  No.  1.- VARIETY  TEST  OF  SWEET  CORN. 


52  MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


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HORTICULTURAL*  DEPARTMENT. 


53 


54 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


When  tht-  ears  had  reached  the  edible  stage,  all  except  those  upon  four 
or  five  hills  were  gathered,  counted  and  weighed.  Those  that  remained 
were  allowed  to  mature  and  were  then  counted  and  their  weight  estimated 
to  be  the  same  as  the  others.  This  formed  the  data  for  determining  the 
yield  as  shown  in  the  table.  In  computing  the  yield  per  acre,  four  stalks 
were  reckoned  per  hill,  which  was  not  the  actual  case,  but  it  gave  a fairer 
estimate  of  the  value  of  that  variety  than  had  the  actual  number  of  stalks 
been  used. 

The  distance  apart  that  each  variety  should  be  planted  was  carefully 
studied  and  the  one  recommended  as  well  as  the  distance  actually  used 
this  year  is  given  in  the  table.  This  point  may  be  of  value  to  some  in 
making  the  most  economical  use  of  their  land  when  sweet  corn  is  grown 
in  large  quantities.  Many  varieties  would  do  better  by  being  planted  less 
than  four  feet  apart  in  rows  and  at  a greater  distance  between  the 
hills  than  is  recommended  in  the  table. 

The  following  are  new  varieties: 

Eastman  Early. — D.  C.  Hicks,  North  Clarendon,  Yt.  A variety  similar 
in  growth  and  in  ear  to  the  Cory  The  ears  are  not  quite  so  regular  nor  as 
even  in  size  as  that  variety  and  the  kernels  are  more  wrinkled  than  any  of 
the  early  varieties,  while  the  cob  is  variable  in  color  from  white  to  pink. 

Extra  Early  Vermont. — Hicks.  This  is  the  most  prolific  variety  among 
the  early  kinds.  While  excelled  by  the  Cory  and  White  Cob  Cory  in 
earlines9,  its  productiveness  makes  it  valuable.  It  set  at  least  two  ears 
per  stalk  and  matured  this  year  with  us  an  average  of  one  and  one-half 
ears.  The  type  is  not  yet  fixed,  the  cobs  varying  from  white  to  red;  ears 
slim,  of  fair  length  and  well  filled. 

Early  Champion. — Yaughan.  This  variety  follows  the  first  early  kinds 
within  ten  days.  The  ears  were  of  good  diameter,  but  were  very  short 
this  year,  while  the  plants  lacked  productiveness. 

New  Eclipse. — Hicks.  An  eight-rowed  variety  having  the  same  char- 
acteristics as  the  Cory , but  maturing  later.  While  setting  a sufficient 
number  of  ears,  they  were  very  small  and  poorly  filled. 

Zigzag. — Northrup,  Braslan  & Goodwin  Co.  This  is  a late  variety 
covering  a long  season.  There  is  little  or  no  difference  between  it  and 
Country  Gentleman. 

The  following  varieties  are  recommended: 

EARLY. 

White  Cob  Cory.  Extra  Early  Vermont.  Chicago  Market  and  Stabler 
Early. 


MIDSEASON. 


Egyptian  and  Nonesuch. 


LATE. 


Gold  Coin  and  Country  Gentleman. 


HORTICU LT U li  A L DEPA  RTMENT. 


55 


PEAS. 

Fifty-six  varieties  were  tested.  These  included  most  of  the  new  varie- 
ties and  many  standard  sorts.  Considerable  attention  was  paid  to 
classifying  the  varieties.  Those  that  were  known  to  be  of  the  same  season 
and  the  same  manner  of  growth  were  planted  close  together  for  conven- 
ience in  comparison. 

On  May  10  the  seeds  were  sown,  two  hundred  seeds  of  each  variety  be- 
ing planted  in  double  rows  ten  feet  long.  After  the  vines  were  well  up, 
all  but  one  hundred  were  removed  and  the  remaining  vines  were  supported 
by  a woven  wire  trellis.  The  season  was  favorable  for  a good  test,  although 
the  hot  weather  hastened  the  maturity  of  the  late  varieties. 

When  the  pods  were  in  an  edible  condition,  they  were  picked  and  the 
data  for  the  last  three  columns  of  the  table  wrere  obtained  from  them. 

Among  the  smooth  white,  early  varieties  there  is  but  little  choice.  The 
Bergen  Fleetwing  was  the  most  prolific,  but  the  pods  were  small.  Maud 
S and  Extra  Early  had  the  best  filled  pods.  In  earliness,  there  appeared 
to  be  no  choice. 

Following  these  varieties  very  closely  are  several  blue  peas.  Although 
edible  in  from  forty-nine  to  fifty-one  days,  they  were  about  four  days 
behind  the  first  early  kinds  in  market  maturity  and  in  ripening. 

Between  the  Alaska , Clipper  and  Lightning  there  appeared  to  be  no 
difference.  Of  these  the  table  shows  the  Clipper  to  be  the  best,  although, 
as  they  grew,  no  choice  was  noted.  Of  these  second  early  peas  the  Blue 
Beauty  easily  stands  at  the  head.  It  is  a dwarf,  stocky  grower,  productive 
of  medium  sized  well-filled  pods.  Universal , a new  variety  of  dwarf 
habit,  is  fairly  promising.  The  pods  are  small  and  rather  variable. 
Chelsea  differs  from  the  Premium  Gem  in  the  color  of  the  peas  and 
slightly  in  the  appearance  of  the  leaves.  McLean's  Little  Gem  belongs  in 
this  seasou.  The  pods  are  of  good  size  and  the  peas  are  of  good  quality. 
It  is  well  known  and  planted  everywhere.  Kentish  Invicta  is  a very  pro- 
lific variety,  but  its  pods  ran  very  small  at  the  last.  Wm.  Hurst  with- 
stood the  hot  weather  well.  The  pods  were  crisp  and  the  peas  were  very 
sweet,  but  the  vine  was  unproductive. 

Exonian , a new  kind  imported  into  this  country,  is  a day  or  so  later 
than  the  above  varieties.  It  is  fairly  promising,  but  did  not  withstand  the 
heat  as  did  the  native  sorts.  Early  May , a new  variety,  was  said  to  be  as 
early  as  the  American  Wonder , but  it  was  much  later.  The  pods  are 
mostly  borne  profusely  in  pairs,  and  all  reach  maturity  nearly  al  the  same 
time.  It  fills  the  season  very  nicely  between  the  second  early  and  the 
mid-season  kinds.  Petit  Pois  is  a new  variety  introduced  from  France  as 
of  the  highest  quality.  The  vines  are  slim,  medium  tall,  and  very  pro- 
ductive of  rather  small  but  closely  filled  pods.  The  peas  are  very  delicious 
until  full  grown,  when  they  rapidly  harden.  Profusion  is  a good  variety 
for  this  season ; its  pods  ran  rather  small  at  the  last  picking. 

Following  these  varieties  come  those  that  are  known  as  the  mid-season 
kinds,  most  of  which  have  larger  pods  than  those  preceding.  Among 
these  varieties  there  are  a large  number  that  are  so  nearly  alike  in  growth, 
pod  and  season,  that  if  a grower  had  one  of  them  he  would  not  need  any 
of  the  others. 


56 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Belonging  in  one  class  are  the  Stratagem , Juno , Stanley , Shropshire 
Hero,  Pride  of  the  Market.  Gladiator  and  Heroine.  These  have  strong, 
stocky  vines  about  two  and  one-half  feet  high,  and  bear  medium  large, 
thick,  well-filled  pods  that  are  slightly  recurved.  The  pods  are  borne  near 
the  extremity  of  the  vines  and  reach  maturity  nearly  at  the  same  time. 
Also  covering  the  same  season  are  the  Abundance , Bliss  Everbearing , 
Blue  Imperial  and  Yorkshire  Hero.  These  varieties  have  smaller, 
broader,  flatter  and  more  pointed  pods  than  the  Stratagem  class.  These 
differ  from  each  other  in  season  slightly.  The  Yorkshire  Hero  is  a little 
later  and  the  Blue  Imperial  is  slightly  earlier  than  the  Bliss  Everbearing. 

The  Telegraph , Long  Island  Mammoth  and  Evolution  are  varieties  of 
medium  tall,  slim  growth  that  cover  a longer  season  than  the  preceding 
mid-season  varieties.  Their  season  begins  with  the  Stratagem  class  and 
extends  several  days  later.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  Long  Island 
Mammoth , from  which  edible  peas  conld  be  picked  for  a period  of  eighteen 
days.  Fill  Basket  resembles  these  varieties  in  the  shape  of  its  pods,  but 
the  vines  are  shorter  and  more  stocky.  It  covers  a long  season  and  was 
the  most  productive  variety  of  the  mid-season  sorts. 

The  Duke  of  Albany  and  American  Champion  are  alike  in  every  respect. 
Vines  are  tails  and  pods  large.  The  pods  of  the  former  were  not  always 
well  filled.  They  cover  the  same  season  as  the  Evolution  class. 

Eugenie , a new  dwarf  variety  that  follows  the  Stratagem  class  in  a few 
days,  is  very  productive.  Pods  medium  large,  well  filled.  Dwarf  Tele- 
phone is  a short,  stocky  variety  with  large,  long  pods  like  those  of  the 
Telephone,  but  it  is  more  productive.  In  season  it  is  about  two  days  later 
than  that  variety.  Sutton  Satisfaction  is  a new  late  variety,  very  branch- 
ing and  very  prolific  if  planted  thinly. 

Melting  Sugar  and  Tall  Sugar  are  two  varieties  with  edible  pods.  The 
former  is  in  season  Just  before  the  Stratagem , while  the  latter  follows  the 
Champion  of  England.  They  are  very  tender  and  all  parts  cook  nicely 
except  the  ventral  suture,  which  remains  stringy. 

Best  varieties  for  planting: 


EARLY. 


Extra  Early  or  Maud  S. 

SECOND  EARLY. 

Blue  Beauty,  Early  May. 

MID -SEASON. 

Fill  Basket,  Heroine , Eugenie. 


LATE. 

Sutton  Satisfaction , Champion  of  England. 

The  following  new  varieties  are  promising: 

Dwarf  No.  2t  Universal,  Exonian , Early  May,  American  Champion, 
Dwarf  Telephone,  Eugenie,  Sutton  Satisfaction. 


Table  No.  2.— VARIETY  TESTS  OF  PBAS. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


8 


Table  No.  2.— VARIETY  TESTS  OF  PEAS  .-Continued 


58 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Abundance 


HORTICULTURAL  D KPARTMENT. 


59 


60 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


BUSH  BEANS. 

H.  P.  GLADDEN. 

Beans  do  best  in  a rather  light,  well  drained  soil.  Although,  in  ordi- 
nary soil,  a fair  crop  may  be  grown  without  the  use  of  manure,  its  applica- 
tion, in  a well-rotted  form,  can  be  made  with  profit. 

If  the  garden  is  laid  out  in  long  rows,  which  is  the  preferable  way,  as  it 
permits  the  use  of  the  horse  cultivator,  the  drills  should  be  from  two  and 
one-half  to  three  feet  apart,  but  where  the  work  is  done  by  hand,  the  rows 
may  be  as  near  as  fifteen  or  eighteen  inches.  The  beans  should  be  sown 
two  or  three  inches  apart  in  the  drills,  and,  after  covering  two  or  three 
inches  deep,  the  soil  should  be  firmly  pressed  over  the  seed. 

Beans  are  easily  injured  by  cold  or  excessive  moisture.  It  is  usually 
safe  to  plant  the  first  crop  at  the  time  corn  is  planted.  For  a succession 
sow  every  two  or  three  weeks  until  the  first  of  August. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  give  the  plants  shallow  cultivation,  as  disturb 
ance  of  the  roots,  especially  during  the  blossoming  period,  will  result  in  a 
decreased  crop. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  beans  differing  in  earliness,  productiveness 
and  in  the  size,  color  and  quality  of  pod  and  seed.  Of  the  green-podded 
varieties,  a well  selected  strain  of  Red  Valentine  will  prove  satisfactory. 
For  a family  garden  preference  is  given  to  the  wax-podded  sorts.  Cylin- 
der Black  Wax  is  very  productive,  with  long,  round  and  light  yellow 
pods.  This  variety  planted  in  succession  will  give  snap  beans  that  are  ten- 
der and  of  best  quality  throughout  the  season.  Mammoth  Wax  and 
Butter  Wax  may  also  be  mentioned  in  this  class.  As  a shell  bean,  Dwarf 
Horticultural  or  Goddard  Bush  are  excellent.  Among  the  recent  intro- 
ductions may  be  mentioned  Speckled  Wax,  very  promising  as  a snap  bean 
and  later  as  a shell  bean. 

POLE  BEANS. 

This  class  of  beans  is  very  tender  and  should  be  planted  two  or  three 
weeks  later  than  the  bush  beans.  The  rows  should  be  from  four  to  five 
feet  apart,  with  four  feet  between  the  hills.  The  poles,  which  should  be 
about  eight  feet  long,  can  best  be  set  in  place  before  the  beans  are  planted, 
as  disturbing  the  young  plants  injures  their  growth.  It  is  well  to  make 
the  hill  quite  rich,  by  working  into  the  soil  a shovelfull  of  well  composted 
manure. 

Golden  Cluster  is  an  excellent  pole  snap  bean.  The  plants  are  strong 
growing  and  very  productive,  and  the  pods  are  large,  tender  and  of  the 
best  quality.  Golden  Champion  is  also  a good  variety. 

The  Pole  Limas  are  late  in  maturing  and  are  usually  killed  by  frost 
before  much  of  the  crop  has  been  gathered. 

A variety  worthy  of  special  mention  is  the  Horticultural  Lima.  It  is 
productive  and  ripens  the  crop  before  frost  comes.  It  is  unexcelled  as  a 
green  shell  bean  and  is  a good  cooking  bean  when  mature. 

Warren,  Gregory.  A recent  introduction.  • Plants  of  strong,  vigorous 
growth;  pods  three  to  four  inches  long,  usually  straight;  flesh  thick, 
tender  and  of  best  quality.  The  plants  are  productive  and  the  pods 
mature  successively  for  a long  season.  An  excellent  home  variety. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


6L 


CELERY. 

Celery  is  seldom  grown  in  the  farm  garden,  as  its  cultivation  is  thought 
too  difficult  for  the  amateur.  The  growing  of  this  excellent  vegetable  is  not 
so  hard  as  imagined  and  it  should  receive  more  attention  than  is  now  given 
it.  The  seed  should  be  sown  early  in  the  spring.  Select  a level  spot  and 
make  it  rich  with  well  rotted  manure.  Thoroughly  pulverize  the  soil  and 
sow  the  seed  in  rows  about  eight  inches  apart.  The  seeds  are  small  and  an 
ounce  will  produce  over  five  thousand  plants.  When  the  plants  are  three 
or  four  inches  high  the  tops  should  be  clipped  to  make  the  plants  stocky. 
To  grow  good  celery  it  is  quite  necessary  that  the  soil  be  heavily  man- 
ured and  one  that  will  not  dry  out,  and,  if  possible,  loose  and  deep, 
though  good  celery  may  be  grown  on  clayey  ground.  The  rows  may  be 
four  or  five  feet  apart  and  the  plants  six  inches  distant  in  the  rows.  The 
plants  should  be  set  not  deeper  than  they  were  in  the  bed  and  the  soil  firmly 
pressed  about  the  roots.  When  the  plants  are  about  ten  inches  tall 
the  celery  wanted  for  fall  use  should  be  banked  up  to  blanch  it;  this  opera- 
tion should  be  repeated  as  the  tops  grow.  The  celery  intended  for  winter 
storing  should  be  earthed  sufficiently  to  induce  the  stalks  to  grow  upright. 
Celery  will  stand  several  degrees  below  freezing  without  serious  injury. 
About  the  first  of  November  the  plants  should  be  placed  intrenches  or  in 
the  cellar  to  blanch  for  winter  use.  If  stored  outside  trenches  should  be 
dug  eight  or  ten  inches  wide  and  as  deep  as  the  celery  is  tall.  The  earth 
should  be  loose  at  the  bottom  of  the  trench.  The  plants,  with  the  roots 
on,  are  taken  from  the  rows  and  packed  closely  in  the  trench  with  the  tops 
even  with  the  surface.  As  cold  weather  comes  on  the  tops  should  be  cov- 
ered gradually,  with  some  loose  material,  until  they  are  protected  from 
serious  freezing.  Celery  may  be  placed  in  the  cellar  by  having  boards 
eight  or  ten  inches  apart  to  prevent  packing  in  a compact  mass.  Soil 
should  be  packed  about  the  roots  that  they  may  start  to  grow,  as  this 
growth  in  the  trench  or  cellar  blanches  the  stalks.  Earth  is  not  necessary 
between  the  stalks. 

The  dwarf  varieties  seem  to  give  better  satisfaction  than  the  larger  grow- 
ing kinds.  Golden  Self  Blanching  and  White  Plume  are  good  varieties. 
If  a pink  sort  is  desired,  Rose  will  give  good  satisfaction. 

CUCUMBERS. 

Cucumbers  prefer  a light  sandy  loam  well  enriched.  The  rows  may  be 
five  to  six  feet  apart,  and  the  hills  three  or  four  feet  distant  in  the  rows. 
In  this  locality  J une  1st  to  10th  is  the  time  to  plant.  The  striped  beetle 
is  very  troublesome  to  the  young  plants.  A good  way  to  protect  the  plants 
is  to  grow  them  for  a time  under  a cover  of  netting  or  wire  screen  fastened 
on  a frame.  When  the  plants  are  well  started  they  will  keep  ahead  of  the 
insects.  Seed  should  be  planted  every  two  or  three  weeks  to  provide  a 
succession  through  the  season.  Plants  will  continue  to  produce  fruits 
much  longer  if  no  cucumbers  are  allowed  to  ripen  on  the  vines. 

One  of  the  best  varieties  to  grow  for  general  use  is  White  Spine.  There 
are  several  strains  of  this  variety  differing  somewhat  in  growth,  productive- 
ness and  in  time  of  maturing.  Fordhook  Improved  White  Spine,  Burpee, 
is  one  of  the  best  of  its  class.  The  plants  were  very  strong  growing  and 
productive  and  the  cucumbers  large  and  perfect  in  form.  As  a sort  for 


62 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


growing  pickles  and  for  early  table  use  Russian  is  good.  The  fruits  are 
small  but  are  produced  in  large  numbers.  As  a later  variety  Long  Green 
may  be  mentioned.  The  cucumbers  are  large  and  among  the  best  for 
table  use. 

LETTUCE. 

A common  mistake  made  in  growing  lettuce  is  in  having  the  plants  too 
close  together.  To  reach  perfection  the  plants  should  be  ten  to  fifteen 
inches  apart  in  the  rows. 

Lettuce  is  quite  hardy  and  the  seeds  can  be  sown  quite  early.  To  pro- 
vide a succession  sow  every  two  or  three  weeks. 

As  varieties  for  general  growing  Black  Seeded  Simpson,  Hanson , Grand 
Rapids  and  Prize  Head  are  among  the  best. 

The  following  are  sorts  of  recent  introduction: 

Onondaga,  Burpee.  It  forms  a large  compact  head.  The  outer  leaves 
are  curled,  yellowish  green  with  brownish  red  edges.  The  inner  leaves  are 
rich  yellowish  green  in  color  and  of  excellent  quality.  It  stands  heat  well 
and  is  a promising  variety. 

Iceberg , Burpee.  Ice,  Pitcher  and  Manda.  The  heads  are  of  medium 
size;  leaves  somewhat  curled  and  wrinkled,  edges  brownish  red.  Every 
plant  formed  a good  head  during  very  dry  weather.  Its  handsome  appear- 
ance, high  quality  and  ability  to  withstand  drouth  make  it  well  worthy  of 
general  planting. 

SALSIFY. 

This  vegetable  is  of  such  easy  culture  and  so  little  known  that  a few 
words  in  its  favor  may  not  be  oat  of  place.  Sow  the  seed  early  in  spring 
in  drills.  If  hand  cultivation  is  practiced  the  drills  may  be  twelve  or  fif- 
teen inches  apart.  The  plants  should  be  thinned  out  if  they  are  growing 
too  close.  Late  in  the  fall  the  roots  may  be  stored  in  the  cellar  or  a trench 
outside  for  use  during  the  winter  and  spring.  They  may  be  left  in  the 
ground  until  spring  without  injury  to  the  roots.  The  roots  make  a most 
excellent  dish  and  the  vegetable  would  be  largely  grown  were  its  good 
qualities  more  generally  known. 

SQUASHES. 

Of  late  the  squash  vine  borer  has  made  the  growing  of  this  vegetable 
somewhat  uncertain,  though  a large  proportion  of  the  damage  supposed  to 
be  done  by  the  borer  is  due  to  a fungus  which  attacks  the  vine.  Corn 
cobs  soaked  in  coal  tar  and  placed  about  the  hills  when  the  plants  are 
small  repels  the  moth  that  lays  the  eggs  which  produce  the  borer.  The 
tar  should  be  renewed  every  four  or  five  days.  The  striped  beetle  may 
be  kept  away  by  covering  the  plants  as  recommended  with  cucumbers.  A 
tablespoonful  of  turpentine  mixed  with  a pailful  of  ashes  and  sprinkled  on 
the  plants  earl}7  in  the  morning  has  been  quite  successfully  used  to  keep 
away  the  beetles. 

Summer  Crookneck  and  White  Bush  Scallop  are  usually  planted  for 
early  squashes.  Long  Island  White  Bush , a recent  introduction,  seems  to 
be  an  improvement  upon  the  usual  type.  The  plants  are  very  productive 
and  the  squashes  larger,  smoother  and  more  regular  in  form  than  the  com- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


63 


mon  Bush  Scallop.  Boston  Marrow  is  a good  fall  and  early  winter  squash. 
Hubbard  and  Marblehead  are  among  the  best  for  winter  use.  Essrx 
Hybrid  is  a productive  sort  and  the  squashes  are  of  good  quality;  by  some 
they  are  preferred  to  the  Hubbard  for  fall  and  early  winter  use.  Cocoanut 
and  Fordhook  are  strong  growing  varieties  which  are  almost  sure  to  bear 
a large  crop.  The  squashes  are  small,  but  of  good  quality. 

Delicata , recently  introduced  by  Henderson,  belongs  to  the  above  class. 
The  plants  are  strong  growing  and  healthy.  The  squash  is  about  si«x 
inches  long  and  three  to  four  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  of  a rich,  creamy 
yellow  color  and  the  flesh  is  dry  and  of  excellent  quality.  Matures  the  last- 
of  September.  Somewhat  similar  to  Fordhook,  but  is  less  ridged  and  more 
oval  in  form. 


TOMATOES. 

The  seed  was  sown  in  the  forcing  house  April  1.  The  plants  were  set 
out  June  6 and  7.  The  rows  were  six  feet  apart  and  the  plants  set  four 
feet  apart  in  the  rows.  The  trellis  described  in  bulletin  No.  57  was  used 

Table  4.— TOMATOES,  TESTS  OF  VARIETIES. 


Variety  • 

Seedsman. 

Date  first  ripe 

fruits. 

Sr 

? Yield  of  ripe 
0 fruits  in  August.  ! 

s*  ! 

¥ Yield  from  Sept. 

0 1 to  Sept.  12. 

N 

ft+S 
® ft 

b 

«4-l  03 

Sh 

lbs.  oz. 

Total  number 

of  ripe  fruits. 

¥ Total  weight 

‘3 

u 

© 

ft 

0 

oz. 

© Average  weight 
F of  ripe  fruits,  j 

5 Weight  of  green 
® fruit  left  on  vines 

Advance 

Burpee 

Aug.  14 

26 

5 

20 

6 

25 

5 

561 

72 

0 

2.00 

22% 

Acme  . 

Gregory 

“ 30 

8 

14 

12 

8 

21 

5 

200 

42 

11 

3.41 

12 

Ignotum 

College 

Sept.  2 

0 

15 

15 

9 

53 

13 

158 

70 

5 

7.12 

34  & 

Potato-leaf. 

“ 2 

1 

2 

30 

9 

30 

9 

141 

62 

4 

7.06 

81 

Mitchell 

Manle 

Aug.  29 

30 

4 

21 

10 

174 

51 

14 

4.78 

77 *4 

Optimus 

Berthoud 

“ 30 

33 

2 

33 

15 

201 

67 

1 

5.33 

66 

Lorillard 

Sept.  6 

37 

2 

46 

9 

258 

83 

11 

5.19 

82*4 

Ignotum 

•* 

“ 4 

41 

1 

35 

10 

162 

76 

11 

7.58 

90 

Potomac 

Harris 

Aug.  29 

6 

12 

27 

2 

16 

14 

91 

50 

12 

8.92 

66 

McCollum  Hybrid 

Sept.  2 

0 

13 

11 

10 

11 

7 

80 

23 

11 

4.77 

5J1 

Potato-leaf  Ignotnm 

College 

Aug.  10 

15 

1 

32 

9 

11 

1 

138 

58 

11 

6.08 

51 

Picture  Rock.. 

Childs 

“ 16 

16 

5 

21 

15 

18 

9 

224 

56 

13 

4.05 

60 

Climbing 

“ 15 

6 

3 

21 

6 

12 

12 

140 

40 

5 

4.60 

25 

Majestic 

Buist 

“ 19 

16 

0 

10 

13 

13 

1 

190 

39 

14 

3.32 

21 

Prize  Belle  .. 

“ 22 

7 

11 

12 

11 

22 

9 

168 

46 

2 

4.39 

36*4 

Royal  Red  ..  . 

Dreer 

“ 26 

8 

14 

9 

6 

15 

15 

156 

34 

3 

3.50 

28*4 

Buckeye  State 

Livingston... 

“ 30 

0 

13 

18 

3 

22 

13 

84 

36 

13 

7.01 

52*4 

Belmont 

Gregory 

“ 22 

6 

7 

21 

0 

15 

12 

168 

43 

3 

4.11 

42 

Terra  Cotta. 

Thorburn  

“ 30 

8 

29 

14 

31 

10 

206 

67 

0 

5.20 

51*/, 

Lemon  Blush. 

**  

“ 26 

5 

7 

36 

6 

23 

11 

171 

65 

8 

6.12 

50% 

Early  Michigan  . . . 

Ferry . 

“ 30 

4 

14 

40 

14 

29 

3 

196 

74 

15 

6.11 

97 

Nicbol  No.  5 

Nichol.. 

“ 31 

6 

5 

16 

5 

48 

11 

161 

71 

5 

7.09 

71 

The  Stone .. 

Dreer  . .. 

Sept.  4 

4 

7 

16 

0 

37 

20 

7 

8.84 

106*4 

Trophy 

Vaughan 

“ 2 

2 

15 

22 

1 

18 

5 

74 

43 

9.86 

81  !4 

Richmond  

Landreth 

Aug.  12 

18 

11 

8 

9 

15 

180 

42 

5 

3.76 

80 

Comrade 

Gregory  . 

“ 16 

17 

0 

13 

15 

8 

4 

274 

89 

3 

2.25 

20 

The  Shah 

Henderson 

“ 22 

8 

4 

10 

12 

9 

12 

96 

28 

12 

4.79 

25 

Giant  Tree 

Salzer 

“ 22 

9 

0 

40 

7 

4 

14 

147 

54 

5 

5.91 

55 

First  Ripe. 

“ 18 

7 

6 

18 

12 

11 

10 

130 

87 

12 

4.41 

35 

Tracker  Favorite 

Burpee .... 

“ 22 

6 

12 

40 

7 

14 

13 

184 

62 

0 

5.39 

50 

Matchless 

. “ 22 

7 

11 

40 

13 

19 

12 

186 

68 

4 

5.87 

58 

Red  Ponderosa 

College 

Sept.  2 

0 

11 

30 

9 

30 

13 

103 

62 

l 

9.64 

56 

The  Ever  Fruitful 

Pitcher  & Marula 

“ 2 

1 

15 

23 

1 

36 

7 

132 

61 

7 

7.44 

64 

64 


MICHIGAN  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


to  support  the  vines.  Ninety  varieties  or  strains  were  grown.  The  table 
given  below  shows  the  time  of  ripening  and  the  yield  of  a few  of  the  older 
and  better  sorts,  and  of  the  new  varieties  grown.  Six  plants  were  set  of 
each  variety.  All  the  ripe  tomatoes  borne  on  these  six  plants  were  picked 
and  weighed.  After  the  frost  had  killed  the  vines  the  green  tomatoes  were 
also  gathered  and  weighed. 

The  variety  which  has  given  best  satisfaction,  as  an  early  tomato,  for 
several  season  is  Earliest , from  Vaughan.  The  six  plants  supposed  to  be 
Earliest  in  the  experimental  plot  were  not  true,  so  that  a comparison  for 
this  year  could  not  be  made.  Our  field  planted  for  general  U6e  contained 
a large  setting  of  Earliest , and  here  it  was  the  first,  by  several  days,  to 
ripen  fruits. 

Advance , which  is  a little  later  than  Earliest , but  bears  a smoother 
fruit,  shows  up  well  as  an  early  sort. 

Ignotum , Lorillard  and  Optimus  may  be  recommended  as  among  the 
best  for  the  general  crop. 

The  following  notes  on  some  of  the  new  varieties  may  be  of  interest: 

Royal  Red , Dreer.  Careful  comparison  could  note  no  differences  in 
plants  or  fruit  from  Ignotum , though  Royal  Red  ripened  fruits  a week 
earlier  and  the  tomatoes  averaged  much  smaller  in  size. 

Buckeye  State. — Livingston.  Plants  are  strong  growing;  fruit  grows  in 
clusters,  is  round  and  of  good  size,  color  a uniform  pinkish  red;  flesh  solid 
and  walls  thick.  Free  from  rot  and  does  not  crack.  Promising. 

Belmont. — Gregory.  Plants  are  strong  growing  and  spread  but  little. 
Fruit  round  or  somewhat  oblong,  many  celled  and  cell  walls  very  thick, 
few  seeds  in  cells;  color  bright,  light  red,  does  not  ripen  well  around  stem. 

Terra  Cotta. — Thorburn.  This  is  one  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker's  cross- 
bred tomatoes.  The  type  is  not  fixed  and  the  fruit  varies  greatly  on  the 
different  plants.  The  typical  fruit  is  of  medium  size,  nearly  round,  with 
slight  ridges  or  irregularities.  It  has  very  thin  skin  and  the  cells  are 
close  to  the  outside  and  have  thin  outer  walls.  The  center  of  the  tomato 
is  solid  and  the  flesh  is  bright  red  in  color,  juicy  and  fine  flavored.  A 
novelty  in  tomatoes  and  possessing  many  points  of  excellence. 

Lemon  Blush. — Thorburn.  Another  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker  toma- 
toes. Plants  of  very  strong,  upright  growth.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round, 
regular  form.  It  has  very  thick  outer  walls,  few  cells  with  many  seeds 
and  the  flesh  is  juicy  and  more  acid  than  is  usual  for  yellow  tomatoes. 
Color  a rich  light  yellow.  A promising  yellow  sort  and  a distinct  type. 

Early  Michigan. — Ferry.  An  improved  type  of  the  old  Red  Apple. 
Plants  very  vigorous,  the  branches  growing  in  a close  mass.  It  was  not 
very  early  but  the  plants  are  very  productive  and  the  fruit  is  of  good  size, 
regular  form,  bright  red  color  and  free  from  rot  or  cracking.  One  of  the 
best. 

Nichols  No.  5. — Nichols.  A tomato  of  the  potato-leaf  type,  but  the  plant 
grows  stronger  and  more  upright.  Fruit  a lighter  pink  and  of  more  solid 
flesh.  The  plants  are  productive  and  the  tomato  an  excellent  shipper. 

Richmond. — Landreth.  Plants  are  not  of  strong  growth.  Fruit  small 
to  medium  in  size,  rough  and  angular  in  shape  and  many  celled.  One  of 
the  first  to  mature  fruits.  Valuable  for  its  earliness. 

Comrade. — Gregory.  In  plant  and  fruit  closely  resembles  Advance. 
though  fruit  is  a brighter  red  and  has  more  green  around  stem.  Also 
some  fruits  are  much  larger  than  Advance? 

First  Ripe. — Salzer.  Plants  strong  and  of  low  spreading  growth.  Fruit 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


65 


round,  of  medium  size,  smooth,  bright  red  color;  flesh  solid,  juicy  and 
quite  acid  in  flavor.  Matures  early  and  plants  fairly  productive. 

Trucker  Favorite. — Burpee.  Plants  strong  growing  and  productive. 
Closely  resembles  Acme  in  plant  and  fruit.  A valuable  market  sort. 

Red  Ponder osa. — College.  Very  similar  to  Ponder osa  in  plant  and 
form  of  fruit  but  the  color  is  red.  Plants  are  productive  and  ripened  a 
good  amount  of  fruit  before  frost  came. 

Ever  Fruitful. — Pitcher  & Manda.  Plants  are  strong  growing  and  set 
a large  amount  of  fruit.  Fruit  large,  regular  form  and  light  red  color; 
flesh  not  very  firm  but  of  good  quality.  No  rot  appeared  and  fruit  does 
not  crack  around  stem.  Resembles  Ignotum  but  the  tomato  is  more 
spherical  in  form. 

World's  Fair. — Reed.  This  proved  to  be  the  old  Red  Pear , an  early 
ripening  sort  of  but  little  value. 

Agricultural  College,  ) 

February  10,  1894.  J 

9 


BULLETIN  I IO. 


APRIL,  (894. 


BY 


E. 


CONFORMATION  OF 


Y.  Y.  GRAN GrE,  Y. 


THE  HORSE. 


Some  time  ago  the  Veterinary  Department  issued  an  advance  bulletin 
having  reference  to  the  external  conformation  of  the  horse,  in  which  some 
scales  of  points  were  presented,  and  those  interested  were  asked  to  make 
such  changes  as  to  them  seemed  proper  and  best.  The  hearty  response 
which  met  the  request  has  been  most  encouraging,  while  the  replies 
furnish  much  valuable  information,  of  which  advantage  will  be  taken  when 
we  come  to  that  feature  of  this  issue  that  bears  upon  scales  of  points. 

Numerous  communications  have  also  been  received  commending  the 
work  of  research  upon  the  different  styles  of  conformation  met  with  in 
commercial  horses  of  the  present  day,  and  many  correspondents  express  a 
keen  desire  to  be  informed  on  all  points  in  connection  with  the  subject  of 
this  bulletin. 

Before  describing  the  points  of  the  animal  it  may  be  well,  first  of  all,  to 
define  the  expression  we  so  often  hear,  “ a good  horse!  ” and  will  do  so  by 
saying  that  associations  have  led  us  to  regard  a good  horse  as  one  which 
excels  in  many  ways,  fails  in  few,  and  is  not  remarkably  deficient  in  any 
point.  Of  course  that  is  treating  the  question  somewhat  broadly,  for  some 
horses  are  able  to  trot  at  a very  high  rate  of  speed,  and  are  regarded  as 
good  horses  by  those  who  look  upon  speed  as  the  chief  feature  in  their 
ideal  animal  ; yet  these  same  animals  may  be  affected  with  forms  of 
unsoundness  that  would  cause  them  to  be  rejected  in  any  show  ring,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  horses  used  for  the  performance  of  any  special 
duty. 

I do  not  think  it  makes  any  particular  difference  where  we  begin  with 
the  description  of  a horse,  for  if  we  do  the  work  thoroughly  we  eventually 
cover  the  whole  animal;  but  as  it  has  always  been  our  custom,  in  work  of 
this  kind,  to  start  with  the  conformation  of  the  head  we  will  continue  in 
that  line  here;  indeed,  in  some  respects,  the  head  may  be  regarded  as  the 
frontispiece  of  the  animal,  it  being  the  feature  above  all  others,  which 
imparts  the  physiognomy  or  expression  to  the  creature. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


THE  HEAD 

may  be  divided  for  the  convenience  of  description  into  the  following 
regions,  viz. : The  ear,  poll,  forehead,  face,  nostrils,  muzzle,  mouth,  cheek* 
eye,  lower  jaw  and  jowl,  inter-maxillary  space. 

The  Ears  (Elate  II,  Fig.  1-1)  are  situated  towards  the  sides  of  the  top 
of  the  head,  and,  like  many  other  parts  of  the  horse,  are  subject  to  differ- 
ences of  opinion  in  the  minds  of  individual  horsemen  as  to  their  proper 
size  and  shape,  as  well  as  their  position  upon  the  head.  Some  like  what 
they  call  good  large  ears  set  well  apart,  while  others  prefer  much  smaller 
ones  and  made  up  in  a more  delicate  manner  throughout.  As  far  as  our 
own  observation  has  gone,  the  ear  which  has  most  admirers  is  the  one 
which  is  composed  of  a mere  shell  of  gristle  enveloped  in  a layer  of  thin 
skin,  which  should  be  clothed  with  a coat  of  fine  hair,  that  may,  however* 
be  somewhat  meagre  on  the  inner  surface,  especially  in  the  summer 
season. 

In  shape  the  ear  should  taper  from  the  base  to  a rather  sharp  point  at 
the  tip;  its  movements  should  be  energetic,  but  not  of  the  quick,  jerky 
order;  they  should  not  be  slow  or  sluggish,  because  that  would  indicate  a 
defect  in  hearing  or  the  animal  is  quite  likely  to  be  a dull,  stupid  brute* 
while  those  with  quick,  jerky  ears  are  liable  to  be  vicious  or  ultra  nervous 
creatures. 

Experience  in  selecting  horses  has  led  us  to  observe  the  movements  of 
the  ear  with  much  care,  and  regard  them  to  some  extent  as  the  index  to  tho 
animal’s  character,  for  they  not  only  indicate  a well-balanced  disposition,  a 
vicious  or  sluggish  horse,  as  the  case  may  be,  but  they  point  to  defective 
eyesight,  or  even  total  blindness,  in  which  case  the  ever  restless  ear  will  be 
thrown  first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  another. 

The  position  of  the  ears  upon  the  head  plays  an  important  part  in  the 
artistic  appearance  of  it;  if  they  are  too  near  the  center  they  cause  a dis- 
agreeable, puny  expression,  while  if  they  are  too  close  to  the  lateral 
borders  they  give  the  head  a somewhat  coarse  expression.  When  erect  the 
ears  should  stand  boldly  up  inclining  in  an  oblique  direction  from  below 
upwards  and  forwards;  when  they  project  in  an  outward  direction* 
approaching  the  horizontal,  they  are  called  lop-ears,  a style  of  conforma- 
tion that  is  not  admired. 

The  Poll  (Plate  1-3)  is  situated  at  the  top  of  the  head  (being  covered 
in  part  by  the  arch  formed  by  the  headstall  of  the  bridle  or  halter),  its 
shape  is  not  often  critieised,  though  we  occasionally  meet  with  saddle 
horses  that  are  injured  from  the  artistic  standpoint  owing  to  the  poll  being 
flat  and  expanded,  giving  the  upper  superficies  of  the  neck  and  back  of  the 
head  a plain,  coarse  look,  and  as  this  feature  is  practically  always  under  the 
eye  of  the  equestrian,  it  is  very  liable  to  diminish  the  value  of  the  animal 
in  the  high-class  saddle  horse  market. 

The  Forehead  (Plate  II,  Fig.  1-2)  is  that  part  of  the  head  between  the 
eyes,  extending  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  cranium,  the  superior  border 
affording  a point  of  attachment  for  the  forelock;  the  upper  portion  forme 
a large  part  of  the  wall  of  that  cavity  which  contains  the  brain,  while  the 
lower  portion  forms  the  forehead  proper,  a space  that  is  most  admired  when 
it  is  broad  and  flat. 

Connoisseurs  in  horse  flesh  prefer  plenty  of  space  between  the  eyes  and 
some  even  go  so  far  as  to  say  that  a broad  forehead  is  indicative  of  intelli- 
gence, but  as  this  part  of  the  bone  does  not  cover  the  brain  (the  seat  of 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


69 


PLATE  NO.  1.— REGIONS  OF  THE  HORSE. 


I Muzzle. 
lVt  Cheek. 

t Crest  of  occiput. 

3 Poll. 

4 Crest  of  the  neck. 

5 Neck. 

6 Withers. 

7 Back. 

8 Loins. 

9 Point  of  hip. 

10  Croup. 

II  Dock  and  tail. 

12  Point  of  quarter. 

13  Haunch  or  upper  thigh. 

14  Stifle.  , Al.  . 

115  Gaskin  or  lower  thigh. 

10  Hock. 

17  Shank. 

18  Fetlock  joint. 


19  Hind  pastern. 

20  Hind  foot. 

21  Abdomen  and  flank. 

22  Chest. 

28  Jugular  gutter. 

24  Jowel. 

25  Throat. 

26  Shoulder. 

27  Point  of  shoulder.  ..  , 

28  Arm  (from  point  of  shoulder  to  elbow) 

29  Elbow. 

30  Forearm. 

81  Knee. 

32  Front  canon. 

33  “ fetlock. 

34  “ pastern. 

85  “ foot. 

36  “ coronet. 


'35 


70 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


intelligence)  it  is  hard  to  conceive  how  its  shape  can  control  snch  an 
important  feature  in  an  animal.  When  the  space  between  the  eyes  is  well 
developed  that  portion  of  the  interior  of  the  head  to  which  the  nerve  of 
special  sense  of  smell  is  distributed  would  naturally  be  larger  in  proportion, 
on  that  account  the  smelling  power  of  the  animal  with  the  broad  forehead 
may  be  increased,  and  if  it  be  true,  that  the  horse’is  capable  of  judging  of 
the  quality  of  things  by  their  odour,  we  can  then  explain  why  the  horse 
with  the  broad  forehead  and  well  developed  organs  of  special  sense  of 
smell,  may  appear  more  intelligent  than  his  less,  fortunate  neighbour  with 
the  narrow  one. 

In  some  instances  the  forehead  is  convex  in  outline,  a style  of  conforma- 
tion which  is  not  regarded  with  favor  from  an  artistic  point  of  view,  though 
it  is  not  likely  to  interfere  with  the  animal  from  the  practical  standpoint. 

The  Face  (Plate  II,  Fig.  1,  3-3)  is  the  region  situated  below  the  fore- 
head, the  bones  of  the  nose  forming  the  principal  part  of  it.  The  outline 
of  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  face  should  be  straight  or  nearly  so,  causing 
the  nose  to  be  rather  of  the  Grecian  order,  the  sides  of  the  face  may  be 
very  slightly  dished.  The  bones  of  the  nose  are  often  arched  a style  of 
confirmation  that  is  not  only  unpopular,  but  in  the  extreme  it  may  inter- 
fere with  respiration  during  severe  exertion,  owing  to  the  peculiar  attitude 
the  soft  tissues,  which  form  the  nostrils,  assume  when  hanging  loosely 
from  such  bones,  and  their  position  makes  it  difficult  if  not  impossible  for 
the  muscles  which  control  them  to  act  in  a proper  manner.  Again  the 
bones  of  the  nose  are  sometimes  concave,  giving  the  animal  a dish  faced 
appearance,  which  in  extreme  cases  may  also  interfere  with  respiration,  by 
decreasing  certain  diameters  of  the  nasal  chambers,  but  it  is  only  in  very 
rare  cases  that  the  merits  of  the  animal  are  affected  by  the  shape  of  the 
nose;  notwithstanding  this,  however,  the  shape  of  the  nose  is  a very 
important  point,  for  it  goes  a long  way  in  giving  a pleasing  or  disagreeable 
expression  to  the  head. 

The  Nostrils  (Plate  II,  Fig.  1,  4-J-4^)  are  the  external  openings  of  the 
nasal  chambers;  they  are  composed  largely  of  a fine  skin  and  cartilage  or 
gristle,  and  lined  by  a delicate  membrane  which  in  health  and  during 
repose,  should  be  of  a rose  pink  color;  exercise  or  disease  alter  the  color 
of  this  membrane  considerably.  The  openings  should  be  large  and  easily 
dilated;  if  they  are  small  and  composed  of  thick  tissues  which  do  not 
dilate  readily,  the  horse  will  most  likely  prove  defective  when  it  comes  to 
severe  exertion. 

The  Muzzle  (Plate  I,  1)  of  the  horse  is  a region  somewhat  indifinitely 
spoken  of  as  the  end  of  the  nose,  but  to  define  its  limits  I regard  it  as  that 
part  of  the  head  extending  from  an  imaginary  line  drawn  around  the  lower 
portion  of  it  and  in  its  course  passing  over  the  angle  or  commissures  of 
the  mouth,  all  below  this  line  to  be  included  in  the  muzzle.  The  outline 
of  this  region  does  not  seem  to  make  any  difference  to  the  animal  as  far  as 
its  merits  are  concerned,  but  from  the  artistic  standpoint  it  must  not  be 
coarse  and  expanded,  but  fine  and  inclined  to  be  pointed;  to  express  this, 
some  horsemen  say,  the  animal  “ should  be  able  to  drink  out  of  a wine 
glass.” 

The  Mouth  splits  the  last  region  into  two  parts.  It  should  be  of  mod- 
erate size,  not  deep  enough  to  remind  one  of  the  mouth  of  an  alligator,  nor 
so  shallow  that  it  resembles  the  mouth  of  a sheep;  it  should  be  bounded,  as 
it  were,  by  moderately  firm  lips.  We  do  not  believe  that  its  size  or  shape 
has  anything  to  do  with  the  general  utility  of  the  animal. 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


71 


(/ 

t 1 


PLATE  NO.  2. -REGIONS  OF  THE  HORSE, 


.1:3 

/4 


— /5 


-/e 


1 Ears. 

2 Forehead. 

2 54.2*4  Oateide  points  of  the  forehead. 

3.3  Face. 

4.4  Points  of  hips  from  the  front. 
44.454  Nostrils. 

5 Mnzzle. 

6.6  Points  of  shoulders. 

7.7  Mnscles  forming  breast  or  bosom. 


8 Forearm. 

9 Coronet. 

10  Wall  of  the  foot. 

11  Crest  of  the  occiput. 

12  Crest  of  the  neck. 

13  Points  of  the  hips  from  behind. 

14.14  Croup  from  behind. 

15.15  Haunch  or  upper  thigh. 

16.16  Gaskin  or  lower  thigh. 


72 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


The  Cheek  forms  a large  portion  of  the  lateral  aspect  of  the  head.  As 
we  believe  that  this  region  of  the  head  deserves  more  attention  than  it 
usually  receives,  a word  or  two  concerning  its  anatomy  may  not  be  out  of 
place  here.  It  is  composed  of  an  outside  covering  of  skin  and  hair,  and  an 
inside  layer  of  a skin-like  mucous  substance  called  buccal  membrane ; 
between  the  skin  and  the  membrane  we  will  find  two  muscles,  which  are 
especially  worthy  of  our  attention.  The  first  one,  called  the  Buccinator , 
occupies  that  portion  of  cheek  nearest  the  mouth,  which  is  loose  or 
flabby.  This  muscle  is  of  interest  because  it  is  largely  concerned  in  keep- 
ing the  food  in  its  proper  place  during  mastication,  by  pressing  it,  as  it  were, 
between  the  molar  teeth,  which,  figuratively  speaking,  are  the  mill  stones 
that  grind  the  corn,  etc.  The  next  muscle  may  almost  be  looked  upon 
as  being  of  more  importance  than  the  first,  for  again,  speaking  figuratively, 
it  supplies  the  power  which  drives  the  mill  stones;  this  muscle  is  called 
the  Masseter  (one  on  each  side  of  the  head)  and  is  situated  upon  the 
upper  or  posterior  half  of  the  cheek.  It  is  firmly  attached  to  the  upper 
and  lower  jaw  and  is  the  principal  muscle  of  mastication,  and  as  this  is 
one  of  the  important  processes  of  digestion  it  must  be  thoroughly 
performed,  or  the  animal  will  not  remain  vigorous  and  in  a state  of  perfect 
health.  We  believe  that  imperfect  mastication,  or  grinding  of  the  food,  is 
often  the  starting  point  of  indigestion  and  all  its  evil  consequences,  hence 
that  this  act  be  properly  performed,  the  masseter  should  be  well 
developed,  and  we  like  to  see  them  standing  boldly  out  upon  the  cheek. 

The  Eye  is  a most  important  part  of  the  head.  It  is  regarded  as  being 
defective  from  an  artistic  point  of  view  when  it  is  small  and  concealed, 
reminding  one  of  the  eye  of  a pig,  or  when  it  is  too  large,  round  and  prom- 
inent, like  the  eye  of  an  ox.  It  should  be  well  developed,  round  and 
preferably  of  a brown  color. 

When  there  is  an  absence  of  the  coloring  matter  of  the  eye,  it  will  be 
very  light  colored,  an  appearance  which  usually  goes  under  the  name  of 
(watch)  wall  eye. 

The  eye  is  frequently  regarded  as  the  index  of  the  animal’s  character,  but 
I have  been  deceived  so  often  by  both  kinds,  the  mild  as  well  as  the  sulky 
looking,  that  I am  now  disposed  to  think  it  is  often  over-estimated  as  a 
guide  for  future  performances. 

The  acuteness  of  vision  may  be  determined  by  making  passes  with  the 
hand  in  front  of  the  animal,  in  proximity  to  the  organ,  examining  one  eye 
then  the  other,  taking  care  that  too  much  force  is  not  exerted,  as  currents 
of  air  may  be  produced  which  will  cause  the  animal  to  blink,  and  this 
blinking  mistaken  for  actual  vision. 

The  Lower  Jaw  is  composed  principally  of  a large  bone,  the  front  part 
of  which  forms  a solid  foundation  for  the  implantation  of  the  lower  incisor 
teeth.  This  part  is  called  the  body,  and  springing  from  it  are  two  large 
rami  or  branches;  the  branches  turn  suddenly  upward  towards  the  base  of 
the  ear,  near  which  they  form  the  joint  of  the  lower  jaw. 

The  angle  of  inflection  is  often  designated  the  jowl  (Plate  I,  24).  This 
point  if  coarsely  constructed,  through  the  bone  being  too  broad,  is  some- 
times taken  exception  to,  and  the  animal  criticised  for  being  too  thick  in 
the  jowl,  or  is  occasionally  called  heavy-jawed. 

The  Inter-maxillary  Space  is  the  V shaped  channel  formed  by  the 
spread  of  the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw.  The  channel  should  be  deep 
enough  to  make  its  presence  quite  perceptible.  When  the  groove  forming 
the  channel  does  not  exist,  owing  to  the  space  being  filled  with  thick  skin 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


73 


•or  other  soft  tissue,  the  head  has  a beefy  look,  as  it  is  called,  a style  of 
conformation  that  is  rather  disagreeable. 

The  inter-maxillary  should  be  broad  between  the  angles  of  the  jaw  in 
order  that  the  top  of  windpipe  (the  larynx)  may  have  plenty  of  room  for 
its  eccentricities  in  all  attitudes  of  the  head. 

The  head  should  be  attached  to  the  neck  in  a manner  that  a line  drawn 
through  the  center  of  it  will  form  a right  angle  with  a line  drawn  along 
the  center  of  the  neck,  when  the  animal  is  standing  in  its  natural  position. 
When  the  angle  is  more  obtuse  than  a right  angle,  causing  the  nose  to  pro- 
trude, the  horse  always  appears  as  if  suffering  from  a sore  throat;  or  if  the 
angle  is  still  more  obtuse,  it  will  resemble  the  attitute  assumed  in  chronic 
poll  evil;  on  the  other  hand  if  the  angle  be  considerably  more  acute  than 
a right  angle  the  act  of  respiration  may  be  interfered  with  during  extreme 
exertion.  A head  that  is  not  nicely  set  upon  the  neck  deteriorates  the 
value  of  a high  class  horse  considerably,  although  it  may  not  interfere 
with  the  merits  of  the  animal. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  say,  in  a general  way,  how  the  head  of  one  class 
of  horses  should  differ  from  that  of  another;  all  for  instance  are  entitled  to 
the  fine  ears,  the  broad  forehead,  the  straight  nose,  etc.,  etc.;  at  the  same 
time  a course  ear,  which  might  be  tolerated  in  a draft  horse,  would  more 
than  likely  be  taken  exception  to  in  the  thoroughbred;  then  heads  are  course 
or  fine  in  all  breeds  without  apparently  affecting  the  merits  of  the  animal, 
but  the  same  cannot  be  said  of  the  neck  which  is  the  region  of  the  horse 
next  to  be  described. 

THE  NECK  (Plate  I,  5) 

may  be  regarded  as  the  part  extending  from  the  poll  to  the  withers  along  its 
upper  border,  and  from  the  throat  to  a point  a little  above  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  breast  bone  on  the  lower  border.  In  all  breeds  of  horses 
we  meet  with  different  kinds  of  necks  that  are  named  from  their  supposed 
resemblance  to  certain  objects,  but  the  kinds  we  oftenest  meet  with  are  the 
bull  neck,  the  peacock  neck,  the  ewe  neck,  the  straight  neck  and  the  clean 
out  neck. 

In  selecting  a horse  the  form  of  neck  must  be  taken  into  consideration, 
and  the  kind  of  work  the  animal  is  to  be  engaged  in,  before  we  pronounce 
upon  it  as  being  good  or  bad  in  form. 

The  Bull  Neck  is  the  one  which  is  strikingly  short  and  thick;  it  is 
usually  credited  with  being  indicative  of  strength  and  consequently  is  best 
adapted  for  draft  horses,  but  even  in  them  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is  advisable 
to  encourage  the  breeding  of  horses  with  short  necks,  for  innumberable 
draft  horses  have  been  brought  under  our  notice  with  moderately  long 
necks  and  we  have  yet  to  learn  that  they  were  deficient  in  strength  when  it 
came  to  the  starting  of  a load.  The  bull  necked  horse  would  certainly  not 
do  for  saddle  purposes  because  he  would  not  be  graceful  in  his  movements, 
and  men  who  ride  high  class  horses,  like  them  with  plenty  of  rein,  in  order 
that  they  may  be  handled  in  a more  agreeable  way;  it  is  not  a pleasant 
thing  to  have  the  horse’s  head  too  near  you  when  in  the  saddle. 

Those  who  drive  generally  prefer  the  rangy  neck  to  the  short  variety  for 
similar  reasons. 

The  Peacock  Neck  is  one  which  usually  has  many  admirers;  the  name 
is  given  to  it  from  the  supposed  resemblance  to  the  neck  of  that  bird.  The 
style  of  conformation  is  occasioned  by  the  upper  border  of  the  neck  ( the 

10 


74 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


crest ) becoming  somewhat  elevated  or  unusually  prominent  about  six 
inches  from  the  poll;  they  are  found  in  all  kinds  of  horses  and,  while  they 
do  not  indicate  anything  of  special  value  in  the  line  of  merit,  they  are 
coveted  on  account  of  their  beauty. 

The  Ewe  Neck  is  one  in  which  the  upper  border  is  concave  instead  of 
being  convex  and  the  lower  border  bulges  more  or  less,  giving  rise  to  the 
expression,  “ that  neck  is  upside  down.”  Many  good  horses  are  formed  in 
this  way,  though  it  is  a form  that  is  often  objected  to,  more  from  its 
appearance  than  anything  else  we  are  aware  of. 

The  Straight  Neck  is  one  in  which  the  upper  and  lower  borders  are 
practically  straight,  tapering  gradually  from  the  chest  to  the  throat;  we 
find  this  style  both  in  good  and  bad  horses. 

The  Clean  Cut  Neck  is  the  one  our  preference  leans  towards;  in  it  the 
muscles  and  other  parts  stand  boldly  out,  the  crest  is  prominent  and  whip- 
cordy  or  wiry,  the  sides  are  marked  by  hard  muscles,  the  lower  border 
including  the  wind  pipe,  stands  out  perceptibly  leaving  a prominent 
groove,  the  jugular  gutter,  between  it  and  the  neck  above,  gracefully 
incurvated  near  the  throat  and  attached  to  the  head  in  a manner  that 
leaves  a line  of  demarkation  between  the  leaving  off  of  the  head  and  the 
beginning  of  the  neck,  doing  away  with  the  appearance  of  a plastered  on 
head.  The  posterior  part  usually  terminates  perceptibly  just  in  front  of 
the  withers,  so  that  one  can  tell  where  the  neck  leaves  off  and  the  withers 
begin,  a point  that  is  not  always  easy  to  determine. 

Necks  of  this  nature  are  usually  accompanied  with  a constitution  that 
can  stand  a good  hard  day’s  work  either  upon  the  road  or  at  the  plow. 

THE  BODY 

is  the  next  division  of  the  horse  to  be  considered,  and  in  order  that  it  may 
be  discussed  somewhat  in  detail  it  is  conveniently  divided  into  the  withers, 
the  back,  the  loins,  the  croup,  the  chest  and  breast,  the  abdomen;  other 
parts  which  may  be  looked  upon  as  part  of  the  body  are  left  to  be 
considered  with  the  limbs. 

The  Withers  (Plate  I,  6)  is  that  elevated  portion  at  the  top  of  the 
shoulder,  the  highest  part  of  which  is  the  point  to  be  selected  when  meas- 
uring the  height  of  an  animal.  They  are  usually  described  as  being  high 
or  loiu ; the  latter  variety,  however,  is  we  believe,  more  apparent  than  real, 
as  the  length  of  the  bones  which  form  them  does  not  vary  as  much  as  one 
would  at  first  be  led  to  suppose.  I have  in  my  possession  at  this  writing 
a mare,  which  six  months  ago  was  so  high?  in  the  withers  that  a pad  had 
to  be  arranged  under  the  pommell  of  the  saddle  to  prevent  it  from  bruising 
those  dainty  parts;  at  this  time  she  is  ridden  every  day  with  the  same  sad- 
dle (which  has  not  been  repadded)  and  there  is  abundance  of  room 
between  the  top  of  the  withers  and  the  under  surface  of  the  pommell  of  the 
saddle;  her  withers  look  lower,  but  there  cannot  be  any  doubt  but  what 
this  appearance  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  increase  of  fat  in  the  animal’s 
condition.  We  think  a good  substitute  for  the  expression  high  and  low 
withers  would  be,  well  defined  or  obtuse  withers,  the  former  taking  the  place 
of  the  expression  “ high  ” the  latter  of  the  expression  “ low  ” we  do  not 
pretend  to  say  that  the  comparative  length  of  the  bones  do  not  vary,  but 
that  the  variation  is  not  so  great  or  so  common  as  is  generally  supposed. 

Horses  with  high  withers,  whether  they  be  well  defined  or  obtuse,  are 
able  to  perform  rapid  movements  with  more  grace  and  facility,  other  things 

_ , 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


75 


being  equal,  than  those  in  which  the  bones  are  short,  making  the  withers 
really  low.  This  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  long  arm  of  a 
lever  (the  trapezius  muscle)  is  made  longer,  and  hence  its  power  to  swing 
the  shoulder  blade  backwards  and  forwards,  like  the  pendulum  of  a clock, 
is  made  greater,  but  with  short  bones,  not  obtuse  or  rounded  withers,  this 
leverage  is  diminished  to  a greater  or  less  extent.  We  are  inclined  to 
think  that  the  view  we  have  taken  accounts  for  some  horses  which  look  as 
if  they  were  low  in  the  withers,  and  are  still  able  to  trot  and  perform  other 
rapid  movements  with  the  greatest  facility,  and  that  in  them  the  withers 
are  really  high  but  they  do  not  look  so,  because  they  are  obtuse,  and  not 
well  defined. 

In  the  selection  of  an  animal,  the  style  of  the  withers  should  be  well 
considered.  When  a saddle  horse  is  to  be  judged  the  withers  should  be 
well  defined  in  order  that  the  saddle  may  sit  comfortably  upon  the  back. 
Horses  with  obtuse  round  or  low  withers  do  not  carry  the  saddle  nicely  nor 
its  occupant  in  a comfortable  manner,  as  there  is  a good  chance  for  the 
saddle  to  role  or  become  otherwise  misplaced. 

If  the  coach  horse  or  roadster  is  under  consideration,  then  those  with 
round  withers  are  not  so  objectionable,  but  the  low  variety,  that  is  those 
with  short  bones,  are  not  desirable,  unless  the  action  of  the  animal  is  such 
as  to  warrant  them. 

In  draft  horses  there  is  no  objection  to  low  withers,  though  in  a general 
way  horses  with  this  part  well  defined  are  usually  most  admired. 

It  is  not  an  uncommon  thing  in  stallions  to  find  all  appearance  of  the 
withers  obliterated  on  account  of  the  neck  coming  down  into  the  middle  of 
the  back,  as  it  were.  Yet  such  animals  are  quite  liable  to  produce  offspring 
with  well  defined  withers. 

The  Back  (Fig.  I,  7)  is  that  part  of  the  animal  extending  from  the 
withers  to  the  highest  part  of  the  croup,  a point  formed  by  the  approxima- 
tion of  processes  belonging  to  the  haunch  or  edge  bones,  the  posterior 
third  (approximately)  of  the  back  forms  the  loins,  or  coupling,  as  it  is 
sometimes  called.  Some  writers  describe  the  back  and  loins  as  separate 
parts,  but  it  always  appears  to  the  writer  that  the  latter  is  only  a continua- 
tion or  part  of  the  former,  for  when  we  come  to  consider  roach  and  hollow 
backs,  we  find  the  anterior  and  posterior  part  of  them  so  intimately  con- 
cerned in  the  peculiar  conformation  that  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  tell 
where  one  begins  and  the  other  leaves  off  ; that  is  in  the  living  creature, 
though  in  the  skeleton  the  line  of  demarkation  is  well  marked,  so  much  so, 
that  there  is  good  reason  for  those  who  prefer  to  describe  them  as  separate 
regions  to  do  so. 

In  selecting  a horse  the  uses  the  animal  is  intended  for  must  have  due 
consideration  before  the  back  is  pronounced  upon  as  being  desirable  or 
otherwise  ; for  instance,  a horse  with  a tolerably  long  back  may  look  well 
in  harness,  while  the  same  creature  would  look  entirely  out  of  place  under 
the  saddle. 

Our  experience  in  saddle  horses  has  led  us  to  prefer  those  with  short 
backs  and  strong  loins  with  a gentle  dip,  not  sufficient  to  come  under  the 
head  of  hollow  back , but  enough  to  do  away  with  the  straight  edge  appear- 
ance. The  dip  we  wish  to  emphasize  should  be  very  slight  and  more 
apparent  as  we  approach  the  withers. 

Roach-back  horses  are  not  desirable  for  saddle  purposes,  because  in  them 
the  gait  is  usually  rough,  producing  a degree  of  concussion  upon  the  rider 
which  is  unpleasant,  to  say  the  least  of  it. 


76 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


The  horse  with  the  hollow  back  is  often  graceful  in  its  movements,  and 
on  that  account  is  agreeable  to  ride,  but  the  style  of  conformation  is  not 
admired  and  the  deformity  is  liable  to  increase  with  age,  and  more  rapidly 
if  weight  is  applied  to  its  surface. 

"When  the  back  of  the  saddle  horse  is  short  and  loins  broad,  it  is  well 
adapted  to  carrying  weight,  and  its  various  evolutions  can  be  performed 
with  the  greatest  facility,  the  broad  loins  giving  plenty  of  room  for  the 
attachment  and  development  of  one  of  the  largest  muscles  in  the  body, 
which  extends,  one  on  each  side  of  the  spine,  through  the  regions  of  loins, 
back  and  withers,  and  is  concerned  in  nearly  all  movements  of  the  body. 
We  can  scarcely  conceive  an  animal  doing  a good  day’s  work  in  the  saddle, 
at  the  plough,  or  on  the  road,  if  this  muscle  is  not  well  developed. 

For  harness  purposes  the  back  may  be  somewhat  longer.  The  moder- 
ately long  horse  has  a more  or  less  rangy  appearance  in  harness  that 
is  often  admired.  If  an  animal  is  intended  for  fast,  or  even  moderately 
fast  road  work,  the  back  should  then  be  of  about  the  same  conformation 
as  that  of  the  saddle  horse. 

For  draft  purposes  the  back  which  has  most  admirers  is  the  one  which  is 
rather  short  but  broad  and  straight. 

The  Croup  ( Plate  I,  10  and  Plate  II,  Fig.  2,  14-14 ) is  that  part  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  body  extending  from  the  highest  point  of  the  hind 
quarters  to  the  dock,  and  embraced  between  two  imaginary  lines  drawn 
from  the  point  of  the  quarter  to  the  point  of  the  hip,  one  on  each  side. 
When  the  croup  is  long  it  shows  that  the  bones  forming  the  foundation  of 
it  are  long,  thus  giving  plenty  of  room  for  the  development  of  those  power- 
ful muscles  which  are  often  spoken  of  as  the  propelling  powers  of  the 
animal.  We  give  the  preference  to  the  horse  with  the  long  croup.  The 
slope  of  the  croup  is  another  point  which  should  engage  our  attention 
when  studying  the  external  conformation  of  the  animal ; many  persons 
believe  that  the  drooping  quarters  are  indicative  of  speed,  and  while  it 
must  be  admitted  that  many  fast  horses  are  so  formed,  yet  so  many  record- 
breakers  are  built  on  the  more  horizontal  plan,  that  we  are  forced  to  believe 
that  the  slope  of  the  croup  has  little  to  do  with  the  animal’s  merits,  but  it 
certainly  has  with  the  beauty  of  the  creature,  for  when  it  approaches  the 
horizontal,  that  is  just  slopes  a little,  the  £ail  comes  from  the  body  in  a 
manner  that  admits  of  its  more  graceful  and  elegant  carriage,  which  gives 
a finish  to  the  contour  of  the  whole  animal  that  is  a striking  contrast  to 
the  indifferently  carried  tail  of  the  drooping  croup,  with  its  low  set  dock. 

In  those  horses  with  slanting  or  very  drooping  croups  the  tail  usually 
'Comes  out  low  down. 

The  Dock  ( Plate  I,  11)  or  root  of  the  tail  is  a part  which  should  always 
be  observed  when  examining  a horse,  and  the  animal  required  to  perform 
in  its  various  paces,  then  the  examiner  can  readily  judge  if  there  is  any- 
thing radically  wrong  with  its  carriage  or  shape. 

Many  persons  regard  the  resistance  offered  by  the  muscles  of  the  dock 
when,  for  instance,  the  crupper  being  applied,  as  an  index  of  the  animal’s 
strength  and  endurance,  and  it  does  seem  that  stiff  docked  horses  are 
generally  good  ones,  yet  we  have  seen  so  many  limber  docked  animals 
which  were  capable  of  performing  in  a most  satisfactory  manner,  that  we 
would  hesitate  in  condemning  the  horse  with  the  limber  dock  without  some 
further  evidence  that  it  was  an  inferior  animal. 

The  Thorax  ( Plate  I,  22  ) or  chest  is  a region  which  is  of  great  import- 
ance from  every  standpoint  that  a horse  is  judged,  and  it  usually  bears  a 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


77 


somewhat  close  relation  in  shape  to  the  kind  of  work  nature  has  intended 
the  animal  to  perform.  For  a familiar  example  of  this  we  have  only  to 
look  at  the  chest  of  the  greyhound  to  see  what  a striking  contrast  it  pre- 
sents with  his  more  surly  neighbour,  the  bulldog,  or  observe  the  difference 
between  the  shape  of  the  thorax  of  the  English  thoroughbred  and  the 
Scotch  draft  horse.  In  the  former  we  find  it  deeper  from  above  downwards 
and  comparatively  narrow  in  the  bosom  ; his  admirer  tells  us  that  he  likes 
’em  deep  through  the  girth  ! While  the  connoisseur  in  the  draft  class  must 
have  them  with  a good  broad  breast,  with  a large  full  bosom  and  fore  legs 
well  apart.  We  must  not  forget,  however,  that  this  narrowness  of  chest 
and  fullness  of  bosom  is  modified  a good  deal  by  condition,  and  probably 
does  account  to  a considerable  extent  for  the  well  trained  and  thin  race 
horse  being  able  to  gallop  with  such  ease  and  precision,  when  the  same 
animal  if  fat  would  go  awkwardly  in  comparison.  Our  observation  has  led 
us  to  believe  that  the  narrow  chest,  that  is  comparatively  narrow,  is  more 
essential  to  the  fast,  easy  stride  of  the  galloping  horse  than  it  is  to  the 
trotter  ; but  we  do  not  admire  any  horse  whose  front  legs,  to  use  a horsey 
expression,  look  as  if  they  “ came  out  of  the  same  hole.” 

The  shape  of  the  entire  chest,  apart  from  the  front  legs  and  muscles 
connecting  them  to  it,  has  been  aptly  compared  to  a truncated  cone  with 
its  apex  turned  forwards  and  the  truncated  or  cutaway  part  following  the 
line  of  the  lower  extremities  of  the  floating  ribs.  The  ribs  form  a large 
portion  of  the  bony  frame  work  of  the  chest,  and  to  them  it  largely  owes 
its  shape.  There  are  usually  18  pairs  of  them,  which  vary  considerably  in 
size  and  shape  in  all  animals,  whether  they  be  draft  or  saddle  horses,  and 
it  is  generally  conceded  that  the  merits,  as  well  as  some  peculiarities  of  tho 
individual,  depend  upon  the  shape  and  length  of  them.  The  first  few  pairs, 
those  that  are  underneath  the  shoulder  blade  are  rather  straight,  and 
those  behind  it  are  somewhat  bent.  The  ribs  increase  in  curvature  from 
the  first  pair,  which  are  nearly  straight,  to  the  last  pair,  which  are  so  much 
curved  that  they  describe  a considerable  portion  of  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  ; they  increase  in  length  from  the  first  to  about  the  ninth  pair,  and 
from  this  pair  to  the  last  they  get  shorter  ; it  is  this  progressive  shortening 
which  gives  the  truncated  appearance  to  the  osseous  walls  of  the  chest. 
The  ninth  pair  of  ribs,  being  longer  than  the  rest  and  being  situated  where 
they  are,  gives  depth  to  the  girth,  the  point  that  is  so  much  admired, 
especially  in  horses  used  for  any  saddle  purpose. 

Professor  Williams,  one  of  our  eminent  veterinary  authorities,  says  that 
“ shallow  chested  horses  are  prone  to  heaves.”  In  all  horses  the  ribs 
should  be  well  sprung,  or  have  a well  defined  angle;  that  is  to  say,  from 
about  the  7th  or  8th  pair  backwards  they  should  come  out  from  the  spine 
in  a manner  approaching  the  horizontal,  then  dip  downwards  and  soon 
recurve  inwards,  towards  the  central  plane  of  the  body.  The  angle  is  the 
part  where  the  rib  dips  downwards,  and  when  it  is  well  defined  it  is  a good 
point  for  several  reasons;  in  the  first  place  it  shows  that  there  is  plenty  of 
room  for  the  implantation  of  that  large  muscle  (lonqissimus  dorsi ) already 
referred  to  when  speaking  of  the  loins,  then  the  angle  does  away  with  the 
flat  sides  so  often  found  in  washy,  delicate  creatures.  The  ribs  are  consid- 
ered well  arranged  when  the  distance  between  the  last  one  and  the  point 
of  the  hip  is  little  more  than  the  breadth  of  a hand,  such  animals  are  said 
to  be  well  ribbed  up;  but  when  this  space  is  considerable,  the  horse  is 
spoken  of  as  being  loosely  coupled,  which  is  frequently  associated  with 
narrow  loins,  the  two  together  producing  a style  of  conformation  that  is 


78 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


seldom  fit  for  a good  hard  day’s  work  in  any  capacity,  while  the  horse  that 
is  well  ribbed  up,  other  things  being  equal,  is  usually  able  for  anything 
that  it  may  be  called  upon  to  do,  probably  the  secret  is,  that  in  such 
horses  the  chest  is  well  formed  and  spacious,  giving  the  heart  and  lungs 
plenty  of  room  to  perform  their  various  functions  with  ease  and  comfort. 

The  Abdomen  varies  perhaps  more  than  any  other  part  according  to  the 
feed  or  natural  condition  of  the  animal.  Some  animals  are  always  very 
full  owing  to  the  actual  size  of  the  organs  contained  therein.  When  the 
dimensions  are  very  large  they  spoil  an  animal’s  appearance  to  some  extent 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  we  occasionally  meet  with  horses  that  will  not  fill 
up  always  appearing  tucked  up  in  the  flank;  such  animals  are  often  poor 
feeders  and  consequently  not  able  to  do  a hard  day’s  work. 

The  Skin  should  be  supple  and  loose,  having  an  abundance  of  little 
glands  whose  presence  and  healthy  condition  are  indicated  by  the  glossy 
appearance  of  a well  groomed  coat. 

The  Fore  Leg  is  situated  upon  the  front  part  of  the  side  of  the  chest, 
or  rather  that  part  of  the  leg  above  the  elbow  joint,  and  in  a general  way 
it  responds  to  the  six  anterior  pairs  of  ribs. 

That  part  of  the  shoulder  which  extends  from  the  point  in  an  upward 
and  backward  direction  to  within  a short  space  of  the  top  of  the  withers,  is 
the  portion  which  deserves  closest  scrutiny  when  examining  the  conforma- 
tion of  an  animal,  for  by  the  incline  in  the  anterior  surface  of  this  region 
we  are  able  to  tell,  with  more  or  less  certainty,  what  kind  of  action  the 
animal  will  have  as  well  as  judge  it  in  some  other  particulars.  We  cannot 
call  to  mind  ever  having  ridden  a horse  with  straight  .shoulders  that  was 
an  agreeable  animal  as  far  as  its  gait  was  concerned.  Horses  so  formed 
are  invariably  rough  and  stilty  in  the  trot,  and  when  it  comes  to  the  slow 
gallop  they  “ go  short”  and  get  too  far  away  from  the  ground  in  the  stride, 
which  is  so  marked  in  some  individuals  that  it  approaches  the  bucking 
gait,  and  is  very  different  from  the  elastic  graceful  movements  of  the  horse 
with  oblique  shoulders. 

^ *For  heavy  slow  coach  work  the  straight  shoulder  answers  very  well,  but 
they  are  best  adapted  for  draft  purposes  where  the  horse  is  seldom  required 
to  go  off  the  walk;  in  this  latter  class  the  entire  surface  of  the  front  of  the 
shoulder  will  be  flush  against  the  posterior  or  draft  surface  of  the  collar, 
and  when  an  animal  so  formed  throws  his  weight  into  it  (the  collar),  the 
creature  will  most  likely  feel  comfortable  and  every  effort  to  move  the  load 
will  have,  comparatively  speaking,  greater  influence.  It  is  not  to  be  infer- 
red from  what  has  just  been  said  that  horses  with  oblique  shoulders 
cannot  pull  and  pull  well;  or  that  horses  with  straight  shoulders  cannot 
perform  fairly  well  upon  the  road  in  light  vehicles,  but  other  things  being 
equal  they  are  best  adapted  to  the  uses  assigned  to  them.  Though  for  sad- 
dle purposes  the  parts  must  be  oblique  to  modify  or  dispose  of  concussion. 
The  space  between  the  point  of  the  shoulder  and  the  elbow  joint  is  some- 
times called  the  arm.  We  do  not  know  of  any  special  style  of  conformation 
that  needs  description  in  this  region  as  it  is  invariably  formed  in  an 
acceptable  manner,  but  below  the  elbow  joint  the  leg  should  be  thoroughly 
examined,  and  first  of  all  we  have  the  forearm  (Plate  I,  30)  to  take  into 
consideration.  This  should  be  formed  of  well  developed  hard  muscles 
standing  boldly  out.  The  circumference  of  the  arm  as  measured  with  the 
tape  line  is  not  a good  guide  to  the  merits  of  the  creature,  for  two  reasons, 
in  the  first  place  when  we  come  to  measure  horses  by  the  scores,  we  will 
find  in  some  of  them,  that  the  pectoral  muscles  which  are  concerned  largely 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


79 


in  binding  or  attaching  the  fore  leg  to  the  body,  are  (some  of  them) 
attached  to  the  inside  of  the  fore  leg,  just  about  opposite  the  elbow  joint, 
while  in  some  individuals  this  attachment  appears  lower  down;  so  much 
so,  that  it  will  be  included  in  the  tape  line  when  measuring  the  part,  and 
as  this  muscle  is  not  regarded  as  one  of  the  muscles  of  the  fore  arm,  it 
seems  unfair  to  include  any  of  it  in  the  measurement  of  that  part.  In 
the  second  place  the  skin  of  some  animals  is  thicker  than  that  of  others, 
while  a species  of  second  skin,  that  binds  down  the  group  of  muscles  which 
enter  into  the  formation  of  the  fore  arm  and  called  fascia  by  anatomists, 
is  considerably  denser  in  some  than  in  others;  again  fat  is  found  filling  up 
the  parts,  so  as  to  make  them  appear  larger,  while  the  muscles  themselves 
may  be  somewhat  poorly  developed;  but  where  we  find  individual  muscles 
standing  clearly  out  by  themselves,  that  is  with  slight  depressions  between 
them,  amounting  in  some  instance  to  grooves,  and  when  they  are  firm, 
cordy  as  it  were,  to  the  touch,  we  may  be  tolerably  certain  that  such 
muscles  are  composed  of  good  tough  fibers  that  can  stand  the  strain  and 
are  consequently  well  developed. 

It  may  not  be  apparent  to  all  why  it  is  so  essential  for  a good  horse  to 
have  a well  developed  arm,  but  when  we  come  to  examine  those  instantane- 
ous photographs,  so  common  in  these  times,  we  will  at  once  see  that  much 
depends  upon  the  perfect  action  of  the  arm  in  order  that  the  pace  may  be 
continued  in  anything  like  a harmonious  manner.  It  will  be  seen  in  Plate 
V,  Fig.  2,  that  at  certain  stages  of  progression  the  entire  weight  of  the 
body  is  upon  one  fore  leg,  and  that  the  muscles  of  the  fore  arm  have  to 
carry  it  over  a center  as  it  were,  something  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
athlete  progresses  with  a leaping  pole, — the  horse  must  be  landed  on  the 
other  side  of  the  center  in  a firm,  steady  manner  in  order  that  the  next 
stride  may  be  performed  in  anything  like  a proper  way,  for  let  anything 
interfere  with  the  action  of  these  muscles  and  the  next  step  is  so  modified 
that  it  is  far  from  perfect.  We  have  this  often  well  illustrated  in  the  horse 
suffering  from,  we  will  say  for  convenience  sake,  a corn  ; the  animal  steps 
upon  something,  a small  stone  for  instance,  that  causes  undue  pressure  at 
the  moment  the  entire  weight  of  the  body  is  upon  the  foot,  or  just  as  it  is 
about  to  pass  over  the  center,  this  undue  pressure  causes  pain  which  shoots 
through  the  whole  leg,  this  causes  the  muscles  of  the  fore  arm  to  wince 
and  the  weight  is  not  carried  over  the  center  and  landed  on  the  other  side 
in  a proper  way,  and  the  animal  comes  down  upon  its  knees  or  stumbles 
along  in  a somewhat  awkward  manner,  if  it  does  not  fall  down  all  together. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  horses  with  long  arms  are  best  adapted  for 
fast  work,  and  it  is  so  often  referred  to  as  a point  of  excellence  in  the 
trotter  that  we  were  led  to  measure  a large  number  of  horses  to  determine 
if  possible  whether  any  reliable  information  could  be  obtained  from  the 
length  of  the  arm  and  its  relation  to  speed,  and  our  measurements  go  to 
show  that  the  length  of  the  arm  (from  the  elbow  to  the  trapezium)  is 
greater  in  the  roadster,  proportionately  speaking,  than  in  the  draft  horse. 
This  will  be  readily  seen  by  referring  to  the  measurements  in  the  table 
which  is  to  be  found  further  on  in  this  bulletin. 

Passing  on  down  the  leg  we  come  to  the  knee  (Plate  I,  31),  this  should 
be  nearly  straight  as  far  as  the  outline  of  its  anterior  surface  is  concerned, 
but  the  posterior  surface  is  marked  by  a prominent  eminence  which  does 
not  receive  any  special  name  except  the  prominence  at  the  back  of  the 
knee.  This  prominence  is  far  more  perceptible  in  some  horses  than  it  is 
in  others,  so  much  so  that  it  stands  out  boldly  behind,  and  below  this  point 


80 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


the  contour  of  the  back  of  the  leg  dips  suddenly  forward,  giving  the  part 
a cutaway  appearance,  and  good  horses  are  sometimes  condemned  for  being^ 
too  much  cut  away  under  the  knee,  when  the  part  is  really  stronger  and 
better  formed  than  the  average.  It  is  true  that  many  horses  are  cut  away 
under  the  knee  to  that  extent  that  the  leg  is  weakened,  and  will  not  stand 
the  constant  “ hammer,  hammer,  hammer  on  the  hard,  hard  way,”  but  we 
must  distinguish  between  the  horse  with  an  unusually  well  developed 
(trapezium)  bone  which  forms  the  prominence  and  the  one  which  is  illy 
formed  by  being  too  much  cut  away  under  the  joint.  In  the  former  the 
condition  is  more  apparent  than  real,  for  if  we  observe  the  substance  of 
the  leg  from  before  backwards  just  beneath  the  knee  we  will  find  it  broad 
and  strong,  presenting  a striking  contrast  to  the  latter,  which  will  be  found 
shallow  to  that  extent  that  it  often  becomes  a weak  link. 

The  knee  should  not  bend  backwards  or  present  a concave  appearance 
upon  its  anterior  aspect,  as  this  produces  a condition  called  calf  kneed , a 
style  of  formation  that  is  much  objected  to  from  the  artistic  standpoint. 
Neither  should  the  knee  bend  forward,  as  such  a condition  is  indicative  of 
its  having  been  exposed  to  harder  work  than  the  tissues  forming  it  could 
withstand,  though  we  occasionally  meet  with  horses  that  are  over  in  their 
knees,  and  yet  able  to  do  a hard  day’s  work  without  being  materially 
affected,  but  such  joints  have  a weak  appearance  and  are  consequently 
unpopular. 

Between  the  knee  and  the  fetlock  we  have  a part  familiarly  known  as  the 
canon  (Plate  I,  32),  it  is  composed  principally  of  the  large  canon  bone  in 
front,  with  tendons,  called  the  back  tendons,  behind.  In  shape  it  should 
be  flat  from  side  to  side,  the  back  tendons  should  stand  boldly  out  behind, 
leaving  an  evident  line  of  demarkation  between  them  and  the  front  part  of 
the  region,  they  should  be  hard,  almost  bone  like,  to  the  touch,  and  free 
from  all  puffiness.  The  posterior  part  of  this  region  may  or  may  not  be 
clothed  with  long  hair,  according  to  the  breed  or  fashion  of  the  times. 
The  skin  covering  the  tissues  should  lie  close  to  the  bone  and  tendon,  pro- 
ducing the  sensation  when  handled  that  all  is  skin  and  bone.  Below  the 
fetlock  joint  and  above  the  hoof  we  have  a region  designated  the  pastern, 
which  is  a most  important  part  of  the  leg,  it  being  the  seat  of  that  very 
troublesome  disease,  ringbone.  Besides  examining  this  part  for  disease 
we  should  regard  its  shape  and  direction  according  to  the  uses  the  horse  is 
intended  for,  and  if  it  is  to  be  used  as  a saddle  horse  the  kind  with  long 
oblique  pasterns  are  more  elastic  and  graceful  in  their  movements  than 
the  short  upright  sort,  which  are  often  unpleasant  to  the  eqestrian  on 
account  of  the  concussion  produced  by  the  more  or  less  upright  columns 
of  bone.  Our  experience  has  been  that  we  usuallyffind  straight  shoulders 
in  horses  with  upright  pasterns.  In  horses  used  for  heavy  coach  or  draft 
purposes  the  pasterns  may  be  comparatively  shorter,  stouter  and  more 
upright  than  those  used  for  saddle  or  light  road  work,  but  very  straight 
pasterns  are  not  desirable,  in  our  opinion,  in  any  class  on  account  of  the 
concussion  they  are  liable  to  produce,  but  even  the  long  oblique  kind  may 
be,  and  often  are,  overdone  ; in  them  the  strain  upon  the  parts  is  liable  to 
produce  an  irritation  that  in  its  turn  will  cause  ringbone. 

The  pasterns  of  the  fore  leg  are  usually  a little  more  upright  than  those 
of  the  hind  leg.  This  being  the  case  we  think  it  one  of  the  reasons  why 
ringbone  is  more  prevalent  in  the  hind  than  the  front  pasterns. 

Continuing  down  the  leg  we  eventually  come  to  the  foot,  a region  which 
has  been  given  a great  deal  of  consideration  in  all  ages  and  by  most  writers 


VETERI NARY  DEPARTMENT. 

6 


81 


Fig.  1 


Plate  No.  3. 

onto?  abovefig“e6me88Ured  an<1  t0’  indieated  V 

31 


82 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN" 


FIG . /. 


CONVENIENT  FORM  OF  INSTRUMENTS 
FOR  MEASURING  HORSES. 

The  height  of  a horse  is  usu- 
ally measured  in  hanes,  a hand 
being  four  inches,  15  hands 
being  just  5 feet,  or  60  inches. 
Fig.  1 is  convenient  for  measur- 
ing the  height  at  the  withers 
and  croup;  Fig.  2 for  measuring 
the  width  of  chest  at  shoulder 
points,  width  of  hips,  width  of 
forehead  and  l^pgth  of  head. 
Other  measurements  are  more 
conveniently  made  with  an  ordi- 
nary tape  line. 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


83 


Plate  No.  5. 

From  an  instantaneous  photograph.  Horse  in  the  act  of  rapid  progres- 
sion, the  entire  weight  of  the  body  being  on  one  fore  foot. 


Pig.  1. 

From  an  instantaneous  photograph.  Horse  in  rapid  progression,  the 
entire  weight  of  the  body  being  on  one  hind  foot. 


84 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


upon  equine  topics  ; indeed  it  is  doubtful  if  there  is  any  one  space  in  the 
whole  animal  which  receives  so  much  attention.  We  hear  the  expression 
“ no  foot  no  horse  ” wherever  we  go,  showing  in  some  measure  that  a good 
foot  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  all  admirers  of  a well  formed  animal,  and  a 
horse  with  a badly  formed  one  is  often  dubbed  a plug  or  a screw  in  the 
stable  lore  of  the  present  age. 

The  expression  is  so  common  that  we  have  endeavored  to  trace  its  origin, 
but  have  failed  to  discover  the  exact  source  from  which  it  came,  so  we  have 
concluded  that  from  its  being  such  an  old  saying  it  must  have  originated 
long  before  iron  shoes  were  used,  and  in  those  days  people  did  a large  part 
of  their  traveling  upon  horseback  ; under  such  circumstances,  with  an 
unshod  horse,  it  does  not  seem  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  horse’s 
hoof  would  wear  out  on  a long  journey,  and  the  creature  soon  become 
tender  as  well  as  lame  and  eventually  unable  to  travel  ; the  rider  would 
naturally  look  for  the  cause  of  the  animal’s  inability  to  progress  in  the 
usually  way,  and  on  examining  the  foot  and  finding  it  worn  out,  gone  as  it 
were , might  he  not  very  appropriately  exclaim  “ no  foot  no  horse!  ” because 
he  would  have  to  abandon  that  animal,  for  that  journey  at  all  events. 
When  we  come  to  consider  what  a number  of  diseases  attack  the  foot,  and 
what  a large  majority  of  the  cases  of  lameness  which  we  are  daily  brought 
in  contact  with,  have  their  origin  in  the  foot,  we  can  begin  to  realize  why 
this  part  shouid  be  regarded  as  being  of  so  much  importance,  and  the 
study  of  Pedology  or  science  of  the  foot,  so  interesting  to  those  who  are 
engaged  in  any  way  in  the  equine  industry. 

The  Foot  (Plate  I,  35)  may  be  regarded  as  that  part  embraced  by  and 
including  the  hoof,  the  upper  border  of  which  is  called  the  coronet  (Plate 
I,  36).  We  find  on  comparing  the  front  feet  with  the  hind  ones  that  the 
former  are  usually  if  not  always  larger  and  flatter.  This  is  no  doubt  owing 
to  the  fact  that  they  have  to  bear  more  weight;  in  some  horses  consider- 
ably more,  for  instance  the  actual  weight  of  a Shire  stallion,  as  I took  it, 
was  1580  lbs.;  the  front  feet  were  then  placed  upon  the  scales  and  brought 
the  beam  up  at  940  lbs. ; the  animal  was  then  reversed  and  the  scales  indi- 
cated 634  lbs.,  showing  a difference  of  about  306  lbs.  Several  other 
ordinary  farm  horses  were  handled  in  a similar  manner  with  the  following 
results,  to  wit : 

No.  1,  a gelding,  entire  weight,  1180  lbs.;  front  quarters,  690  lbs.;  hind 
quarters,  510  lbs.;  difference  in  favor  of  the  front  quarters,  180  lbs. 

No.  2,  a mare,  entire  weight,  1280- lbs.;  front  quarters,  720  lbs.;  hind 
quarters,  560  lbs.;  difference  in  favor  of  front  quarters,  160  lbs. 

No.  3,  a gelding,  entire  weight,  1220  lbs. ; front  quarters,  660  lbs. ; hind 
quarters,  552  lbs.;  difference  in  favor  of  front  quarters,  108  lbs. 

No.  4,  a gelding,  entire  weight,  1150  lbs.:  front  quarters,  630  lbs.;  hin(i 
quarters,  510  lbs.;  difference  in  favor  of  front  quarters,  120  lbs. 

The  slight  discrepancy,  in  those  cases  of  the  foregoing  between  the  entire 
weight  and  the  sum  total  of  the  front  and  hind  quarters,  is  no  doubt  owing 
the  displacement  of  the  center  of  gravity  in  the  different  attitudes,  which 
could  scarcely  be  controlled.  When  the  animal  rests  with  its  foot  upon  the 
ground  the  part  we  see  is  called  the  wall  (Plate  II,  Fig.  1,  10);  it  is  com- 
posed of  innumerable  horn  fibres,  which  run  parallel  to  each  other,  and 
are  held  firmly  together  by  a tenacious  substance  peculiar  to  the  part. 
The  external  surface  of  the  wall  should  be  smooth  and  free  from  grooves 
or  fissures  running  in  any  direction;  in  outline  it  should  be  circular  upon 
its  lower  border,  having  a somewhat  smaller  circumference  at  the  upper  or 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


85 


coronal  edge.  The  wall  should  be  moderately  deep  and  strong  ; if  shallow 
the  foot  will  be  flat,  a variety  which  is  sometimes  a perpetual  nuisance  on 
account  of  often  being  affected  with  corns.  The  wall  should  not  be  con- 
tracted at  the  heels,  as  this  form  is  usually  associated  with  coffin  joint  lame- 
ness or  some  other  chronic  disease  of  the  foot.  The  sole  of  the  foot  should 
be  concave  rather  than  flat,  and  that  pyramidal  shaped  cushion,  the  frog, 
which  appears  as  if  let  into  the  sole  behind,  should  be  well  developed. 
The  circumference  of  the  well  formed  foot  is  to  be  found  in  the  table  of 
measurements  further  on. 

The  hind  feet  are  invariably  smaller  and  their  soles  more  convex  than 
the  front  ones;  lameness  in  the  hind  foot  is  of  comparatively  rare  occur- 
rence. Many  persons  believe  that  feet  with  dark  colored  horn  are  stronger 
and  able  to  stand  the  wear  and  tear  of  hard  work  better  than  the  light 
colored  ones,  but  our  experience  has  failed  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  this 
idea.  The  white  foot  will  show  the  invasion  of  the  part  by  inflammation 
more  perceptibly,  which  we  think  is  the  cause  of  disease  often  being 
noticed  in  the  white  one  when  a similar  complaint  would,  and  often  does, 
pass  unnoticed  in  the  dark  colored  foot. 

THE  HIND  LEG. 

The  Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh  ( Plate  I,  13,  Plate  II,  15-15)  is  a region 
that  is  somewhat  difficult  to  define  as  far  as  its  exact  limits  are  concerned, 
for  we  find  it  running  imperceptibly  into  the  croup  at  one  extremity,  and 
into  the  gaskin  or  lower  thigh  at  the  other,  so  we  will  have  to  draw  a little 
upon  our  imagination  and  say  that  it  is  situated  between  two  lines,  the  one 
drawn  from  the  upper  part  of  the  point  of  the  hip  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  point  of  the  quarter,  the  other  drawn  from  the  stifle  joint  in  an  oblique 
direction  downwards  and  backwards  following  the  lower  border  of  the 
prominence  formed  by  that  large  superficial  muscle  on  the  outside  of  the 
leg  (Plate  I,  13).  In  examining  horses  as  to  the  excellence  of  the  haunch 
we  should  first  of  all  see  that  the  muscles  stand  boldly  out.  In  the  horse 
where  these  muscles  can  be  recognized  independently  of  one  another,  we 
usually  find  an  animal  that  possesses  a good  deal  of  strength  and  endur- 
ance. Then  we  should  view  the  animal  from  behind  to  see  that  the  hips 
and  quarters  are  broad.  Broad  hips  are  not  only  indicative  of  strength 
but  are  an  immense  advantage  to  the  brood  mare  in  the  act  of  foaling, 
because  they  indicate  a large  passage  for  the  foal  to  pass  through,  conse- 
quently the  act  of  labor  can  be  accomplished  with  more  ease  and  less  risk. 

The  Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh  (Plate  I,  15,  Plate  II,  Fig.  2,  16-16)  is 
the  part  below  the  haunch  and  above  the  hock  ; it  is  important  that  the 
anterior  and  external  part  of  it  be  well  developed,  because  that  part  is 
composed  of  a group  of  muscles  which  are  concerned  in  carrying  the  body 
past  a center  under  certain  circumstances.  If  we  examine  other  instanta- 
neous photographs  (Plate  V,  Fig.  1)  we  will  find  that  in  certain  attitudes 
of  progression  the  entire  weight  of  the  body  is  upon  one  hind  foot,  and 
these  muscles  are  largely  concerned  in  throwing  it  off  or  carrying  it  past 
the  center,  hence  the  necessity  for  a good  horse  to  have  a lower  thigh  com- 
posed of  tough,  hard  muscles,  and  if  they  stand  boldly  out  all  the  better, 
for  then  the  region  becomes  more  attractive. 

The  Hock  (Plate  I,  16)  is  a very  important  joint  situated  between  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  gaskin  and  the  upper  end  of  the  shank  bone.  It 
has  been  said  that  a large  majority  of  cases  of  lameness  in  the  front  legs 


86 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


were  due  to  some  disease  of  the  foot,  but  this  order  of  things  is  generally 
altered  when  we  come  to  the  hind  legs,  in  them  the  origin  of  most  cases  of 
lameness,  in  our  experience  has  been  in  the  hock  joint,  and  unfortunately 
the  lameness  is  very  often  of  a most  intractable  nature  as  far  as  yielding  to 
treatment  is  concerned,  unless  it  is  judiciously  dealt  with  in  the  very  ear- 
liest stages;  hence  the  necessity  of  selecting  animals  with  well  formed 
hocks.  The  variety  of  hock  which  gains  most  favor  is  the  one  which  is 
deep  from  before  backwards  and  broad  from  side  to  side;  the  skin  should 
be  in  close  contact  with  the  hard  tissues  underneath,  doing  away  with  that 
soft  meaty  appearance  we  sometimes  meet  with.  The  superficies  of  the 
joint  should  be  free  from  large  soft  puffy  tumours,  especially  after  the  colt- 
hood  days.  The  hock  joint  being  of  so  much  importance  (as  it  is  so  liable 
to  become  affected  with  disease),  it  may  be  an  advantage  to  the  student  to 
make  a few  suggestions  here  as  to  methods  of  examining  it,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  is  very  convenient  to  regard  the  joint  as  having  four  surfaces — 
front,  back,  inside  and  outside.  To  examine  the  part  thoroughly,  both 
hind  feet  should  be  placed  together,  and  in  line  as  we  view  them  from  side 
to  side;  the  examiner  should  then  stand,  say  three  feet  out  from  the  point 
of  the  shoulder,  and  make  an  ocular  examination  of  first  one  joint,  then 
pass  to  the  other  side  of  the  horse  and  examine  the  other;  in  doing  this 
care  must  be  taken  to  see  that  both  joints  are  alike,  especially  at  that  point 
where  the  front  and  inside  surfaces  seem  to  meet.  If  we  find  a promi- 
nence in  one  that  does  not  exist  in  the  other  we  may  be  tolerably  certain 
that  a bone  spavin  exists  in  the  one  with  the  prominence.  In  some 
instances  it  is  difficult  to  make  up  the  mind  by  this  method,  in  which  case 
an  examination  made  from  between  the  fore  legs  looking  backwards,  and 
examining  first  the  inner  aspect  of  one  nock  then  the  other  in  quick  suc- 
cession, this  will  sometimes  help  us  to  determine  with  tolerable  certainty; 
if  we  are  still  in  doubt,  we  may  get  an  assistant  to  hold  up  one  front  foot, 
and  manipulate  the  joint  with  the  fingers,  using  the  eyes  at  the  same  time. 
Should  the  part  be  thickly  clad  with  long  or  furry  hair,  saturate  the  sur- 
face with  water,  which  will  cause  the  hair  to  lie  close  to  the  skin,  and  this 
will  sometimes  reveal  enlargements  which  would  otherwise  pass  unnoticed. 
It  may  be  advisable  to  saturate  the  hair  of  both  hocks.  The  saturation  of 
the  hair  of  the  parts  answers  very  nicely  in  examining  the  pasterns  for 
ringbone  or  other  superficial  diseases  dependent  upon  a certain  amount 
of  enlargement  in  any  part  of  the  body,  if  the  hair  is  long.  While  the 
assistant  is  holding  the  fore  foot  from  the  ground,  the  front  of  the  hock 
may  be  examined  for  that  soft  puffy  tumor  known  as  bog  spavin , and  the 
sides  of  the  joint  for  tlioroughpin ; at  the  same  time  the  outline  of  the 
back  of  the  joint  may  be  scrutinized  to  see  if  any  remarkable  deviation 
from  a straight  line  exists  in  one  hock  that  is  not  in  the  other;  if  it  does, 
the  probability  is  that  a curb  is  the  cause  of  it.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
similar  diseases  do  sometimes  exist  in  both  hocks  at  the  same  time,  in 
which  case  it  may  be  necessary  for  us  to  be  familiar  with  the  anatomy  of 
the  parts  in  a manner  that  can  only  be  obtained  by  dissection  or  careful 
examination  of  the  dissected  parts,  before  we  can  distinguish  between  the 
natural  formation  and  disease — for  instance,  we  have  curby-hocked  horses, 
a style  of  conformation  that  may  cause  a doubt  as  to  the  existence  of 
disease  in  the  mind  of  those  who  have  not  given  this  subject  a good  deal 
of  careful  attention.  This  suggests  the  commendation  of  the  growing 
tendency  to  have  a veterinarian  in  the  show  ring  to  decide  cases 
which  properly  come  within  the  jurisdiction  of  such  an  expert  The 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


87 


question  as  to  why  the  hock  joint  is  so  often  the  seat  of  lameness 
or  disease  often  claims  our  attention,  but  if  we  examine  it  from  the 
anatomist’s  standpoint  we  will  at  once  see  that  it  is  a very  complicated 
joint,  really  made  up  of  a number  of  little  joints,  and  like  other  compli- 
cated things  is  quite  liable  to  go  wrong;  but  this  is  not  all,  for  if 
we  watch  a horse  in  motion,  fast  or  slow,  backing  or  advancing,  we 
will  see  that  a more  acute  elbow  is  formed  by  this  joint  than  at  any  other 
part  of  the  leg,  and  in  such  a manner  that  it  has  to  bear  the  strain  of  two 
levers,  so  much  so  that  we  might  reasonably  wonder  why  it  is  not  oftener 
deranged;  this  perhaps  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  one  of  the  levers 
at  all  events  works  upon  the  jack-screw  plan  (which  may  possibly  have 
something  to  do  with  the  origin  of  the  term  jack  spavin),  for  evidence  of 
this  we  have  only  to  watch  a horse  drawing  a load  over  a surface  where  the 
footing  is  a little  slippery  and  we  will  observe  that  the  hind  foot  turns 
around  in  a somewhat  circular  manner  as  if  boring  into  the  ground.  As 
far  as  I am  able  to  conceive  from  my  knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of  the 
hind  leg  this  circular  motion  can  only  be  produced,  without  increased 
expense  to  muscular  force,  by  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  bones  entering  into 
the  formation  of  the  true  hock  joint,  the  action  of  which,  as  pointed  out  by 
Prof.  Williams,  of  Edinburgh,  is  like  a screw,  and  in  our  opinion  there  is 
little  doubt  but  that  this  screw-like  motion  is  continued  down  to  the  foot 
under  certain  circumstances.  This  screw  like  motion  is  again  important 
during  rapid  movements  in  trotting,  especially  in  the  horse  with  much 
hock  action,  as  it  prevents  him  from  striking  the  lower  surface  of  the  body 
during  extreme  flexion  of  the  joint,  the  foot  being  wound  in  an  outward 
direction  as  it  ascends  from  the  ground.  The  circular  motion  of  the  foot 
is  sometimes  called  dishing , possibly  because  it  occasionally  gives  one  the 
impression  that  the  ground  is  being  scooped  out  or  dished  by  it. 
Some  horses  exhibit  the  dishing  movement  much  more  perceptibly  than 
others  do,  which  indicates  that  the  screw  like  motion  in  the  hock  joint  of 
some  horses  is  greater  than  it  is  in  others;  then,  if  we  are  to  regard  the  screw 
form  of  leverage  as  being  the  most  perfect  because  it  is  the  strongest,  why 
other  things  being  equal,  the  horse  that  dishes  most  will  be  the  best  per- 
former, it  does  not  matter  whether  it  be  under  saddle,  in  the  road  wagon 
or  at  the  plow. 

Many  years  ago  a gentleman  once  said  to  me  that  in  the  part  of  the  old 
country  where  he  came  from  they  often  used  the  expression,  “ a good  disher 
means  a good  jumper.”  Our  experience  with  horses  rather  verifies  the 
truth  of  this  expression,  not  only  that  they  are  good  jumpers  but  good  per- 
formers in  a general  way. 

The  Shank  (Plate  I,  17)  is  the  part  below  the  hock  and  above  the  fet- 
lock; it  corresponds  to  the  canon  of  the  front  leg,  proportionately  speak- 
ing it  is  a little  longer,  flatter  and  measures  more  in  circumference,  as  will 
be  seen  by  comparing  the  measurements  of  different  horses  (see  table). 
In  shape  it  should  be  flat  and  deep  from  before  backwards,  the  skin  lying 
close  to  the  bone  and  tendon — hard,  flat  legs  being  the  ones  which  are  best 
able  to  stand  the  trying  work  of  the  day.  Those  round,  soft  legs  we  so 
often  meet  with  frequently  prove  a source  of  continual  annoyance  on 
account  of  being  affected  with  Grease  or  some  other  similar  disease. 

The  parts  below  the  shank  are  so  much  like  the  same  parts  in  the  front 
leg  that  they  do  not  require  any  special  description  except  to  repeat  that 
the  foot  is  usually  smaller  and  more  contracted,  with  the  sole  more  con- 
cave and  the  frog  a little  less  developed. 


88 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Color.  It  has  been  said  from  time  immemorial  that  “a  good  horse  can- 
not be  a bad  color,”  but  we  beg  to  take  exception  to  this  ancient  adage,  for 
we  believe  that  a bad  color  often  spoils  a good  horse  from  an  artistic  stand- 
point at  all  events,  which  at  once  becomes  quite  a point  for  consideration 
when  we  place  an  animal  in  the  market  for  sale,  though  we  do  not  intend 
to  infer  that  we  believe  that  the  color  affects  the  merits  of  the  animal  as 
far  as  performance  is  concerned,  but  rather  that  it  is  just  as  necessary  to 
have  a good  color  to  complete  the  tout  ensemble  of  a stylish  carriage  horse 
or  a high  class  park  saddle  horse  as  it  is  to  have  a well  formed  head  for 
instance. 

It  is  often  said  that  color  has  some  significance  in  judging  of  the  tem- 
perament of  an  animal,  but  our  investigations  in  this  line  have  not  led  us 
to  believe  that  there  is  any  reliance  whatever  to  be  placed  in  opinions 
formed  upon  such  a theory.  It  is  true  that  many  chestnuts  are  high 
spirited,  but  the  same  may  be  said  of  any  other  color.  Temperament  is 
controlled,  in  our  opinion,  by  something  deeper  seated  than  the  skin,  most 
likely  the  chief  organ  of  the  nervous  system,  the  brain. 

It  is  also  contended  that  the  color  has  much  to  do  with  the  individual 
comfort  of  the  animal  when  exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  sun’s  rays, 
more  particularly  in  the  summer  season,  but  our  observation  has  not 
demonstrated  the  truth  of  this  supposition,  for  as  far  as  our  knowledge 
goes  dark  horses  are  able  to  do  just  as  much  work  without  showing  fatigue 
on  the  farm  or  the  road  as  lighter  colored  ones.  This  may  perhaps  be 
accounted  for  by  the  non-conducting  properties  of  the  coat,  for  the  hair 
being  a non-conductor,  it  probably  makes  little  difference  to  the  parts 
beneath  what  color  it  is  as  far  as  transmitting  the  influence  of  the  sun’s 
rays  is  concerned. 

The  power  to  resist  heat  or  cold  is,  we  believe,  invested  in  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  animal. 

It  was  generally  conceded  by  those  Greek  and  Roman  equestrians  who 
wrote  before  the  Christian  era,  that  a good  horse  could  not  be  judged  by  its 
color,  although  one  of  them  goes  so  far  as  to  say:  “ That  a mane  which  is 

of  the  same  color  throughout  and  of  fine  hair  is  generally  the  best,  and 
besides  it  is  most  unlike  that  of  the  ass  and  the  mule.”  (See  The  Art  of 
Horsemanship,  by  Xenophon,  translated  by  Morgan,  page  108.)  I cannot 
help  thinking  that  the  writer  regarded  the  mam  in  the  same  light  that  we 
do  the  coat  or  hair  covering  the  whole  body,  in  which  case  it  is  evident  that 
like  many  persons  of  today,  his  taste  ran  to  solid  colors,  but  he  does  not 
give  any  preference  to  shade.  The  primitive  colors  of  the  hair  of  the  horse 
appear  to  be  white , red , black  and  yelloiu,  all  other  shades  or  mixtures 
being  simply  modifications  of  one  or  more  of  them.  If  we  infiltrate  a few 
atoms  of  yellow  into  the  white  hair  we  get  a cream,  which  is  represented 
in  the  equine  race  tby  quite  a variety  of  shades,  according  to  the  propor- 
tions of  white  and  yellow. 

If  on  the  other  hand  we  treat  black  and  white  in  the  same  way,  we  get 
a dun  color,  which  also  has  a variety  of  shades;  while  red  and  yellow,  with 
some  white,  seem  to  produce  the  various  shades  of  chestnut  or  sorrel,  and 
bay  as  well  as  brown  are  no  doubt  produced  by  a delicate  mixture  of  the 
four  primitive  colors.  In  some  animals  only  one  color  is  apparent,  while 
in  others  it  seems  to  take  all  four  to  produce  the  exact  shade.  The  amount 
of  coloring  matter  supplied  to  each  individual  hair  is  arranged  by  nature 
in  many  different  ways  so  as  to  produce  very  different  results.  For 
instance,  we  find  rings  of  certain  shades  surrounding  spaces  of  other 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


89 


shades,  producing  a dappled  appearance,  which  is  often  admired,  as  the 
dappled  grey,  dappled  bay  or  dappled  brown,  etc.,  etc.,  though  we  do  occa- 
sionally meet  with  horses  where  the  dapple  does  not  improve  the  appear- 
ance. In  other  individuals  we  find  the  different  colored  hairs  arranged  so 
as  to  produce  numerous  shades  of  grey  caused  in  a somewhat  interesting 
manner  by  the  predominance  of  one  color  or  another;  black  and  white 
producing  iron  grey;  red  and  white,  roan  grey,  or  yellow  and  white, 
Isabella  grey;  the  two  latter  with  black  hair  produce  roans  of  different 
shades,  red  roan  or  yellow  roan,  as  the  case  may  be.  These,  like  all  other 
shades,  become  light  or  dark  according  to  circumstances. 

We  also  meet  with  horses  which  are  of  two  distinct  colors,  having  sharp 
lines  of  demarkation  between  the  one  and  the  other.  Indeed  we  have  the 
different  colored  hairs  arranged  in  so  many  different  ways,  that  it  does  not 
seem  necessary  to  attempt  to  describe  them  all  here;  while  we  occasionally 
have  animals  brought  under  our  notice  where  the  coat  is  of  that  peculiar 
tint  that  it  becomes  a matter  of  some  difficulty  to  draw  a line  between  one 
color  and  some  other;  browns  are  sometimes  so  dark  that  it  is  hard  to  say 
whether  they  are  black  or  brown,  and  similar  instances  come  before  us  in 
other  shades,  the  cream  and  the  bay,  the  chestnut  and  the  cream  and  so  on. 

In  selecting  horses  for  the  market  color  plays  an  important  role  in  the 
make  up  of  the  animal,  so  the  use  the  creature  is  intended  for  should  be 
given  due  consideration.  If  we  want  an  animal  for  park  saddle  work  solid 
colors  take  well,  while  in  most  instances  badly  marked  pie- balds  would  not 
be  looked  at,  although  for  the  circus  ring  they  might  be  most  coveted ; 
again  the  dictates  of  fashion  influence  the  demand  and  in  some  localities 
red  roans  will  bring  a higher  price,  all  things  being  equal,  than  any  other 
color.  For  farm  work  the  darker  colors  generally  look  better  and  are  less 
disagreeable  in  the  warmer  months  of  summer  than  white  or  other  light 
colors.  Extensive  correspondence  on  the  subject  of  color  has  demonstrated 
very  clearly  that  much  stronger  prejudices  exist  amongst  the  patrons  of 
the  equine  industry  than  is  generally  supposed,  but  happily  the  color  does 
not,  in  our  opinion,  make  any  difference  except  for  special  purposes,  this 
being  the  case  we  are  all  put  at  liberty  to  gratify  our  own  tastes  in  selecting 
a particular  hue. 

Action  and  Gait  embrace  those  movements  performed  by  the  extremi- 
ties during  progression,  and  may  be  considered  under  three  primary  heads 

the  walk,  trot,  and  gallop — with  their  various  modifications,  the  running 
walk,  the  amble  or  pace,  and  the  canter.  These  we  regard  as  natural  gaits 
since  horses  possess  them  through  some  natural  predisposition  or  instinct. 
The  artifical  gaits  or  ornamental  movements  are  those  which  are  taught  in 
the  high  school  of  horsemanship,  and  perhaps  may  be  regarded  as  belong- 
ing more  to  the  circus  ring  or  tan  bark  of  the  riding  school,  than  the 
ordinary  commercial  horse- world.  They  consist  principally  of  the  passage, 
a species  of  trot  in  which  the  animal  gathers  itself  into  a rather  showy 
attitude  and  progresses  in  a somewhat  elastic  manner,  the  Spanish  walk,  a 
most  majestic  movement  in  which  the  animal  progresses  in  a remarkably 
precise  manner  especially  as  far  as  its  front  legs  are  concerned;  the  Spanish 
trot  bears  a very  strong  resemblance  to  the  walk,  the  majestic  precise 
movements  being  very  perceptible.  There  are  many  other  high  school 
movements  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  mention  here. 

Although  we  have  divided  the  gaits  into  two  groups,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  a natural  gait  in  one  horse  may  be  entirely  artifical  in  another; 
indeed  we  can  hardly  take  up  a live  stock  paper  without  reading  of  some 
12 


90 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


converted  trotter  or  pacer,  as  the  case  may  be,  while  I have  seen  horses 
that  did  the  Spanish  walk  or  trot  without  an  hour’s  training.  Some  horses 
cannot  walk  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  nor  can  others  gallop,  but 
so  many  are  born  possessing  the  first  named  gaits,  that  we  feel  justified  in 
calling  them  natural,  while  the  high  school  movements  are  obtained 
through  training  in  nearly  all  instances. 

In  pursuing  our  investigations  with  regard  to  the  gaits  of  the  horse  our 
chief  aim  has  been  to  notice  those  movements  which  attract  the  attention 
of  the  rider  or  driver,  and  the  more  we  inquire  into  this  branch  of  our 
subject  the  more  we  are  struck  with  the  absolute  necessity  of  selecting 
animals  with  the  correct  way  of  going  if  we  desire  to  obtain  the  paying 
prices  for  our  products  when  we  offer  them  for  sale.  A gentleman  from 
New  York  who  has  had  a great  deal  of  experience  in  the  horse  line  in 
various  capacities  not  only  as  an  owner,  but  as  a judge  at  the  National 
horse  show  and  other  prominent  exhibitions  in  the  east,  writes  in  reply  to 
my  inquiries  that:  “ A paragon  of  conformation  and  all  the  requisite  vir- 
tues will  bring  $175-$300  here  without  action ; one  not  half  his  equal  in 
any  particular,  but  with  extra  action  icill  bring  $700-$5,000.  I have  seen 
very  poor  individuals  bring  the  latter  price  more  than  once ” At  the 
horse  show  of  the  Columbian  Exposition  I was  much  interested  to  observe 
the  amount  of  stress  exhibitors  laid  upon  action  in  the  draft  classes  as  well 
as  other  breeds. 

In  pronouncing  upon  the  action  of  a horse  as  being  good  or  bad  due 
consideration  must  again  be  given  to  the  use  the  animal  is  intended  for , 
because  what  might  be  looked  upon  as  good  action  for  one  class  of  work, 
would  appear  rather  indifferent  for  some  other ; take  the  saddle  horse,  and 
it  is  hard  for  the  writer  to  conceive  a more  agreeable  way  of  covering  the 
ground  than  upon  the  back  of  a horse  that  has  a nice  long  easy  swing  in 
the  trot,  going  rather  close  to  the  ground,  but  with  sufficient  knee  action  to 
rarry  the  toe  well  clear  of  all  irregularities  in  the  road  bed,  this  with 
energy  and  moderate  speed,  goes  a long  way  towards  the  make  up  of  a 
good  saddle  horse;  but  the  same  style  in  a coach  horse  would  hardly  pass 
muster  if  intended  for  fashionable  city  driving;  in  addition  to  this  (for 
saddle  work)  we  must  have  the  horse  to  canter  nicely,  with  a long  easy 
stride,  free  from  that  short  bucking  motion  so  often  noticed  in  badly 
trained  or  inferior  animals;  the  walk  should  be  energetic,  fast  and  smooth 
with  plenty  of  elasticity  to  modify  concussion.  In  some  localities  and 
with  some  persons  the  running  walk  is  indispensable  in  the  makeup  of  a 
first  class  saddle  horse.  The  harness  horse  should  be  a good  walker,  a 
free,  bold  trotter  with  plenty  of  knee  as  well  as  hock  action:  the  former 
must  not  only  be  high,  but  it  must  be  far  reaching  so  as  to  carry  the  foot 
through  a telling  space  at  every  stride  and  do  away  with  that  short  choppy 
action  sometimes  described  by  an  old  saying  “ that 'such  and  such  a nag 
will  trot  all  day  in  a bushel  basket,”  while  the  latter  must  bend  the  joint 
thoroughly  bringing  the  foot  and  curved  pastern  up  from  the  ground  in  a 
sharp  decisive  manner,  carrying  them  well  forward  and  lowering  them  with 
energy  and  precision  that  reminds  one  of  the  movements  of  a clock,  all 
jerky  movements  that  indicate  string  halt  being  carefully  avoided. 

For  slow  draft  work  upon  the  farm,  road,  or  in  the  city,  the  walking  gait 
is  even  of  more  importance  than  any  other,  so  much  so  that  some  agricult- 
ural societies  award  prizes  for  the  best  walker,  an  innovation  to  be  highly 
commended. 

Having  disposed  of  the  external  conformation  of  the  horse  in  a some- 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT.  91 

what  summary  manner,  let  ns  turn  for  a moment  to  scales  of  points  used 
in  judging  horses.  In  order  to  demonstrate  the  position  we  have  taken 
with  regard  to  them  we  reproduce  our  advance  bulletin  upon  the  subject, 
but  wish  to  say  in  addition,  that  from  information  gained  from  numerous 
contributors  we  think  the  most  satisfactory  way  to  arrive  at  a scale  of 
points  which  could  eventually  be  looked  upon  in  the  light  of  authority 
would  be  through  a National  or  International  congress,  made  up  of  delegates 
from  the  different  breeds  and  classes  of  horses,  and  let  their  decision  as  to 
what  is  required  govern  all  association  show  rings. 

The  replies  to  the  advance  bulletin  are  to  be  counted  by  the  hundreds, 
and,  after  reading  them  all  carefully,  the  conclusion  reached  was  that  if  it 
were  possible  to  put  them  into  a bag  and  shake  them  up  thoroughly,  the 
scales  of  points  as  we  have  arranged  them  would  come  out  with  so  little 
change  that  one  would  hardly  recognize  it,  although  many  writers  took 
exception  to  the  intrinsic  value  of  all  points  on  the  body  of  a sound  horse 
being  equal  (in  this  case  a value  of  5),  some  saying  that  the  hock  is  of 
more  importance  than  the  head  and  consequently  should  have  more  points; 
but  (leaving  unsounduess  out  of  the  question),  does  not  the  head  as  often 
spoil  a good  horse  as  the  hocks?  Another  says  it  is  hardly  fair  to  allow  as 
much  for  the  croup  and  dock  as  it  is  for  the  chest,  but  are  there  not  as 
many  horses  injured  from  illy  formed  croups  and  crooked  docks  as  from 
badly  formed  chests?  And  similar  questions  may  be  asked  throughout  the 
entire  list. 

It  has  also  been  suggested  that  one  score  card  be  arranged  that  will 
include  all  breeds  and  classes,  the  strong  points  cf  the  different  kinds  of 
animals  being  emphasised  in  such  a manner  that  they  are  not  liable  to  be 
overlooked. 

These  and  other  questions  are  the  ones  which  we  think  can  only  be  set- 
tled by  a congress  of  representative  horsemen.  We  do  not  presume  to 
offer  anything  more  than  the  suggestion  here. 

Some  horsemen  are  strongly  opposed  to  judging  horses  by  scales  of 
points,  and  while  there  may  be  many  good  reasons  why  men  of  extensive 
experience  in  such  matters  should  be  permitted  to  form  their  own  opinions 
after  the  fashion  of  time-honored  custom,  yet  there  are  cases  where,  even 
to  the  most  experienced,  a standard  of  excellence  would  prove  itself  a very 
great  convenience.  The  writer  can  call  to  mind  a case  of  judging  horses 
at  an  agricultural  fair  in  a rural  district,  and  in  the  draft  class  the  horses 
were  finally  brought  in  line  for  inspection,  but  much  to  our  dismay  there 
was  not  what  we  would  regard  a draft  horse  in  the  lot,  they  were  all  under 
size  and  too  light,  but  the  first  prize  was,  with  much  reluctance,  eventually 
awarded  to  a handsome  little  pair  of  stout  cobs,  just  such  a pair  as  would 
look  well  before  an  ordinary  express  wagon,  where  moderately  fast  work 
was  required,  but  entirely  out  of  place  in  the  draft  truck,  where  the  speed 
is  seldom  beyond  the  walking  gate;  certainly  they  might  have  been  thrown 
out  altogether,  but  there  was  no  authority  for  such  a procedure,  nor  did 
previous  custom  in  that  locality  warrant  it.  On  another  occasion  a line  of 
saddle  horses  was  presented;  amongst  them  was  a grand  colt,  with  proper 
action  and  all  the  necessary  requisites  for  a saddle  horse,  in  fact  as  far  as 
conformation  and  style  went  he  was  the  only  true  type  of  a saddle  horse 
in  the  lot,  but  he  had  one  wall  eye,  a rat  tail,  and  was  of  a most  objection- 
able color,  being  pie  bald  on  the  hind  quarters,  mostly  bay  on  the  barrel 
and  sides  of  the  chest,  and  an  indefinite  roan  on  the  neck  and  shoulders. 
He  did  not  get  the  first  prize!  although  there  werd  those  there  who  thought 


92 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


lie  should  have  had  it,  and  perhaps  not  without  good  reasons,  bat  the  var- 
iegated coat,  the  wall  eye  and  the  rat  tail  were  so  far  from  our  ideas  of  a 
good  saddle  horse  in  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the  term  that  the  prize 
went  to  another  animal  far  inferior  in  point  of  merit.  The  propriety  of 
these  and  similar  decisions  must  remain  open  questions  until  the  more 
salient  features  or  essentia]  factors  in  the  makeup  of  a certain  class  of 
horse  is  defined  by  a recognized  standard  or  scale  of  points.  When  this 
is  produced  the  student  can  then  form  an  intelligent  opinion,  within  cer- 
tain limits,  as  to  what  may  be  accepted  or  rejected  in  any  named  class, 
while  those  of  more  extended  experience  will  have  authority  for  supporting 
their  opinions  in  cases  were  lines  have  to  be  drawn  between  one  class  and 
another,  and  breeders  will  be  encouraged  to  breed  more  to  type  than  they 
are  at  the  present  time. 

We  think  that  in  judging  horses  by  scales  of  points  each  and  every 
point  should  be  valued  according  to  its  merits  as  compared  with  the  same 
point  in  other  animals  which  are  in  the  ring  and  before  the  committee  for 
award,  and  not  by  its  supposed  importance  or  relative  value  as  compared 
with  other  points  in  the  same  animal  in  a standard  which  allows  say  100  or 
1,000  as  the  maximum  of  the  aggregate  of  all  the  points.  By  the  former 
method  the  judgment  at  once  evolves  into  the  question  of  good,  better, 
best,  at  each  point,  easier,  however,  to  express  by  figures,  and  it  insures 
thorough  inspection  of  all  the  parts  before  they  can  be  pronounced  upon 
intelligently,  a procedure  in  itself  to  be  highly  commended. 

ADVANCE  BULLETIN. 


For  some  time  past  the  Veterinary  department  has  been  making  varied  researches 
upon  the  different  styles  of  conformation  of  the  horse,  with  the  hope  of  offering  some 
practical  suggestions  to  those  who  are  engaged  in,  or  about  to  engage  in  the  equine 
industry,  either  as  breeders,  dealers  or  occasional  ow-ners,  as  well  as  to  those  who  are 
from  time  to  time  placed  in  the  responsible  position  of  judges  of  horses  at  fairs  and 
horse  shows. 

The  further  we  go  with  the  investigation,  the  more  we  are  struck  with  the  close  atten- 
tion that  is  given  to  the  external  conformation  of  other  animals  ( dogs,  cattle,  sheep  and 
swine ) by  the  compilers  of  herd  books  and  others,  while  the  conformation  of  the  horse 
is  largely  left  to  the  hap-hazard  fancy  of  the  observer;  in  view  of  this  it  has  been 
thought  advisable  to  incorporate  a scale  of  points  (in  a future  bulletin  upon  the  subject) 
for  the  different  classes  of  horses  which  are  on  the  market  for  sale,  or  in  the  show-ring 
for  exhibition.  Any  scales  of  points  that  have  been  brought  under  our  notice  have 
hardly  covered  as  much  ground  as  we  think  necessary,  and  while  we  feel  that  those  we 
have  drawn  up  are  far  from  perfect,  yet  they  furnish  more  food  for  thought  than  any 
we  have  seen. 

In  order  that  the  admirers  of  the  individual  classes  may  express  their  views  upon 
certain  points  of  excellence,  this  advance  bulletin  is  projected  with  scales  of  points 
arranged  in  accordance  with  the  ideas  of  the  writer,  at  the  same  time  with  the  request 
that  those  who  are  interested  in  the  production  of  better  horses,  or  in  aiding  beginners 
in  the  work  of  selection,  will  make  such  alterations  or  additions  as  to  them  may  seem 
proper,  and  by  so  doing  they  will  assist  in  the  formation  of  a scale  of  points  which, 
coming  from  many  who  are  intimately  concerned,  may  be  looked  upon  in  the  future  as 
authority. 

In  preparing  these  scales  the  terms  haunch  or  upper  thigh,  and  gaskin  or  lower  thigh 
have  been  introduced  because  authorities  in  anatomy  differ  so  much  as  to  the  situation 
and  limits  of  the  haunch  and  thigh.  It  is  to  be  hoped  the  plan  we  have  adopted  will 
make  description  less  confusing. 

In  drawing  up  the  scale,  more  might  be  said  with  regard  to  size  and  shape  of  different 
joints,  but  as  proper  action  demands  properly  formed  joints,  it  was  thought  if  they  were 
not  right,  the  discount  for  their  ill-shape  would  be  made  when  the  individual’s  style 
and  action  were  up  for  discussion,  and  thus  the  scale  card  will  be  less  encumbered  with 
words. 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


93 


It  is  the  intention  to  have  our  next  bulletin  illustrated  in  a manner  that  the  various 
points  of  excellence,  as  well  as  other  features,  may  be  the  more  easily  understood  and 
a more  or  less  detailed  description  of  individual  parts,  with  measurements  of  some  well 
known  horses,  showing  the  diameters,  length  and  breadth  of  them. 

In  these  days  of  electricity  and  other  motors  for  rapid  transit,  etc.,  the  horse  breed- 
ing industry  is  threatened  with  annihilation  in  some  of  its  branches  unless  better 
animals  can  be  produced.  We  must  have  stronger  draft  horses,  more  agile  saddle 
horses,  and  faster  roadsters  to  save  our  distance,  in  the  struggle  for  existence. 

Breeders  as  well  as  equine  educators  must  be  up  and  doing,  and  with  the  exercise  of 
proper  intelligence  it  is  to  be  hoped  the  horse  can  hold  his  own  against  all  competitors ; 
therefore  no  stone  should  be  left  unturned,”  that  is  likely  to  aid  in  the  improvement 
of  this  animal. 


CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  COACH  HORSE— STALLION. 


Head— Ear  fine,  not  too  large,  forehead  broad  and  flat,  hones  of  nose  straight  and 
dished  on  lateral  surface,  cheek  muscle  well  developed,  eye  prominent,  nostrils 

flexible,  mouth  not  too  deep 5 

Neck — Crest  well  developed,  neck  itself  being  lengthy  and  properly  muscled  to 

carry  head  well 5 

Withers— Well  developed,  hack  straight,  loins  broad 5 

Croup — Only  moderately  sloping,  dock  coming  out  high  up,  the  tail  wTell  carried--  5 
Chest — Well  ribbed  up,  deep  from  above  downwards,  full  in  the  bosom,  ribs  well 

sprung 5 

Shoulder-  Moderately  sloping,  fully  muscled 5 

Forearm — Muscles  well  developed  and  standing  boldly  out 5 

Knee— Broad  from  side  to  side  in  front,  deep  from  before  backwards  ; should  be 

critically  examined  for  malformations 5 

Knee  to  Foot — Canon  clean,  broad  from  before  backwards,  with  skin  lying  close 

to  bone  and  tendon,  pasterns  moderately  oblique  and  strong 5 

Foot — Wall  moderately  deep  and  strong,  heels  full  and  round,  frog  well  developed, 

sole  concave 5 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Muscles  standing  boldly  out  and  well  defined,  hind 

quarters  broad * 5 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Well  developed  with  muscles  standing  boldly  out 5 

Hock  Broad  from  before  backwards,  thick  and  strong  from  side  to  side 5 

Hock  to  Foot — Hind  canons  clean,  broader  from  before  backwards,  and  flatter 

than  the  front  ones,  skin  lying  close  to  bones , pasterns  oblique,  but  strong 5 

Foot — Smaller,  with  sole  more  concave  than  in  front ft 

Color  -Bay,  chestnut,  black,  brown,  roan,  with  reasonable  modifications  (a  good 

horse  may  be  a bad  color) 5 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  loose,  not  like  parchment 5 

Temperament — Docile  not  sluggish,  but  energetic,  free  from  nervousness 5 

Style  and  Action  -Free  and  elastic,  knee  well  bent,  front  feet  lifted  well  off  the 

ground  when  in  motion,  general  appearance  attractive 5 

Weight— Pounds  1,100  to  1,100 ft 

Height — Hands  16  to  17 5 


CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  COACH  MARE  OR  GELDING. 

IIfad-  Not  so  masculine  looking  as  the  stallion’s,  but  of  the  same  general  outline.  5 
N eck  Clean  cut,  having  crest  well  developed  and  wiry,  icind  pipe  standing  in  relief 

from  the  muscles,  showing  the  jugular  gutter  well  defined 5 

Withers — More  prominent  than  in  the  stallion,  hack  straight,  loins  broad ft 

Croup — Slightly  sloping,  dock  coming  out  well  up,  the  tail  well  carried  5 

Chest—  Well  ribbed  up,  deep  from  above  downwards,  ribs  well  sprung 5 

Shoulder  Moderately  eloping,  thoroughly  muscled  over  the  blade  bone  ft 

Forearm  - Muscles  well  developed  and  standing  boldly  out ft 

Knee — Broad  from  side  to  side  in  front,  deep  from  before  backwards;  should  be 

critically  examined  for  malformations ft 

Knee  to  Foot  Canon  clean,  broad  from  before  backwards,  skin  lying  close  to 


bone  and  tendon,  pasterns  moderately  oblique  and  strong ft 

Foot — Moderately  deep  and  strong,  heels  full  aod  round,  frog  well  developed,  sole 

concave ' 5 


94 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Muscles  standing  boldly  out  and  well  defined,  hind 

quarters  broad 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Well  developed  with  muscles  standing  boldly  out 

Hock — Broad  from  before  backwards,  thick  and  strong  from  side  to  side 

Hock  to  Foot — Hind  canons  clean,  broader  from  before  backwards,  and  flatter 
than  the  front  ones,  skin  lying  close  to  bone  and  tendon,  pasterns  oblique,  but 

strong 

Foot — Smaller  with  sole  more  concave  than  the  front  ones 

Color — Bay,  chestnut,  black,  brown,  roan  with  reasonable  modifications  ( a good 

horse  may  be  a bad  color) 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  not  like  parchment  . 

Temperament— Docile,  not  sluggish,  but  energetic,  free  from  nervousness 

Style  and  Action — Free  and  elastic,  knees  well  bent,  and  feet  lifted  well  off  the 

ground  when  in  motion,  general  appearance  attractive 

Weight— Pounds  1,050  to  1,300 _ 

Height— Hands  15f  to  17 

CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  DRAFT  HORSE — STALLION. 

Head — ear  somewhat  short,  but  pointed,  forehead  broad,  nasal  hone  straight,  eye 
prominent,  eye  prominent,  muzzle  small,  muscle  of  cheek  well  developed,  lips 

firm,  mouth  of  medium  size 

Neck — Inclined  to  be  short,  deep  where  it  joins  the  body,  surmounted  by  a good 

full  mane,  well  muscled 

Withers — In  line  with  posterior  part  of  the  upper  border  of  the  neck,  back 

straight,  not  too  long,  loins  broad 

Croup — Loaded  with  prominent  muscles,  tail  well  carried 

Chest — Well  ribbed  up,  breast  broad  and  full 

Shoulder — Moderately  straight,  muscles  covering  the  blade  thoroughly  devel- 
oped   

Forearm — Large  and  well  muscled 

Knee — Of  good  size  and  strong 

Knee  to  Foot— Canon  may  be  well  feathered  on  its  posterior  border,  especially 
in  the  region  of  the  fetlock,  the  tendon  hard  and  not  cut  away  under  the  knee, 

pasterns  short  and  strong,  some  breeds  should  be  free  from  feather 

Foot — Not  too  flat,  frog  well  developed,  heels  full  and  round 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh— Heavily  muscled,  thick  through  the  ham,  hind  quar- 
ters broad 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Muscle  strong  and  bone  substantial 

Hock— Large  and  strong,  free  from  puffy  tumors 

Hock  to  Foot — Hind  canon  broad  and  flat,  may  be  well  feathered,  some  breeds 
excepted,  especially  in  the  lower  part,  skin  lying  close  to  bone  and  tendon, 

pasterns  short  and  strong 

Foot — Smaller  than  the  front  one  and  sole  more  concave 

Color— Bay,  chestnut,  black,  brown,  roan,  gray,  with  reasonable  modifications  (a 

good  horse  may  be  a bad  color) 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  loose,  not  like  parchment 

Temperamekt — Energetic,  docile,  not  nervous 

Style  and  Action — General  appearance  attractive,  good  especially  in  the  walking 

gait 

Weight — 1,600  lbs.  and  upwards  

Height — 16  hands  and  upwards 

CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  DRAFT  MARE  OR  GELDING. 

Head — Not  so  masculine  looking  as  the  stallion,  ear  rather  short  but  pointed,  fore- 
head broad,  nasal  hones  straight,  eye  prominent,  cheek  well  developed,  lips  firm, 

mouth  of  medium  size 

Neck — Inclined  to  be  short,  deep  where  it  joins  the  body,  well  muscled,  good  mane 
Withers— In  line  with  the  superior  border  of  the  neck,  back  short  and  straight, 

loins  broad 

Croup — Well  covered  with  prominent  muscles,  tail  well  carried 

Chest  -Well  ribbed  up,  barrel  round  and  body  close  to  the  ground,  breast  broad 
and  full t . 


5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT. 


95 


Shoulder — Moderately  straight,  muscles  covering  the  blade  well  developed 

Forearm— Large  and  well  muscled 

Knee — Of  good  size  and  strong 

Knee  to  Foot — Not  cut  away  too  much  under  the  knee;  canon  short,  flat,  may  be 

well  feathered,  some  breeds  excepted,  pasterns  short  and  strong 

Foot — Not  flat,  heels  full  and  round,  frog  well  developed  and  springy 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Thoroughly  muscled,  thick  through  the  ham,  hind 

quarters  broad 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Muscles  strong  and  bone  substantial 

Hock — Large  and  strong,  deep  from  before  backwards,  and  broad  from  side  to  side, 

free  from  disease 

Hock  to  Foot — Hind  cannon  broad  and  flat,  well  feathered,  except  in  some  breeds, 

skin  lying  close  to  bone  and  tendons,  pasterns  short  and  strong 

Foot — Smaller  than  the  front  one,  sole  more  concave 

Color — Bay,  chestnut,  black,  roan,  brown,  gray,  with  limited  modifications  (a  good 

horse  may  be  a bad  color) 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  loose,  not  like  parchment 

Temperament — Docile,  energetic  but  not  nervous 

Action  and  Style — Good,  especially  in  the  walking  gait,  general  appearance 

attractive 

Weight — Pounds  1,500  and  upwards 

Height— Hands  15%  and  upwards 


CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  THOROUGHBRED  STALLION. 


H ead — Ears  fine,  not  too  large,  approaching  each  other  at  the  tips  when  thrown  for 
ward,  cranium  nicely  rounded,  forehead  flat  and  broad,  eye  prominent  and  bold 
in  expression,  bones  of  the  nose  straight,  but  slightly  dished  on  the  sides,  nos- 
trils firm,  but  flexible,  of  large  capacity  when  the  animal  is  excited,  lips  firm, 
mouth  not  very  deep,  muzzle  tapering  and  small,  cheek  clothed  with  well 
developed  muscles  towards  its  upper  or  back  part,  branches  of  lower  jaw  well 

spread  apart  behind 

Neck — Clean  cut  and  rangy,  crest  well  developed  and  whip  cordy  if  animal  is  not 
tat,  jugular  gutter  well  marked,  head  attached  to  neck  in  an  angular  manner, 

rather  of  the  obtuse  order 

Withers— Well  developed,  back  straight,  loins  broad 

Croup — Rather  long  and  somewhat  sloping,  but  with  dock  coming  out  well  up,  tail 

carried  in  an  arched  and  graceful  manner 

Chest — Somewhat  cone 'shaped  with  good,  broad  base  behind,  apex  between  the 
fore  legs,  where  the  animal  may  be  excusably  narrower  in  proportion  than 
other  breeds,  the  cavity  should  be  deep  from  above  downwards,  especially  at 
the  girth,  well  ribbed  up,  the  ribs  having  plenty  of  spring  or  well  defined 

angles 

Shoulder— Oblique  from  above  downwards  and  forwards,  the  blade  bone  being  well 

clothed  with  muscle  

Forearm — Well  developed,  with  hard  muscles  standing  boldly  out,  and  having  to 

some  extent  grooves  or  lines  of  demarkation  between  them 

Knee — Broad  from  side  to  side  and  deep  from  before  backwards,  the  bone  forming 
the  back  part  of  it  may  be  somewhat  prominent,  should  be  carefully  examined 

for  malformations  and  injuries  

Knee  to  Foot—  Canons  hard,  flat  and  clean,  little,  if  any,  hair  on  posterior  border 
(that  is  coarse  hair),  fetlocks  free  from  disease,  back  tendons  hard  and  whip- 
cordy,  having  well  marked  grooves  between  them  and  the  bone,  space  between 

knee  and  fetlock  short,  pasterns  somewhat  lengthy,  strong  and  oblique  

Foot — Rather  smaller  in  proportion  than  other  breeds,  round,  deep,  strong  wall,  full 

heels  and  well  developed  frog,  sole  concave 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Formed  of  well  developed,  hard  muscles,  showing 

marks  of  demarkation  between  them 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — HaYd  muscles  standing  boldly  out,  ham  string  well 

defined  and  cordy 

Hock— Deep  and  strong,  free  from  puffy  tumors,  of  the  angular  order  but  not  curby 
Hock  to  Foot  -Hind  canon  short,  flat,  clean,  rather  oblique  from  above  down- 
wards and  forwards,  skin  lying  close  to  tendon  and  bon q,  fetlocks  of  good  size 

and  healthy,  pasterns  oblique,  but  strong  and  lengthy 

Foot — Smaller,  not  so  round  as  front  one,  3ole  more  concave 


o 


!l  ci  CM  C5  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


96 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Color— Bay,  chestnut,  brown,  grey,  with  reasonable  modifications  ( a good  horse 

may  be  a bad  color) ,> 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  loose,  not  like  parchment,  hair  forming  coat,  fine,  silky,  straight, 
hair  of  mane  and  tail,  although  coarser,  should  be  soft,  straight  and  fine  in 

comparison  with  other  breeds 5 

Temperament — Not  vicious,  but  energetic,  inclined  to  be  impetuous 5- 

Action  and  Style — Prompt,  free  and  elastic,  not  too  much  knee  action,  but  going 

* rather  close  to  the  ground,  especially  in  the  gallop,  good  walker 5 

Weight — Say  pounds  1,050  to  1,300 5* 

Height — Say  hands  1534  t°  1634 5 

CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  THOROUGHBRED  MARE  OR  GELDING. 

Head — Rather  small,  ear  fine  and  pointed,  not  too  long,  cranium  nicely  rounded, 
forehead  flat  and  broad,  eye  good  size  and  gentle  in  expression,  nasal  hones 
straight,  but  slightly  dished  on  the  sides,  nostrils  firm,  but  flexible,  of  large 
capacity,  lips  firm,  mouth  not  too  deep,  muzzle  tapering  and  small,  cheek 
clothed  with  well  developed  muscles,  branches  of  lower  jaw  well  spread  apart 

behind o 

Neck — Clean  cut  and  rangy,  crest  well  developed  and  cordy,  the  point  where  neck 
leaves  off  to  be  well  marked  and  in  front  of  the  withers,  jugular  gutter  plain, 
wind  pipe  standing  out  independently  of  the  rest  of  the  neck,  attachment  of 

head  to  neck  well  marked  and  to  be  rather  angular,  of  the  obtuse  order 5 

Withers — Well  developed,  forming  a well  marked  prominence  over  the  shoulder, 
the  top  of  which  should  not  be  thick,  the  back,  springing  from  posterior  aspect 

of  the  withers,  should  be  straight  and  short,  loins  broad 5 

Croup— Rather  long  and  somewhat  sloping,  but  with  dock  coming  out  well  up,  tail 

carried  in  an  arched,  graceful  manner 5 

Chest — Somewhat  cone  shaped  with  good,  broad  base  behind,  apex  rather  narrow, 
but  deep  through  the  girth,  well  ribbed  up,  the  ribs  having  plenty  of  spring  or 

well  defined  angles 5 

Shoulder — Coming  from  high  withers  should  be  oblique  from  above  downwards, 

blade  bone  well  clothed  with  muscle 5 

Forearm— Well  developed  with  hard  muscles  standing  boldly  out,  and  marked  from 

one  another  by  grooves 5 

Knee — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Knee  to  Foot — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Foot— Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Same  as  the  stallion! 5 

Hock — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Foot — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Color— Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Skin — Same  as  the  stallion 5 

Temperament — More  docile  than  the  stallion,  but  still  energetic 5 

Action  and  Style— Rather  lighter  on  foot  than  the  stallion,  in  other  respects 

about  the  same 5 

Weight— Say  pounds  850  to  1,200  t_ 5 

Height — Say  hands  14 ■%  to  1634 

The  saddle  horse  may  be  of  the  same  general  type  as  the  thoroughbred,  mare  or  geld- 
ing, good  manners,  a mouth  that  responds  readily  to  the  desires  of  the  equestrian, 
graceful  and  elastic  action  in  all  paces  being  essential  features  in  animals  of  this  class. 
Good  saddle  horses  are,  to  a large  extent,  made,  not  bred. 

CONFORMATION  SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  THE  TROTTING  BRED  STALLION. 

Head — Ear  of  medium  size  and  pointed,  eye  large,  prominent  and  of  docile  expres- 
sion, forehead  broad  and  flat,  nasal  hones  straight  and  dished  on  their  lateral 
surfaces,  cranium  hones  nicely  rounded,  nostrils  firm,  large  and  readily  dilated, 
cheek  muscles  well  developed,  mouth  not  too  small,  muzzle  fine  and  tapering, 

branches  of  lower  jaws  well  spread  apart  at  their  angles 5 

Nf.ck — Rangy  with  well  developed  crest  and  attached  to  the  head  in  an  angular  sort 

of  way,  rather  of  the  obtuse  order » 

Withers — May  be  continuous  with  the  superior  border  of  the  neck,  back  straight. 

loins  broad i> 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT.  97 

Croup — Somewhat  sloping  with  dock  coming  out  high  up,  tail  carried  in  an  arched 

and  graceful  manner 5 

Chest — Deep  through  the  girth,  breast  broad  and  bosom  well  developed,  well  ribbed 

up  and  ribs  well  sprung 5 

Shoulder — Oblique  from  above  downwards  and  forwards,  blade  bone  well  clothed 

with  muscles 5 

Forearm — Well  developed  with  large  muscles  standing  boldly  out 5 

Knee — Strong,  broad  from  before  backwards 5 

Knee  to  Foot — Not  cut  away  under  the  knee,  canon  short,  flat,  hard  and  broad, 
not  feathered,  fetlock  well  formed  and  free  from  disease,  pasterns  moderately 

long  and  oblique,  but  strong 5 

Foot — Of  medium  size,  wall  strong  and  circular  in  outline,  heels  full  and  round, 

frog  well  developed 5 

Haunch  or  Upper  Thigh — Muscles  well  developed,  quarters  broad,  ham  thick- __  5 

Gaskin  or  Lower  Thigh — Muscles  well  developed,  ham  string  prominent 5 

Hock — Deep  from  before  backwards,  broad  from  side  to  side,  healthy 5 

Hock  to  Foot — Hind  Canon  short,  broader  and  flatter  than  in  front,  little,  if  any 
coarse  hair  on  posterior  border,  fetlock  of  good  size  and  sound,  pasterns  oblique, 

strong  and  medium  length 5 

Foot — Smaller,  not  so  round,  sole  more  concave  than  in  front 5 

Color — Bay,  chestnut,  black,  brown,  roan,  grey,  with  reasonable  modifications  ( a 

good  horse  may  be  a bad  color ) 5 

Skin — Soft,  mellow,  loose,  not  like  parchment 5 

Temperament — Docile,  prompt,  energetic,  not  nervous 5 

Action  and  Style — Free  and  elastic,  perfect  in  the  trotting  gait  and  good  walker,  5 

Weight — Pounds  950  to  1,200 5 

Height — Hands  15%  to  16% 5 


The  mare  and  gelding  of  the  trotting  class  may  be  of  the  same  general  type  as  the 
stallion,  but  not  so  masculine  looking;  the  neck,  withers  and  general  physiognomy  being 
the  points  which  contribute  most  to  the  more  effeminate  appearance  of  these  animals. 
The  neck  should  be  more  delicate  and  cleaner  cut,  the  withers  more  pronounced  and 
not  as  thick  through  and  through  at  the  upper  part;  the  physiognomy  milder  and 
more  gentle  and  less  impetuous. 

EDUCATIONAL  SCALE  FOR  HORSES  SHOWN  UNDER  SADDLE  OR  IN  HARNESS. 

Prompt  response  to  all  aids  imparted  by  the  hand,  the  reins,  the  whip,  the  heel,  the 
voice  or  whatever  else  may  be  used  in  directing  the  movements  of  the  animal,  _ 10 

HEALTH  SCALE  OF  POINTS. 

Soundness  from  a practical  point  of  view,  freedom  from  vicious  habits,  gibbing,  crib- 
bing, wind  sucking,  weaving,  etc.,  etc 10 

HISTORICAL  SCALE  OF  POINTS — FOR  REGISTERED  ANIMALS  ONLY. 

From  Wallace’s  Monthly,  August,  1887. 

A.  Pedigree — This  is  the  most  important  single  point  in  the  whole  scale  {scale 
in  Wallace's  Monthly ),  and  yet  it  is  the  one  that  has  received  the  least  atten- 
tion. Consider  well  what  the  sire  and  dam  have  each  inherited,  what  each 
has  done  as  a performer,  and  what  each  has  produced  in  the  stud.  Then  con- 
sider the  qualifications  to  two  grandsires  and  the  granddams  in  the  same  way. 

If  the  animal  under  judgment  is  running  bred,  consider  the  running  qualities 
of  his  ancestors,  but  if  trotting  bred,  look  only  to  the  trotting  qualifications. 

The  value  of  the  pedigree  is  in  the  merit  of  the  immediate  crosses,  viewed  in  the 
light  of  inheritance,  performance  and  production 50 

B.  Performance— Ability  to  perform  well  compensates  for  shortcomings  in  inheri- 

tance. Nothing  but  technical  records  can  be  accepted  on  this  point.  Any 
record  is  better  than  no  record.  Every  animal  intended  to  produce  trotters 
should  have  his  or  her  speed  developed  to  some  extent.  The  character  and  pre- 
cision of  the  gate,  with  freedom  from  all  artificial  appliances,  must  enter  into 
the  value  of  this  point . ..  _ 50 

18 


98 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


C.  Character  op  Offspring — This  point  applies  only  to  aged  and  tried  sires  and 
dams.  The  credits  will  be  awarded  according  to  the  number  and  class  of  fast 
performers  from  a given  animal,  the  age  and  opportunities  of  the  competitors 
being  considered 50 

[. N . B. — Points  B and  C are  alternative ; exhibitors  shall  elect  one  or  other , but  not 
both ; perfection  in  each  is  50.] 

In  educational  work  the  question  often  arises  as  to  the  best  method  of 
teaching  a student  how  to  judge  a horse,  but  in  this  matter  as  well  as  other 
practical  operations  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  best  way  to  learn 
how  to  do  a thing  is  to  do  it,  and  on  this  plan  the  best  way  to  learn  to 
judge  a horse  is  to  judge  them.  To  begin  with,  the  student  must  first  of 
all  make  himself  familiar  with  the  various  points  of  the  horse,  then  make 
measurements  on  a plan  similar  to  the  following  card.  After  measuring 
say  ten  horses  according  to  this  method,  one  will  no  doubt  notice  that  his 
power  of  observation  has  become  much  more  acute,  which  may  be  still 
further  sharpened  by  scaling  animals  according  to  the  plan  suggested  in 
this  bulletin,  or  some  other  more  acceptable  one. 

Measurements  made  with  the  tape  line  must  be  accepted  with  some 
little  reserve,  because  we  are  often  measuring  from  one  imaginary  point  to 
another,  and  in  taking  circumferences  the  attitude  of  the  animal  modifies 
the  size  to  some  extent.  All  measurements  should  be  made  with  great 
care,  in  order  to  have  them  anything  like  accurate. 

Points  to  be  measured  from  and  to  are  indicated  by  dotted  lines  and 
numbers — see  plates  Nos.  2 and  3.  One  or  two  points  are  so  self-evident 
that  they  are  not  marked. 

PROPORTIONS  OF  THE  HORSE. 

Name  of  the  animal Class Color Age.. Sex 

Owner P.  O 

Weight. 

Height  at  the  withers. 

Length  from  point  of  shoulder  to  quarter. 

From  the  lowest  point  of  the  chest  to  the  ground. 

From  the  point  of  the  elbow  to  the  ground. 

From  the  point  of  the  elbow  to  the  trapezium. 

From  the  trapezium  to  the  ground. 

Circumference  of  the  arm. 

Circumference  of  the  canon  in  the  center. 

Circumference  of  the  foot  at  coronet. 

From  the  highest  point  of  the  withers  to  crest  of  occiput. 

Width  of  forehead.  Plate  3,  Fig.  1-9,  length  of  head. 

Circumference  of  muzzle  at  angle  of  mouth. 

Width  of  chest  from  outside  of  shoulder  points. 

Length  of  back  from  highest  point  of  the  withers  to  a line  between  the  points  of 
the  hips. 

Width  across  the  hips. 

Height  at  the  highest  point  of  the  croup. 

From  the  center  of  the  dock  to  anterior  point  of  patella. 

From  point  of  hock  to  point  of  hip. 

From  point  of  hock  to  ground. 

Circumference  of  thigh. 

Circumference  of  shank  midway  between  hock  and  fetlock. 

Circumference  of  body  at  the  girth. 

E.  A.  A.  GRANGE. 

Consulting  Veterinarian  to  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station . 


, Plate  3,  Fig.  1,  1.1  — 

“ 3,  “ 1,  2.2  — 

. “ 3,  “ 2,  3.3  — 

“ 3,  “ 1,  4.4  — 

“ 3,  “1,  5 — 

“ 3,  “2,  6 — 

“ 3.  “2,  7 — 

“ 3,  “1,  8 — 

2,  “ l,2Vs.2yz- 

“ 3.  “ 1,  10  — 

“ 2,  “ 1,  6.6  — 

“ 3,  “ 2,  11  — 

“ 2,  “ 2,  13.13  — 

“ 3,  “ 1,  12.12  — 

“ 8,  “ 2,  13.13  — 

“ 3,  “ 2,  14.14  — 

“ 3.  “ 1,  15.15  — 

“ 3.  “ 2,  16  — 

“ 3,  “ 2,  17  — 

“ 3,  “ 2,  18.18  — 


Numbe 

Class.. 

Age  in 

! Sex  ... 

| Weight 
I Height 
J Length 
! From  tl 
From  tl 
From  tl 
From  tl 
Circum 
Circum 

Circum: 
From  tl 
I occin 
Width  < 
j Length 
J Circum 
! Width  c 

! Length 
to  a li 

j Width  a 

Height 

From  tl 
pa  tell 
From  pi 

From  p< 

Circuml 

Circuml 
fetloc 
I Circum; 


WEKE  MADE  AT  CHICAGO-MEASUREMENTS  ARE  MADE  IN  INCHES. 


TABLE  OF  MEASUREMENTS  OF  HORSES  MADE  AT  THE  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION  AND  AT  THE  MICHIGAN  STATE  FAIR.  UP  TO  AND  INCLUDING  NO  30  WERE  MADE  IN  MICHIGAN,  FROM  30  TO  50 

k *'■  S stands  for  stallion,  M mare,  G gelding,  K Roadster,  D draft  horse,  C coach  horse,  A all  work  or  general  purpose  horse. 


V >„KC  - • 

i 

3 

4 

5 

6 

T 

• 

* 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15  j .a 

17 

.8 

19 

,0 

2I 

» 

** 

24 

*5 

26 

,7 

88 

39 

30 

:i, 

as 

aa 

34  1 35 

36 

as 

39  1 40 

41 

42 

44 

45 

4ft  | 

47  1 

48 

49 

50 



R 

R 

R 

« 

* 

* 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

D 

D 

1) 

L1 

11 

1) 

'* 

D 

I) 

<• 

C 

c 

C 

A 

A 

A 

LA 

A 

A 

” 

D 

I> 

» 

D 

D 

I) 

D 

D 

'• 

I> 

r> 

I> 

D 

‘A 

“T 

C 

C 

c 

Jartaycars - 

5 

l t 

12 

8 

6 

5 

5 

11 

8 

5 

• 

8 

3 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

5 

6 

3 

9 

11 

4 

4 

8 

3 

* 

4 

4 

6 

4 

A 

A 

3 

6 

6 

~r 

Ms*.. | » 

s 

S 

■ 

M 

G 

0 

G 

s 

8 

M 

s 

8 

8 

8 

s 

8 

M 

s 

° 

8 

3 

* 

8 

8 

8 

8 

S 

S 

M 

8 

S 

8 

M 

8 

M 

8 

8 

M 

"A 

A- 

M 

A- 

nr 

~r 

«**!:.  in  pconds  

1,100 

1.050 

1,135 

1,050 

1.588 

1,000 

1.100 

1,085 

1,080 

1,190 

1,120 

1,860 

1,600 

1,920 

1,800 

1,700 

1,590 

1,700 

1,565 

1,595 

1,232 

1,232 

1,175 

1,225 

1,380 

1,800 

1,420 

1,420 

1,400 

1,440 

2,100 

1,860 

1,960 

1,700 

1,200 

2,000 

2,250 

1,950 

1,500 

2,200 

1,930 

1,900 

1,850 

1,900 

1,340 



2,050 

1,250 

1,375 

1,350 

Blight  »t  the  withers — 

61 

61!* 

61* 

60*4 

68 

62 

64* 

61 

61 

63*4 

64*4 

65 

67*4 

68 

63*4 

64*4 

63*4 

05*4 

64*4 

64 

64 

64 

02 

62*4 

624 

624 

654 

6 4*4 

68 

63 

68 

65*4 

64 

64 

604 

644 

67 

634 

01 

674 

64 

664 

64 

644 

044 

664 

*4% 

66 

84*4 

634 

lagtk  fcvxn  point  of  shoolder  to  quarter- 

67 

6* 

64 

61 

61 

68* 

62 

62 

65 

63*4 

66 

52 

69 

74 

68 

69 

67 

70 

71 

71 

66*4 

67 

60 

62*4 

66 

68 

68 

694 

69 

67 

644 

71 

71 

71 

69 

70 

75 

74 

68 

73 

72 

72 

73 

70 

674 

75 

6ft 

67 

68 

M 

fs«  the  lowest  point  of  the  chest  to  the  ground. 

S3* 

S31- 

34 

34 

58* 

36 

34 

.34*4 

33 

36 

37 

31 

85 

38 

31 

34 

32 

37 

34*4 

33 

33*4 

33 

34 

35 

324 

85 

35 

34 

32 

34 

34 

324 

33 

32 

82 

33 

314 

30 

31 

324 

304 

33 

33 

83 

34 

33 

34 

33 

83** 

334 

Jtatt  the  point  of  the  elbow  to  the  ground 

37 

37 

35 

s; 

36 

38 

56 

56 

37 

39*4 

38 

38*4 

40 

38 

38*4 

37 

39V4 

37*4 

39 

37 

88*4 

38 

37 

36 

38 

364 

39 

354 

374 

38 

87 

37 

364 

36 

34 

374 

36 

31 

36 

36 

374 

374 

874 

87 

37 

374 

38 

364 

37% 

fcecm  the  point  of  the  elbow  to  the  trapezium 

18 

17 

17 

18 

20 

17 

18 

17*4 

18 

19 

19 

18 

18 

19*4 

17 

18 

16*4 

18*4 

18 

18 

17*4 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

17 

174 

17 

18 

18 

164 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 

16 

16 

16 

16 

184 

18 

18 

174 

18 

18 

184 

18 

174 

19  1 

194 

20  1 

19 

19 

20 

18*4 

18 

19*4 

20* 

20 

21 

20*4 

21 

21 

20*4 

21 

20 

21 

19 

19 

20 

20*4 

19 

204 

20 

21 

19 

20 

20 

204 

204 

204 

20 

18 

21 

20 

15 

20 

20 

19 

19 

194 

18% 

19 

20 

20 

18 

194 

• Gttsxferecce  of  the  arm 

19  1 

184 

19*4  1 

19*4 

22 

19*4 

20 

18 

23  1 

22*4 

23 

22*4 

26 

24 

25 

25 

24 

22 

22 

21*4 

22 

20*4 

22 

21 

23 

22 

25 

24 

23 

254 

22 

25 

24 

24 

24 

28 

244 

26 

284 

26 

24 

24 

274 

234 

294 

234 

23% 

224 

23 

ORvsfececce  of  the  canon  in  the  center 

S j 

74 

S 

7*4 

10 

”* 

8 | 

7*4 

7*4 

8 

1 8 

11*4 

9 

12 

11 

11 

10 

9*4 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8*4 

8*4 

8 

84 

9 

9 

84 

9 

104 

10 

11 

94 

10 

10 

11 

9% 

9% 

12 

104 

9 

9 

9% 

84 

104 

8 

84 

8 

94 

* Giccsference  of  the  foot  at  coronet j 

15  1 

14 

15 

18*4 

16 

14 

15 

14 

14 

15*4 

l l5 

19*4 

17 

20 

19*4 

18 

18 

17 

17 

18 

15 

15*4 

15 

15*4 

15 

17 

16 

17 

16 

16 

21 

194 

19 

17 

17 

19 

194 

184 

18 

204 

19 

19 

19 

19 

15 

18 

H 4 

16 

14% 

154 

has  the  highest  paint  of  the  withers  to  crest  of  ( 

36  | 

S3 

32 

34 

38 

35 

36*4 

33 

38 

35*4  | 

35 

36 

38 

45 

38 

38 

34 

36 

35 

36 

33 

34 

35 

35 

38 

36 

37 

844 

35 

36 

39** 

364 

384 

36 

33 

41 

44 

85 

33 

41 

36 

89 

394 

384 

39 

39 

384 

40** 

39 

38 

•ecap*  — 

' . of  forehead  .... 

9 j 

9 

9 

8* 

9*4 

9 

9*4 

9*4 

9 

10 

9*4 

10*4 

10 

10*4 

9* 

9* 

9* 

10 

994 

10*4 

9*4 

9*4 

9 

9*4 

94 

94 

9 

9% 

94 

94 

104 

104 

104 

10 

10 

10 

104 

94 

10 

10% 

10 

10 

104 

104 

10 

114 

94 

9% 

94 

10 

leagtk  of  bead . 

25 

244 

24 

23 

26*4 

24*4 

25 

24 

25 

26 

26 

28*4 

25*4 

28*4 

23 

27 

26 

27 

26 

26*4 

25 

24*4 

24 

254 

244 

254 

254 

26 

254 

25 

304 

31 

30 

29 

29 

28 

29 

27 

28 

29 

274 

29 

28 

29  | 

27 

26 

26 

27 

26 

254 

'(itas-ference  of  muzzle  at  angle  of  month — 1 

20 

18 

19 

19 

22 

18 

18 

18 

18*4 

20*4  1 

21 

23 

21 

26 

22 

22*4 

23 

23 

23 

24 

18 

19 

19 

19*4 

23 

22 

22 

214 

24 

21 

22% 

22 

22 

20 

21 

22 

23 

22 

21 

23 

22 

22 

21 

22 

1 21 

21 

194 

21 

194 

194 

1 Vxsi  of  chest  from  ontside  of  shoulder  points 

17* 

17 

16*4 

18 

19 

15*4 

16*4 

15% 

16 

18 

18*4 

21 

19*4 

22 

21*4 

21 

20*4 

19*4 

1994 

22 

18*4 

17*4 

16*4 

18 

18 

184 

19 

194 

19 

20 

24 

21 

24 

21 

21 

23  ( 

234 

23 

194 

254 

24 

194 

18 

194 

17 

25 

164 

19 

18 

19 

length  of  back  from  highest  point  of  the  withers  ( 
* » a nae between  the  points  of  the  hips  s 

32 

29 

28 

29 

31 

30 

28 

29*4 

29 

30*4 

30*4 

34 

28 

35 

29 

30 

30 

30*4 

33 

32*4 

31 

30*4 

30 

29 

34 

29 

30 

31 

31 

32 

33 

334 

82 

30 

33 

36 

31 

36 

33 

324 

35 

35 

36 

314 

334 

304 

31 

29 

32 

32 

{ across  the  hips 

22 

21 

20*4 

20*4 

22 

21*4 

22 

22 

21*4 

24 

24 

27 

23*4 

24*4 

25 

24  *4 

25 

25 

24*4 

25 

23 

22*4 

22*4 

22*4 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

26 

29 

294 

244 

24 

30*4 

25% 

30 

25 

29 

274 

20 

284 

28 

25 

26% 

224 

22 

24 

224 

| light  ss  the  highest  point  of  the  cronp 1 

634 

60 

60*4 

60 

68 

62 

62*4 

60*4 

61 

64* 

64*4 

65 

65* 

68 

63 

66*4 

64 

6524 

65 

63*4 

63 

63 

62 

62 

62 

63*4 

61 

654 

604 

624 

68*4 

654 

644 

65 

61 

644 

67 

04 

02 

66 

63 

654 

65 

65 

64 

66*4 

644 

65 

634 

63 

| haa?  center  of  the  dock  to  anterior  point  of  £ 

29 

28 

1 33 

28 

31 

28 

31*4 

29 

30 

31*4 

31*4 

36 

33 

34*4 

32*4 

32 

33*4 

33*4 

34 

82 

31 

31 

31 

31 

30 

32 

31 

314 

82 

32 

84 

33 

35 

38 

29 

34 

344 

36 

33 

86 

33 

304 

334 

34 

31 

344 

314 

31 

32 

314 

fcs*  point  of  hock  to  point  of  hip 

37 

37 

I 38 

37*4 

41 

38 

39 

38 

37 

39*4 

41*4 

37 

39 

42 

40 

39 

39 

41 

41 

39 

37 

37 

88*4 

39 

884 

39 

38 

36 

36 

384 

40 

40 

404 

404 

35 

40 

41 

38 

40 

41 

89 

41 

424 

41 

40 

39 

40 

40 

394 

40 

fcm  point  of  hock  to  ground 

244 

24*4 

1 25 

24 

27*4 

22*4 

24 

24 

23 

24*4 

25*4 

22 

27 

28*4 

25*4 

26*4 

25 

26 

25 

24*4 

24 

26 

24 

24 

24 

24 

27 

25 

23 

25 

264 

24 

25 

26 

24 

24 

26 

24 

24 

26 

234 

24 

24 

25 

25 

26 

25 

254 

25 

254 

fcasfetecce  of  lower  »hi»h 

174 

17 

17*4 

16*4 

19 

16 

17 

16*4 

16 

18 

17 

20 

20 

21 

22 

21*4 

20 

20 

20 

19*4 

17*4 

17 

18*4 

18 

18 

19 

19 

18 

194 

194 

23 

20 

21 

20 

204 

224 

22 

21 

214 

22 

21 

20** 

19 

21 

184 

23 

18 

18 

19 

19 

1 uxKaference  of  shank  midway  between  hock  and  ) 

| , fcstock 5 

9 

8*4 

9 

8*4 

9*4 

8*4 

9 

8*4 

8% 

9 

9 

12 

10*4 

13 

12 

12 

11 

10% 

10*4 

10*4 

9 

9 

9*4 

9*4 

9 

10 

10 

10 

94 

10 

124 

104 

114 

11 

11 

124 

12 

11 

11 

13 

124 

10*4 

104 

11 

94 

12 

9 

94 

9 

9 

1 'icsrierence  of  body  at  the  girth 

71 

67 

69 

67*4 

74 

68*4 

71 

69*4 

70*4 

72 

71 

89 

78 

89 

82 

80 

77 

80*4 

80*4* 

1 81 

74 

75 

71 

71 

77 

78 

78 

75 

76 

76 

824 

89 

88 

82 

65 

91 

92 

92 

79 

90 

88 

84 

79 

85 

764 

89 

744 

76 

70 

1 

: 


BULLETIN 


I. 


JUNE,  1894. 


MICHIGAN 

STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 

EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


THE  CULTIVATED  RASPBERRIES 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


CONTENTS: 


INTRODUCTION, 3 

CATALOGUE, 7 

SELECT  LIST,  70 

SEEDLINGS,  71 

NOTES, 73 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICH. 
1894. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State , 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  them.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary , Agricultural  College , Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


Postoffice  and  Telegraph  Address, Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Railroad' and  Express  Address, Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE 


INCORPORATED 

STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board term  expires  1895 


Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, “ “ 1895 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks, “ “ 1897 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac, “ “ 1897 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids “ “ 1899 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair “ “ 1899 


Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Governor  of  the  State, 

Hon.  LEWIS  G.  GORTON,  President  of  the  College, 


STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 

Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 

C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  F.  Moore. 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden, 
L.  G.  Gorton,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment, 

Veterinary, 

Institutes, 

Mechanics, 
Military, 
Land  Grant, 


C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain 
Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F.  Moore. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield, 
L.  G.  Gorton. 

H.  Chamberlain,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
. C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore. 
C.  F.  Moore,  H.  ChamberlaiD. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 

Lewis  G.  Gorton,  M.  S Director. 

Clinton  D.  Smith,  M.  S„  . Agriculturist.  i Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  . . Chemist. 

L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S.,  ...  Horticulturist.  I Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treas. 

ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  M.  S., 
A.  A.  Crozier,  M.  S., 
U.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
R.  J.  Coryell,  B.  S. 

W.  L.  Rossman,  B.  S., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  8., 


Assistant  in  Agriculture, 
“ “ Horticulture. 

“ “ Chemistry. 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S., 

G.  C.  Davis,  M.  S., 
Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B.  S 

H.  M.  Howe, 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


Consulting  Veterinarian. 

“ Entomologist. 
,,  “ Botanist. 

Assistant  to  Director. 
. . . Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 


Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  Local  Agent. 


BULLETIN  III. 


JUNE,  1894 


THE  CULTIVATED  RASPBERRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BY  A.  A.  CROZIER. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Our  cultivated  raspberries  are  derived,  with  a few  unimportant  excep- 
tions, from  three  sources:  the  wild  red  raspberry  of  Europe,  our  own  wild 
red  raspberry,  and  our  native  black  cap.  The  first  was  known  and  appar- 
ently cultivated  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  who  traced  its  origin  to  Mount  Ida 
where  it  flourished  wild,  and  from  which  it  received  its  name,  Rubus  I dceus. 
Paladius,  a Roman  agricultural  writer  of  the  fourth  century,  mentions  the 
raspberry  as  one  of  the  cultivated  fruits  of  his  time.  From  the  gardens  of 
southern  Europe  it  found  its  way  into  France,  the  low  countries,  and  Eng- 
land, and  from  these  sources  into  the  United  States.  To  this  species 
belong  the  Red  and  White  Antwerps,  which  have  remained  standards  of 
excellence  for  upward  of  a century,  the  Hudson  River  Antwerp,  Franconia, 
and  other  similar  varieties.  These  foreign  sorts,  though  often  abundant 
bearers  of  large,  finely  flavored  fruit,  have  in  all  cases  proved  adapted  to 
but  limited  areas  in  the  United  States,  owing  to  a lack  of  hardiness 
and  to  a liability  to  be  injured  by  our  hot  summer  suns.  These  defects 
finally  directed  attention  to  our  native  raspberries.  The  black  cap  seems 
to  have  been  the  first  of  these  to  have  been  brought  into  cultivation,  and 
from  the  time  of  the  earliest  settlements  we  hear  of  the  wild  bushes  being 
occasionally  removed  to  the  gardens.  This  species,  Rubus  occidenialis,  is 
indigenous  to  the  eastern  United  States,  extending  westward  nearly  to  the 
Rocky  mountains,  northward  into  the  margins  of  Canada,  and  south- 
ward to  Texas  and  Alabama.  On  the  Pacific  coast  and  in  the  Rocky 
mountains  is  found  another  species  closely  resembling  it,  Rubus  leucoder- 
mis , which  in  its  native  state  appears  quite  as  promising,  but  which  has 
yet  furnished  no  variety  adapted  to  general  cultivation.  Both  these  species 
were  largely  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  and  early  settlers.  ‘The  western 
species  attains  its  greatest  development  in  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho, 
Montana,  and  the  adjacent  portion  of  British  Columbia,  extending  south- 
ward in  favorable  situations  in  the  mountains  as  far  as  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  The  eastern  species,  with  which  we  are  now  more  especially 
interested,  attains  its  greatest  abundance  and  development  in  the  fertile 
wooded  valleys  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  from  this  region  more  of  our 
cultivated  varieties  have  come  than  from  any  other  source.  The  species 


4 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


extends,  however,  in  almost  equal  perfection  southwestward  into  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  and  eastward  into  New  England.  The  east  has  furnished 
the  most  early  varieties  and  the  west  the  most  large  and  late  ones. 

As  above  stated,  this  species  was  for  a long  time  cultivated  in  a small 
way  with  no  attempt  at  improvement,  and  apparently  without  any  superior 
natural  varieties  being  recognized.  In  fact  for  a time  prior  to  1850  the 
ordinary  wild  form  had  come  to  be  cultivated  quite  largely  for  market  by 
some  of  the  gardeners  near  New  York  City.  The  first  distinct  variety  of 
this  species  of  which  we  have  record  is  the  Ohio  Everbearing,  which 
attracted  attention  as  early  as  1882  from  its  habit  of  fruiting  to  a greater 
or  less  extent  upon  the  young  canes  in  autumn.  For  a family  garden  this 
was  considered  to  be  a desirable  feature,  though  no  varieties  of  this  class 
ever  found  favor  for  market  purposes.  The  yellow  form  of  the  black 
cap,  represented  by  Golden  Cap  and  other  varieties,  was  introduced  about 
the  same  time.  The  Doolittle  next  came  into  notice,  about  1850.  and 
attained  prominence,  not  so  much  on  account  of  its  decided  superiority  to 
the  wild  species,  as  from  the  persistent  advocacy  of  its  merits  on  the  part 
of  the  introducer,  who  claimed  to  have  improved  it  and  sustained  it  in 
vigor  solely  by  means  of  propagation  from  young  plants.  It  was  a good 
variety,  however,  hardy  and  productive,  and  is  still  in  cultivation.  The 
sharp  discussion  which  took  place  at  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  this 
variety  may  be  said  to  have  decided  the  fate  of  the  black  raspberry  as  a 
cultivated  fruit.  Its  merits  were  not  so  promptly  and  universally  endorsed, 
however,  as  might  be  supposed  from  the  position  the  fruit  has  since 
attained  in  our  markets.  In  1862  the  editor  of  the  American  Agrciultur- 
ist  wrote:  “all  the  finer  varieties  [of  raspberries]  are  of  foreign  origin  or 
seedlings  of  such  sorts.  After  years  of  trial  we  have  abandoned  both  the 
native  red  and  black.”  A few  years  after  this  Charles  Downing  said  that 
he  dared  not  consider  the  black  cap  species  worthy  of  cultivation.  In  1870 
Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  said  of  the  black  caps:  “more  discriminating  tastes  con- 
sider these  essentially  market  fruits  and  unfit  for  the  table  of  the  refined 
pomologist.”  The  esteem  in  which  this  species  is  now  held  varies  consid- 
erably with  different  persons  and  in  different  localities.  Black  caps  gener- 
ally bring  a lower  price  in  market  than  the  red  varieties, — not  only  because 
they  are  more  easily  grown  and  more  abundantly  offered,  but  also  because 
of  their  less  attractive  color  and  to  many  persons  inferior  flavor.  In  certain 
markets,  however,  the  black  caps  are  preferred.  In  Indianapolis,  for 
example,  which  is  abundantly  supplied  with  black  raspberries  of  fine 
quality,  the  demand  for  these  is  greater  and  more  lasting  than  for  the  red 
varieties.  In  Boston,  on  the  other  hand,  the  demand  is  almost  wholly  for 
the  reds  and  black  caps  can  hardly  be  sold  at  any  price.  Black  raspberries 
are  extensively  cultivated  for  drying,  for  which  purpose  they  are  well 
adapted. 

Our  native  red  raspberry  has  a wider  range  than  the  black  cap,  extend- 
ing especially  much  farther  northward.  The  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada  may  be  roughly  taken  as  indicating  its  latitude 
of  greatest  natural  development.  This  species,  however,  does  not  take  so 
kindly  to  cultivation,  and  the  origin  of  our  varieties  belonging  to  it  is  often 
obscure;  we  have  but  few  well  authenticated  examples  of  the  species  in  its 
purity  having  been  brought  from  the  wild  state  into  cultivation  and  most 
of  these  soon  disappeared.  The  evidence  by  which  certain  of  our  well 
known  red  varieties  are  assigned  by  botanists  (doubtless  correctly),  to 
the  native  species,  is  mainly  structural  and  not  historical,  since  nearly  all 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


have  originated,  directly  or  by  descent,  as  chance  or  artificial  seedlings 
upon  cultivated  ground.  That  our  native  red  raspberry  has  played  a large 
and  perhaps  controlling  part  in  the  production  of  our  most  popular  hardy 
red  raspberries  need  not  be  denied,  but  the  doubt  which  we  are  obliged  to 
recognize  on  this  point  rests  on  circumstantial  evidence  too  strong  to  be 
entirely  overlooked.  We  have  a detailed  account,  for  example,  by  Profes- 
sor Turner  himself,  that  the  Turner,  our  most  hardy  red  variety,  whose 
claim  to  be  a strictly  native  sort  has  gone  unquestioned,  originated  in  the 
midst  of  numerous  other  seedlings,  which  were  grown  from  seed  of  the 
Red  Antwerp.  The  Thwack,  another  hardy  and  popular  sort,  is  said 
to  be  a cross  between  the  Herstine  and  Brandywine  and  therefore 
probably  contains  some  foreign  blood.  The  Cuthbert,  at  present  our 
most  popular  cultivated  variety,  which  is  usually  regarded  as  of  the 
native  species,  originated  near  New  York  City  in  a plot  of  an  English  var- 
iety known  in  this  country  as  the  Hudson  River  Antwerp.  It  seems  possi- 
ble therefore  that  American  seedlings  of  European  sorts,  and  hybridization 
from  the  same  foreign  source,  may  have  played  a more  important  part  in 
the  development  of  our  cultivated  red  raspberries  than  has  been  generally 
supposed,  and  that  the  characteristic  features  of  the  foreign  species,  lack 
of  hardiness,  small  light  colored  canes,  numerous  prickles,  and  thick  rugose 
leaves,  may  become  so  far  modified  by  cultivation  and  crossing  that  one 
cannot  always  be  certain  from  inspection  alone  to  which  species,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  a variety  belongs. 

As  regards  hybridization,  while  it  is  true  that  none  of  our  most  popular 
varieties  are  known  to  be  of  hybrid  origin  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
number  of  varieties  so  produced  has  as  yet  been  comparatively  few,  so 
that  the  results  attained  in  this  direction  by  Brinckle,  Arnold,  Caywood, 
and  more  recently  by  Burbank  and  others,  are  still  of  much  promise. 

There  is  another  group  of  probable  hybrids,  however,  of  natural  origin 
between  the  native  red  and  the  black  species,  which  has  played  a conspicuous 
part  from  the  beginning  of  our  raspberry  history.  This  group  is  known, 
from  the  name  of  its  first  cultivated  variety,  as  the  purple  cane  group  or 
family.  Plants  of  this  class  are  occasionally  found  growing  wild  where 
red  raspberries  and  black  caps  occur.  The  botanist,  Peck,  described  it  as 
a distinct  species  under  the  name  Rubus  neglectus , but  later  botanists 
consider  it  of  hybrid  origin,  the  reasons  being  its  intermediate  character, 
its  location  in  the  vicinity  of  the  two  species  mentioned,  and  particularly 
the  fact  of  its  never  occurring  anywhere  in  any  considerable  numbers,  as 
a true  species  would  be  likely  to  do.  In  appearance  these  plants  are  usu- 
ally more  vigorous,  and  often  more  productive  than  either  the  red  rasp- 
berry or  the  black  cap.  The  canes  are  upright,  slightly  arching,  and  not 
inaptly  described  as  “majestic”  in  appearance.  They  are  generally  of  a 
reddish  purple  color,  have  rather  few  and  small  spines,  produce  few  suck- 
ers or  none,  and  root  at  the  tips  of  the  canes  when  artificially  layered 
under  cultivation  but  are  not  known  to  do  so  naturally.  The  fruit  is 
usually  larger  than  that  of  either  the  black  or  the  red  species,  purplish  in 
color,  with  large  grains  and  tart  flavor.  This  is  the  typical  and  ordinary 
“ purple  cap  ” or  hybrid.  There  are  other  forms,  approaching  more  nearly 
the  red  species,  and  differing  from  it  in  having  darker  colored  fruit,  etc., 
of  which  the  hybridity  is  more  in  doubt.  Of  these  is  the  once  popular 
Philadelphia,  originally  found  growing  wild  in  the  suburbs  of  that  city. 

The  old  Purple  Cane,  known  also  by  various  other  names,  was  cultivated 
nearly  ninety  years  ago  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 


6 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


other  eastern  cities,  and  was  undoubtedly  the  first  American  variety 
brought  into  cultivation;  and  it  remained  for  more  than  half  a century  the 
leading  variety  over  the  greater  part  of  the  country.  At  present  we  have 
another  prominent  raspberry  of  the  same  group,  the  Shaffer,  besides  a 
score  of  other  more  or  less  desirable  sorts  of  the  same  general  character. 
These  varieties  are  considered  of  superior  excellence  for  canning  and  dry- 
ing, and  were  it  not  for  their  dull  purplish  color  which  renders  them  less 
attractive  to  the  eye,  it  is  probable  that  the  greater  share  of  the  raspber- 
ries upon  our  markets  wTould  be  of  this  class,  since  large  size,  combined 
with  hardiness,  vigor  and  productiveness,  have  been  found  in  these  vari- 
eties to  a degree  attained  nowhere  else,  while  their  upright  canes,  with 
few  or  no  suckers,  render  them  easy  to  cultivate. 

A word  may  be  expected  concerning  the  nomenclature  adopted  in  this 
catalogue.  The  leading  purpose  in  its  compilation  has  been  to  serve  as  an 
historical  record,  and  a ready  means  for  the  identification  of  our  cultivated 
varieties.  For  this  reason  the  names  have  usually  been  given  in  their  full 
form.  In  fact  the  abbreviated  nomenclature  adopted  by  the  American 
Pomological  Society  in  its  catalogue  of  approved  varieties  could  not  be 
followed  with  safety  in  this  larger  list.  This  will  be  apparent  when  it  is 
recalled  that,  aside  from  synonyms,  we  have  among  our  raspberries  at  least 
six  “ Smiths,”  five  “ Queens,”  and  numerous  other  names  which  could  not 
be  reduced  to  a single  term  without  ambiguity.  This  consideration,  and 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  varieties  is  already  large  and  rapidly  increas- 
ing, emphasizes  the  importance,  not  only  of  caution  in  introducing  new 
varieties  but  of  applying  to  them  simple  and  suitable  names. 


CATALOGUE. 


[ The  enclosures  in  brackets  following  the  names  indicate  the  species  to 
which  each  belongs,  Black  Cap  meaning  in  all  cases  Bubus  occidentalis, 
and  Purple  Cap  the  supposed  hybrid  between  occidentalis  and  strigosus. 
In  the  red  varieties  the  species  when  known  is  in  each  case  written.  An 
X between  two  species  indicates  that  the  variety  named  is  a hybrid 
between  them.  The  quotations  used  in  this  catalogue  are  frequently  con- 
densed. The  original  wording  has  been  retained  wherever  practicable.] 

ABEL.  See  Franconia. 

ACME.  See  Palmer. 

ADA.  [Black  Cap.]  A chance  seedling  originating  on  the  grounds  of 
Mr.  Henry  Young  of  Ada,  Ohio,  some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  and  sup- 
posed by  him  to  be  a cross  between  Doolittle  and  Mammoth  Cluster,  since 
these  were  the  only  varieties  grown  by  him  at  the  time.  Mr.  Young  sold 
the  stock  to  Theo.  F.  Longenecker  of  Dayton,  by  whom  it  was  introduced. 
F.  R.  Palmer  of  Mansfield,  Ohio,  who  obtained  it  for  trial  before  its  gen- 
eral introduction,  stated  that  he  had  discarded  it,  as  with  him  it  did  not 
equal  the  Gregg.  There  is  considerable  complaint  that  it  lacks  vigor  and 
productiveness.  It  is  usually  described  as  nearly  as  large  as  Gregg,  more 
hardy,  fully  as  productive  and  ripening  a little  later.  The  Pennsylvania 
experiment  station  said  of  it  in  1893  : The  plant  is  strong,  with  a whitish 

green,  thorny  stalk  and  bristly  hairs  on  the  fruit  stems,  berry  not  large 
although  the  several  drupes  are  large,  making  the  berry  rather  soft;  it  is 
reddish-black  in  color  and  slightly  acid  in  taste.  One  season  is  not 
enough  to  determine  productiveness,  but  the  berry  itself  has  little  to 
recommend  this  variety. 

ADDISON.  [Purple  Cap.]  “An  apparent  hybrid  between  the  red  and 
the  black  cap,”  originating  on  the  groundsof  L.  M.  Macomber  of  North  Fer- 
risburg,  Vt.  It  is  not  yet  introduced  but  is  said  by  the  originator  to  be  a 
desirable  sort  more  hardy  than  the  Cuthbert.  S.  A.  Beach,  of  the  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  experiment  station,  reports  as  follows:  Fruit  medium  to  large, 

firm,  juicy  and  very  good,  with  the  flavor  of  the  red  raspberry.  The  canes 
are  purplish  red,  much  like  some  of  the  red  varieties  in  color  but  in  habit 
more  like  the  black  caps.  Propagation  is  by  tips.  The  canes  are  vigor- 
ous, hardy  and  moderately  productive. 

ALDEN.  A name  proposed  for  the  Ohio  by  J.  T.  Lovett  at  a meeting 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society,  in  1883,  to  better  distinguish  that 


8 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


variety  from  the  Ohio  Everbearing.  It  was  never  adopted,  however,  by 
the  society  (as  has  been  sometimes  stated),  and  appears  never  to  have 
been  used,  except  by  one  or  two  nurserymen.  Mr.  Alden,  whose  name  it 
was  proposed  to  honor,  was  the  well  known  inventor  of  a fruit  evaporator. 

ALLEN.  [ Allen  Antwerp , Allen's  Red.']  Introduced  in  1856  by 
Lewis  F.  Allen  of  Black  Rock,  near  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  after  having  been 
grown  by  him  for  fifteen  years.  Mr.  Allen  seems  to  have  sent  out  two  or 
three  kinds  under  his  name,  but  the  one  here  described  is  much  the  best 
known.  Plant  vigorous,  upright,  suckers  freely,  stands  both  cold  and  sun 
comparatively  well,  and  is  therefore  considered  by  many  to  be  a variety  of 
strigosus , which  may  be  doubted.  The  blossoms  appear  to  be  deficient  in 
pollen,  rendering  the  crop  uncertain  unless  planted  near  a perfect  flower- 
ing variety.  It  was  doubtless  for  this  reason  that  in  1861  the  American 
Pomological  Society  removed  it  from  the  approved  to  the  rejected  list. 
The  bright  red  fruit  is  of  fine  appearance  and  flavor,  large,  firm,  nearly 
globular,  or  somewhat  flatter  than  the  Kirtland.  The  Herstine  and  several 
other  sorts  have  been  derived  from  the  Allen.  (See  remarks  under  Eng- 
lish Bed  Cane.) 

ALLEN’S  RED  PROLIFIC.  A variety  never  widely  cultivated,  of 
the  same  origin  as  the  Allen  and  of  much  the  same  character,  but  an 
improvement  upon  it  having  perfect  flowers. 

ALL  SUMMER.  [Bed.]  Introduced  in  1893  by  John  Lewis  Childs, 
Floral  Park,  N.  Y.,  who  says  in  his  catalogue:  Purchased  three  years  ago 

from  Mrs.  A.  A.  Stowe  of  Idaho,  who  had  grown  it  for  five  years.  She 
obtained  it  from  California,  though  it  came  originally  from  Mexico. 
Stems  three  to  five  feet;  leaves  large  and  green,  silvery  below;  fruit  large, 
dark  red,  of  fine  quality,  ripening  from  J uly  until  frost. 

ALPINE.  [Bed,  Idceas.]  Wm.  W.  Yalk,  M.  D.,  of  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  mentioned  the  “true  Alpine”  as  a desirable  sort  to  cross 
upon  such  varieties  as  the  Bed  Antwerp,  Franconia,  etc.  ( Horticulturist , 
1847-8 , p.  354). 

It  was  introduced  by  W.  B.  Prince  from  the  Mediterranean  a short  time 
prior  to  1832  (Pom.  Man.,  pt.  II,  p.  169). 

AMAZON.  See  Belle  de  Fontenoy. 

AMERICAN  BLACK  CAP.  [ Rubies  occidentals.]  The  common 
native  unimproved  black  raspberry  of  the  eastern  United  States.  It  is 
often  known,  particularly  in  New  England,  as  the  Thimble-berry,  though 
that  name  is  also  applied  to  the  blackberry.  From  this  species  have  been 
derived,  with  probably  two  exceptions,  all  the  “black  cap”  raspberries  in 
cultivation.  The  wild  plants  take  readily  to  cultivation  and  are  improved 
in  quality  and  productiveness  thereby.  Prior  to  about  1850,  when  im- 
proved varieties  began  to  be  generally  known,  the  ordinary  wild  form  was 
considerably  grown  in  gardens.  It  was  cultivated  in  England  as  early  as 
1825.  See  Note  1. 

AMERICAN  EVERBEARING.  An  everbearing  black  cap,  sent  out 
in  1890  by  the  Cleveland  Nursery  Co.,  now  of  Rio  Yista,  Ya.  It  is  said 
to  be  valuable  for  its  more  than  usually  continuous  bearing.  Reports 
state  that  it  is  of  good  size,  but  only  moderately  productive,  and  neither 
firm  nor  of  high  quality,  being  quite  sweet,  while  a heavy  gray  bloom 
detracts  from  its  appearance.  Mr.  Hatfield,  of  Wayne  county,  Ind.,  who 
named  the  variety  and  brought  it  to  notice,  did  not  know  its  history,  but 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


9 


stated  that  it  originated  on  a farm  within  a few  miles  of  his  place,  where 
it  was  growing  when  he  first  saw  it.  At  the  New  York  experiment  station 
at  Geneva,  in  1893,  its  season  of  ripening  for  the  main  crop  was  about 
medium,  extending  from  July  8 to  July  20,  while  the  autumn  crop  contin- 
ued from  the  last  of  August  through  September. 

AMERICAN  IMPROVED.  See  Doolittle. 

AMERICAN  RED.  The  common  and  only  native  red  raspberry  ( Rubus 
strigosus)  of  the  United  States  and  British  North  America.  At  first  by 
botanists,  and  later  by  others,  it  was  considered  the  same  as  the  wild  rasp- 
berry (Rubus  Idceus)  of  Europe,  which  it  closely  resembles.  Hence  it  is 
not  surprising  that  the  wild  species  and  some  of  its  varieties  have  at  times 
been  erroneously  called  An  twerps.  The  American  species  and  its  cultivated 
varieties  are  more  hardy  against  both  cold  and  heat  than  the  European 
varieties,  rather  more  vigorous,  and  generally  ripen  their  fruit  somewhat 
earlier  in  the  season.  A white  fruited  form  is  known  in  the  wild  state. 
See  also  Common  Red. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  wrote  in  1870:  American  Red  (Red  Antiverp,  Cincin- 
nati Red  Antwerp ) a native,  long  cultivated  and  improved,  but  retaining 
its  piquant  wild  flavor;  fairly  hardy,  rather  productive,  of  mid  season,  fair 
size,  roundish,  bright  red,  soft  and  juicy  and  to  most  palates  agreeable. 

AMERICAN  RED  CANE.  See  Purple  Cane. 

AMERICAN  WHITE  CAP.  A form  of  the  common  black  cap,  an 
isolated  plant  of  which  is  occasionally  found  growing  wild,  with  fruit 
usually  of  a pale  yellow,  but  varying  from  white  to  a rich  golden  color.  It 
is  an  albino  black  cap,  and  does  not  as  a rule  reproduce  its  color  from  seed. 
The  stems  as  well  as  the  fruit  possess  the  characteristic  yellowish  color. 
The  plant  is  also  frequently,  and  quite  appropriately,  called  “Yellow  Cap.’" 
Many  varieties  of  this  form  have  been  introduced  into  cultivation,  such  as 
Haskell’s  Yellow,  Yellow  Pearl,  Golden  Cap,  and  Golden  Thornless.  None 
of  them  however  have  ever  become  very  popular  and  all  are  now  discarded 
from  most  lists  of  approved  varieties.  The  vigor  of  these  varieties  is 
usually  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  ordinary  black  cap,  and  most  of  them 
are  sufficiently  productive,  but  their  flavor  is  generally  considered  inferior 
to  that  of  the  true  black  caps  and  their  color  soon  changes  when  ripe  to  a 
dingy  brownish  yellow  which  injures  their  appearance  for  market.  Birds 
trouble  these  varieties  less  than  the  black  caps.  There  are  varieties  of 
this  as  well  as  the  common  black  cap  which  bear  fruit  in  late  summer  and 
autumn  upon  canes  of  the  current  year. 

AMERICAN  YELLOW.  See  American  White  Cap. 

ARCTIC.  [Black  Cap.]  Received  at  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at 
Geneva  from  an  unknown  donor  in  1892.  The  next  year  it  ripened  in  the 
middle  of  summer;  fruit  medium  to  large,  moderately  firm,  juicy  and  sweet. 

ARNOLD.  See  Arnold’s  Red. 

ARNOLD’S  HYBRID.  Charles  Arnold  of  Paris,  Ontario,  produced 
several  hybrid  varieties  of  the  raspberry.  The  above  name  has  sometimes 
been  applied  to  Arnold’s  Red,  the  one  which  is  the  best  known. 

A RN 0 L D’S  RED.  [ Occidental is  x Idceus .]  ( Red  Canada,  Arnold's 
No.  1 Red.)  Probably  the  best,  and  certainly  the  best  known,  of  the  late 
Mr.  Arnold’s  seedlings,  but  too  much  inclined  to  sucker  and  the  fruit  too 
soft  for  market,  therefore  never  popular  and  now  seldom  planted.  Canes 

2 


10 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


hardy,  with  dark  purple  spines,  branching,  vigorous,  moderately  product- 
ive. Fruit  ripening  in  summer,  rather  late,  and  again  more  or  less  in 
autumn.  Berries  about  the  size  and  shape  of  Philadelphia,  but  perhaps  of 
better  flavor.  For  an  account  of  its  origin  see  remarks  under  Diadem. 

ARNOLD’S  ORANGE.  [Occident alis  x Idceus.']  ( Orange  King.) 
Canes  yellowish,  almost  smooth,  with  few  suckers.  Fruit  large,  of  fine 
flavor,  somewhat  shorter  than  in  Brinckle’s  Orange  and  of  a darker  orange 
color.  Mr.  Parry  of  New  Jersey  reported  it  in  1877  as  hardy,  vigorous, 
moderately  productive,  and  of  good  quality.  For  its  origin  see  remarks 
under  Diadem. 

ARNOLD’S  WHITE.  See  Arnold’s  Yellow. 

ARNOLD’S  YELLOW.  [ Occidentalis  x Idceus .]  (No.  2 White, 
Arnold's  White,  Yellow  Canada.)  Fruit  nearly  white,  large  and  fine 
flavored,  but  not  as  large  or  good  as  Brinckle’s  Orange.  Plant  of  a “pecu- 
liar albino”  appearance,  quite  vigorous,  productive  and  hardy,  suckers 
freely,  bears  very  early,  and  again  sparingly  in  autumn.  For  an  account 
of  its  origin  see  Diadem. 

AUGUST  BLACK.  [Black  Cap.?]  Produced  by  Thomas  Rivers  of 
England.  Described  by  Charles  Downing  in  1869  as  follows:  Canes 

strong  and  branching,  bearing  quite  numerous,  greenish  spines.  Fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish  oblate,  dark  red  [?],  with  slight  bloom,  sub-acid, 
and  rather  soft.  See  Note  1. 

AUTUMN  BLACK.  [Black  Cap.]  Produced  by  Thomas  Rivers  of 
England  and  said  by  him  to  propagate  only  from  seed.  (He  was  unaware 
of  the  tip-rooting  habit  of  black  caps. ) Fruit  described  by  him  as  medium 
to  large,  dark  purple,  juicy  and  agreeable.  Catalogued  by  Downing,  1869. 
See  Note  1. 

AUTUMN  BLACK  CAP.  Applied  to  any  fall  bearing  black  cap,  and 
sometimes  especially  as  a synonym  for  Lum’s  Everbearing,  which  see. 

AUTUMN  SURPRISE.  See  Surprise  d’Automne. 

BABBIT.  [Black  Cap.]  Sent  in  1892  by  W.  R.  Laughlin  of  College 
Springs,  Iowa,  to  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Described  in  the 
report  for  that  year  as  a strong,  vigorous  grower,  very  productive  and 
hardy  with  a long  season.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  roundish  oblate,  drupes 
small  and  rather  numerous,  dull  black,  without  bloom,  moderately  firm, 
juicy,  sub-acid  and  good.  Yield  on  plants  of  the  same  age  50  per  cent 
more  than  Hopkins.  Mr.  Laughlin  writes  me  as  follows  under  date  of 
February  27,  1894:  “The  Babbit  originated  as  a chance  seedling  eleven 
years  ago  this  spring  on  the  nursery  grounds  of  my  adjoining  neighbor, 
Mr.  Babbit,  who  owns  the  entire  stock.  Today  I carefully  inspected  his 
bushes  and  found  them  uninjured,  though  the  cold  at  one  time  this  winter 
reached  — 25°.  The  Hopkins,  our  standard  berry  heretofore,  is  injured, 
but  not  enough  to  affect  the  crop.  Both  received  the  same  treatment.  I 
shall  plant  the  Babbit  largely  this  spring.  The  plant  is  of  the  same  habit 
as  the  Hopkins,  but  is  one-third  larger.  The  fruit  is  larger  than  the  Hop- 
kins, but  smaller  than  the  Gregg,  almost  without  bloom,  a shiny  black 
with  a tinge  of  wine  color;  in  quality  as  good  as  any.” 

BABCOCK.  [Purple  Cap.]  Sent  in  1892  from  Daniel  AY.  Babcock, 
Dansville,  N.  Yr.,  to  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at  Geneva,  from  which  it 
was  reported  the  year  following  as  productive  and  vigorous,  with  canes  of 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


a peculiar  purplish  color,  thickly  beset  with  wreak  prickles.  The  fruit  as 
far  as  tested  crumbled  badly. 

EAGLET’S  PERPETUAL.  [Red.]  Originated  about  1854  at  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  and  introduced  in  1858  by  Andrew  Bridgeman,  a florist  of 
N.  Y.  City.  Said  by  some  to  be  hardy,  productive  and  fine  flavored,  canes 
stout  and  branching,  about  four  feet  high,  destitute  of  prickles,  fruiting  on 
the  young  canes  from  the  time  the  old  canes  cease  bearing  in  J uly  until 
frost.  Fruit  described  by  Charles  Downing  as  of  medium  size,  oblate, 
crimson,  brisk  sub-acid  and  of  poor  quality. 

RAKER.  [Red.]  Wm.  Parry  of  N.  J.  said  in  1870:  Sent  out  from 
Cincinnati.  Has  fruited  with  me  and  appears  hardy  and  promising. 

BALDWIN’S  CHOICE,  See  Turner. 

BARNET.  [Red,  Idceus .]  ( Barnet  Cane,  Cornwall's  Prolific , Cornwall's 
Seedling,  Cornwall's  Red , Lord  Exmouth).  An  old  English  variety,  early 
and  very  productive.  Much  like  the  Red  Antwerp,  but  never  popular  in  the 
United  States  on  account  of  its  soft  fruit  and  tender  canes.  Described  by 
W.  R.  Prince  in  1882  as  having  long,  yellowish  green  canes,  more  branching, 
especially  toward  the  base,  than  the  Red  Antwerp  and  covered  with 
numerous  slender  bristles  which  become  stronger  above  and  turn  a dull 
brown  in  autumn.  Fruiting  branches  nearly  smooth,  fruit  large,  soft, 
roundish,  bright  purplish  red,  of  a rich  agreeable  flavor.  It  is  said  to  have 
originated  from  seed  by  a Mr.  Cornwall,  at  Barnet,  Herefordshire,  England. 

BARTER.  [Red.]  Said  by  E.  J.  Wickson  of  California  in  1891  to  be 
a large  sized,  nearly  round,  vigorous  and  productive  variety,  first  grown 
by  Wm.  Barter  of  Penryn,  Placer  county,  to  whom  it  was  given  as  a 
“ foundling”  variety  by  a friend.  He  added  that  it  was  largely  grown  in 
the  foot  hill  regions  of  that  state. 

BAU3IF0RTH.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Recorded  by  Charles  Downing  in 
1881  as  a new  seedling  raised  by  John  Baumforth  of  Pontrefract,  England, 
from  Northumberland  Fillbasket  and  said  to  be  earlier  than  that  variety, 
more  vigorous,  with  larger  fruit  composed  of  large  crimson  drupes. 

BECKNER.  A chance  seedling  found  about  1855  by  J.  Beckner, 
Lafayette,  Ind. 

BEEBE,  [Black  Cap.]  ( Beebe's  Golden,  Beebe's  Golden  Prolific.) 
A “yellow  cap”  said  to  have  been  introduced  from  N.  Y.  in  1886.  The 
plant  lacks  vigor,  and  the  fruit  is  small,  and  when  ripe  quickly  turns  from 
a golden  hue  to  a dingy  brown. 

BELLE.  [Black  Cap.]  Sent  to  the  Rural  New  Yorker  in  1885  by 
L.  C.  Carlow  of  Batavia,  111.,  and  reported  by  the  editor  the  following  year 
as  one  of  the  most  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive  black  caps  he  had  ever 
grown,  among  the  earliest  and  as  large  as  the  Gregg,  but  in  his  trial  singu- 
larly devoid  of  flavor. 

BELLE  De  FONTENOT.  [Red,  Idceus. ( Belle  cV  Orleans,  Amazon.) 
Introduced  from  Europe  about  1850.  A vigorous  variety,  hardy  for  its 
class,  with  numerous  suckers  which  often  fruit  in  autumn.  Spines  pur- 
plish, short,  stiff  and  quite  numerous.  Foliage  thick,  and  silvery  upon 
the  lower  surface.  Productive  in  some  localities,  but  not  in  others.  Fruit 
large,  conical,  deep  red,  firm,  rich,  juicy  and  aromatic,  adhering  slightly  to 
the  core.  The  Autumn  berries  are  said  to  be  more  irregular  in  shape  and 
inclined  to  crumble.  The  name  “Amazon”  is  said  to  have  been  applied  to 


12 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


some  plants  of  this  variety  found  growing  by  the  wayside  at  Edesville,  Md. 
They  were  supposed  at  first  to  be  a new  variety  and  were  so  fine  that  they 
were  distributed  under  this  name.  Fontenoy  is  a village  of  Belgium, 
where  the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe  gained  a victory  over  the  armies  of 
the  Dutch  and  English  in  the  18th  century. 

BELLE  Be  PALLUAU.  [Bed,  Idceus .]  Described  by  Downing  in 
1869  as  a promising  new  French  variety  with  strong,  vigorous,  upright 
canes,  bearing  at  the  base  numerous  short,  purplish,  rather  slender  spines. 
Fruit  very  large,  obtusely  conical,  light  crimson,  with  large  grains  and  few 
hairs,  quite  firm,  rich  and  juicy,  separating  freely  from  the  core.  Season 
apparently  early  for  one  of  its  class. 

BELMONT.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  by  John  Scobs  of  Barnesville, 
Ohio,  and  introduced  in  1879.  Said  to  be  larger  and  more  productive  than 
the  McCormick  and  about  six  days  later. 

BLACK  GIANT.  See  Smith’s  Giant. 

BONANZA.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  on  the  grounds  of  W.  C.  Free- 
man, near  Springfield,  Mo.,  and  introduced  about  1888.  Said  to  be  a fine 
large  variety  with  a long  season. 

BRACKETT  No.  101.  See  Lotta. 

BRANDYWINE.  [Red,  strigosus.~\  (Wilmington,  Susqueco.)  Found 
wild  near  the  Brandywine  river  or  creek  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  first 
sent  out  through  the  country  under  the  name  “ Susqueco,”  the  Indian  name 
of  the  stream.  Admitted  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1877,  it  gradually  attained  quite  a prominent  place  among  the 
market  varieties.  The  canes  are  hardy,  but  sucker  excessively  and  are 
somewhat  lacking  in  vigor,  requiring  strong  soil  to  be  productive.  Fruit 
firm,  of  good  red  color,  somewhat  roundish,  flattened,  medium  in  size,  but 
usually  considered  rather  dry  and  flavorless.  Wm.  Parry  stated  that  he 
had  never  been  able  to  trace  the  origin  of  the  variety,  but  that  it  first 
attracted  attention  about  1870  and  was  for  a time  called  Wilmington. 
Subsequently  Mr.  Edward  Tatnall  of  Wilmington  undertook  to  introduce 
it  under  the  name  Susqueco.  It  soon  became  the  leading  market  variety 
along  Brandywine  creek  and  people  generally  insisted  upon  applying  to  it 
the  name  of  that  stream.  A.  S.  Fuller  says  of  the  Wilmington:  “ Better 
in  quality  than  Cuthbert,  canes  rather  dwarf,  but  stocky  and  exceedingly 
productive,  bark  red  with  very  few  prickles — almost  as  smooth  as  that  of 
the  Turner.” 

BRENTFORD  CANE.  [Red,  Idceus.']  An  English  variety,  introduced 
prior  to  1832,  little  known  in  the  United  States,  but  said  to  be  unpro- 
ductive. Canes  vigorous  and  branching,  bearing  purplish  prickles;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  oval,  conical,  dull  red,  and  of  rather  inferior  quality. 

BRENTFORD  RED.  [Idceus.]  Dwarf,  slender,, bearing  numerous 
small  spines;  fruit  of  good  size  and  quality,  with  usually  a second  crop  in 
August.  (W.  R.  Prince,  Pom.  Man.,  1832,  pt.  II,  p.  169.) 

BRINCKLE’S  ORANGE.  See  Orange. 

BRISTOL.  [Red.]  Reported  as  new  by  Wm.  Parry  of  N.  J.  in  1876 
and  said  by  him  to  be  vigorous  and  to  sucker  excessively,  being  much  like 
the  Brandywine,  but  not  so  firm.  The  editor  of  the  Rural  Home  saw  it 
on  Mr.  Purdy’s  place  in  1876  and  described  it  as  having  few  feeble  spines, 
bright  red,  firm,  conical  fruit,  above  medium  size,  sweet  and  pleasant,  much 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


like  Kirtland  in  flavor.  It  was  rejected  from  the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue 
in  1888. 

BURLEY.  See  Red  Antwerp. 

BURLINGTON.  [Red.]  (Prosser.)  Charles  Downing,  in  1869, 
stated  that  it  originated  with  Benjamin  Prosser  of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  but 
that  two  or  three  kinds  had  been  sent  out  under  this  name.  The  one  he 
described  is  moderately  vigorous  and  productive,  the  canes  clothed  with 
numerous,  slender,  greenish  white  spines,  tinged  with  brown.  Fruit  large, 
scarlet,  firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  good,  composed  of  rather  small,  compact 
grains.  In  1893  T.  T.  Lyon  reported  it  as  of  large  size  and  good  quality, 
among  the  earliest  to  ripen  but  the  lowest  in  yield. 

BURNS.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  to  the  American  Pomological  Society 
in  1875  by  D.  B.  Wier  as  a seedling  of  the  native  black  cap  raised  by  A.  M. 
Burns  of  Manhattan,  Kansas,  about  1866.  The  fruit  was  of  fair  size,  and 
medium  quality,  and  the  plant  distinguished  for  its  ability  to  withstand 
both  cold  and  drouth. 

BUTLER.  See  Cromwell. 

CANADA.  [Black  Cap.]  Of  Canadian  origin  prior  to  1869.  Popular 
in  a few  localities,  but  rejected  from  the  Michigan  fruit  list  in  1888. 
Season  medium. 

CANADA  RED.  [ Strigosus .]  A form  of  the  native  red  raspberry 
recorded  by  W.  R.  Prince,  a nurseryman  of  Flushing, Long  Island,  in  1832. 
He  said,  “ I first  noticed  this  variety  growing  along  the  roadside  a few 
miles  from  Montreal  where  it  grows  in  great  abundance  and  the  fruit  is 
collected  by  the  country  people  and  sold  in  the  markets.” 

CANE  STOCK.  See  Purple  Cane. 

CARDINAL.  [Purple  Cap.]  ( Griesa .)  A late  red  berry,  of  medium 
size  and  long  ripening  season.  Originated  on  the  grounds  of  A.  H.  Griesa, 
Lawrence,  Kansas.  Mr.  Griesa  writes  that  it  originated  in  1888,  apparently 
from  a seed  of  the  Shaffer,  grows  about  four  feet  high,  and  for  the  first 
year  or  two  propagates  from  tips,  but  as  it  grows  older  it  throws  up  suck- 
ers, which  are  loaded  with  fine  large  berries  from  the  ground  up,  a feature 
he  had  never  seen  in  any  other  variety.  The  old  canes,  being  inclined  to 
anthracnose,  do  not  fruit  with  him,  but  if  these  are  cut  down  in  winter  or 
spring  a full  crop  is  obtained  upon  the  new  growth.  The  N.  Y.  experiment 
station  at  Geneva  reported  in  1893  the  fruit  as  large,  soft,  juicy,  not  so 
dark  colored  as  Shaffer  and  better  flavored. 

CARLETON.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

CARMAN.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  by  A.  H.  Sherwood,  Southport, 
Ct.,  and  named  in  1885  in  honor  of  E.  S.  Carman,  editor  of  the  Rural  New 
Yorker.  Introduced  about  1886  by  G.  H.  and  J.  H.  Hale  of  So.  Glaston- 
bury, Ct.  In  season  and  growth  they  say  it  much  resembles  Souhegan, 
though  it  does  not  branch  so  freely  and  has  fewer  spines.  Reports  vary 
somewhat  as  to  its  season,  but  its  want  of  popularity  is  undoubtedly  due 
to  the  presence  of  Souhegan,  Tyler,  and  other  varieties,  equally  good  or 
better,  at  about  the  same  season. 

CAROLINE.  [Yellow.]  Originated  in  1877  by  S.  P.  Carpenter  of 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  from  seeds  of  Brinckle’s  Orange,  crossed,  it  is 
believed,  with  the  Yellow  Cap,  a variety  of  occidentalis . Catawissa  is 
claimed  by  some  to  have  been  one  of  the  parents,  but  there  seems  to  be 


14 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


not  sufficient  authority  for  the  statement.  The  plant  is  strong,  vigorous, 
productive,  moderately  hardy  (hardier  than  Golden  Queen,  it  is  said),  and 
propagates  by  both  tips  and  suckers.  Season  medium,  ripening  with 
Marlboro.  Requires  good  culture  to  properly  ripen  and  develop  its  large 
amount  of  fruit.  Admitted  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1881,  it  soon  became  the  most  popular  of  the  yellow  varieties, 
an  interesting  fact,  considering  its  hybrid  character.  With  many,  how- 
ever, the  Golden  Queen,  being  firmer  and  somewhat  larger,  is  now  taking 
the  preference,  while  Brinckle’s  Orange  remains  the  choice  of  those  who 
have  the  proper  climate  and  who  regard  quality  above  everything  else. 

CARTER’S  PROLIFIC.  [Red,  Idcens .]  An  English  variety  described 
by  Downing  in  18(59  as  having  vigorous  canes  bearing  purplish  spines. 
Fruit  large,  obtusely  conical,  deep  scarlet,  with  slight  bloom;  grains  of 
medium  size,  compact,  rather  firm,  sweet,  moderately  juicy  and  pleasant. 

CATAWISSA.  [Purple  Cap.]  Described  by  the  introducer,  Joshua 
Pierce  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  the  Agricultural  Report  of  the  U.  S. 
patent  office  for  1854,  as  a new  variety  cultivated  by  him  for  the  past  two 
years  which  was  originally  discovered  growing  wild  in  the  graveyard  of  the 
little  Quaker  meeting  house  in  the  village  of  Catawissa,  Columbia  county, 
Pennsylvania,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Catawissa  and  Susquehanna  rivers. 
The  strong  branching  canes,  says  Dr.  Warder,  seldom  sucker  and  do  not 
naturally  root  from  the  tip,  though  they  can  readily  be  made  to  do  so, 
particularly  in  the  case  of  young  plants  which  have  not  yet  fruited.  The 
new  canes  bear  more  or  less  in  autumn,  and  can  be  made  to  bear  freely 
from  August  until  frost  by  cutting  away  the  old  canes  in  the  spring.  It 
was  formerly  considered  among  the  best  of  the  fall  bearing  varieties,  when 
such  kinds  were  more  popular  than  now.  Season  medium.  Plants  pro- 
ductive on  good  soil,  but  seldom  hardy  north  of  Pennsylvania.  Fruit 
round  or  flattish,  of  medium  size,  dark  reddish  purple  and  of  good  quality. 
Dropped  from  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1883, 
having  declined  in  popularity  to  one  star  each  for  New  York  and  Georgia. 

CENTENNIAL.  • [Black  Cap.]  Originated  by  Mr.  Grahill  of  Spring- 
field,  Mo.,  and  apparently  named  and  introduced  by  him  in  1876.  T.  T. 
Lyon  describes  it  as  about  like  Doolittle,  being  of  mid-season,  glossy  black, 
small  size,  medium  quality  and  moderate  vigor  and  productiveness.  Samuel 
Miller  of  Bluff  ton,  Mo.,  writes  that  he  was  among  the  first  to  get  and  fruit 
this  variety  and  still  considers  it  the  best  early  black  cap  he  has.  He  des- 
cribes it  as  large,  more  conical  than  other  black  caps,  with  no  bloom,  sweet 
and  high  flavored,  perfectly  hardy  in  the  latitude  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  not  as 
productive  as  some,  but  sufficiently  so,  and  as  early  as  Souhegan. 

CHAMPION.  [Black  Cap.]  An  early  sort  found  growing  wild  in 
Clarke  County,  Ohio,  and  sent  out  for  trial  a few  years  ago  by  Frank 
Murphy  ofiDonnelsville. 

CHAMPLAIN.  [White,  Idceus.  ] Introduced  by  Ellwanger  <fc  Barry 
in  1892.  J.  T.  Macomber  of  Adams,  Grand  Isle  Co.,  Vt.,  writes:  “ This  is 
a chance  seedling,  which  came  up  in  my  father’s  garden  some  ten  or  fifteen 
years  ago  and  is  supposed  to  be  a seedling  of  the  White  Antwerp,  which 
it  much  resembles.” 

CHAPMAN.  [Black  Cap.]  Grown  by  Mr.  Chapman  or  found  by  him 
as  a chance  seedling  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  carried  to  Chillicothe  that 
state  by  Felix  R.  McLean  in  1862  or  1863,  and  planted  on  a farm  after- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


wards  owned  by  Mr.  Bailey,  from  whom  plants  were  sent  in  1871  to  Geo. 
W.  Campbell  of  Delaware,  O.,  who  makes  this  report,  and  adds  that  he 
has  since  learned  that  it  is  the  variety  now  known  as  the  Ohio.  A variety 
by  the  name  of  “ Chapman  ” was  on  trial  in  1887  at  the  Ohio  and  Minne- 
sota experiment  stations. 

CHARLES  THE  BOLD.  One  of  Arnold’s  hybrids  to  be  sent  ont  in 
1877.  (Rep.  Com.  Ag.  and  Arts,  Ont.,  1875,  p.  316.) 

CHILIAN.  Probably  the  Yellow  Chili,  which  see. 

CHURCHMAN’S  SUPERB.  See  Superb. 

CINCINNATI  RED.  See  Kirtland. 

CLARKE.  [Red.]  Originated  by  E.  E.  Clarke  of  New  Haven,  Conn., 
about  1857.  Canes  strong,  vigorous,  usually  productive,  but  generally 
considered  tender,  being  less  hardy  it  is  said  than  the  Kirtland,  but  simi- 
lar to  it.  Charles  Downing  considered  it  more  hardy  against  heat  and 
cold  than  any  other  foreign  variety,  and  the  best  of  its  class  for  light 
sandy  soils.  He  described  it  as  having  large  purplish  spines,  large,  flat 
and  thick  foliage,  fruit  of  a bright  crimson,  quite  hairy  but  sweet  and  good. 
S.  A.  Beach  of  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at  Geneva  reported  in  1893 
that  it  was  one  of  the  most  productive  varieties  tested  at  that  station, 
having  tall,  prickly  canes,  and  medium  to  large  fruit;  juicy,  moderately 
firm  and  very  good  in  flavor,  but  turning  dark  when  fully  ripe.  Its  season 
is  early,  form  nearly  round.  Some  complain  that  its  fruit  is  apt  to  become 
small  and  crumbly.  It  was  never  popular  in  the  west. 

CLINE.  [Red.]  A chance  seedling  said  to  be  very  early,  sent  out  for 
trial  in  1893  by  G.  W.  Cline  of  Winona,  Ont. 

COLE’S  PROLIFIC.  Exhibited  at  the  Chicago  Exposition  in  1893  by 
the  Fruit  Growers’  Association  of  Ontario.  It  was  found  growing  wild  by 
a Mr.  Cole  of  Port  Dalhousie,  Ont.  Mr.  L.  Woolverton,  secretary  of  the 
above  association,  says  that  it  “may  possibly  be  worthy  of  further  testing.” 

COLONEL  WILDER.  [Yellow,  Idceus .]  A seedling  raised  by  Dr. 
W.  D.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia,  and  named  by  him  in  honor  of  Marshall 
P.  Wilder,  President  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  It  first 
fruited  in  1847  and  is  described  as  having  strong,  branching  canes  eight 
feet  high,  bearing  strong  white  spines;  leaf  large,  roundish,  much  crimped, 
fruit  soft  in  texture,  about  the  size  and  shape  of  the  Yellow  Antwerp,  but 
of  a more  distinctly  yellow  color.  Never  largely  grown,  as  Brinckle’s 
Orange  proved  to  be  better.  Fig.  Horticulturist , Sept.,  1866. 

COLOSSAL.  [Purple  Cap.]  A seedling  of  the  Shaffer  much  resem- 
bling its  parent,  sent  by  O.  F.  Street  of  West  Middleton,  Ind.,  to  the  U. 
S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture  in  1892. 

COLUMBIAN.  [Purple  Cap.]  A seedling  of  the  Cuthbert grown  near 
the  Gregg,  on  the  grounds  of  J.  T.  Thompson,  Oneida,  N.  Y.  and  figured 
in  the  Rural  New  Yorker , 1892,  page  569.  In  cane  and  fruit  it  closely 
resembles  the  Shaffer.  The  seed  was  planted  in  the  spring  of  1888  and 
in  1892  the  number  of  plants  had  increased  to  over  10,000.  It  is  now  being 
introduced  by  Mr.  Thompson  as  a variety  of  much  promise,  especially 
for  canning.  Its  name  was  chosen  at  the  suggestion  of  Prof.  S.  A.  Beach 
of  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  who  reported  in  1892  as  follows:  “The  most  productive 
of  all  the  raspberries  fruited  on  the  station  grounds  this  year.  Fruit  large 
to  very  large,  moderately  juicy,  moderately  firm,  nearly  sweet,  somewhat 


16 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


darker  in  color  than  the  Shaffer,  but  sweeter  and  better  flavored.  So  far 
as  tested  here,  its  growth  has  been  rather  more  vigorous  and  also  some- 
what more  subject  to  injury  by  winter  than  the  Shaffer.  It  begins  to  ripen 
a little  later  than  the  Shaffer  and  likewise  continues  to  ripen  fruit  after  the 
fruiting  season  of  the  Shaffer  has  closed.  It  was  still  ripening  fruit  Aug, 
7,  when  the  bushes  were  dug  out,  to  prepare  a site  for  a new  building.  It 
gave  the  larger  part  of  its  yield  between  July  18  and  Aug.  2,  while  the 
Shaffer  gave  the  greater  part  of  its  yield  between  July  16  and  July  28.” 

At  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  it  is  more  vigorous  and  more 
hardy  than  Shaffer;  the  plants  however  are  younger. 

COMMON  RED.  A general  term  for  the  wild  red  raspberry  ( Rubus 
strigosus ) and  also  formerly  used  to  designate  the  Purple  Cane  when  that 
variety  was  the  leading  market  sort  near  New  York  City. 

CONOVER.  See  Cuthbekt. 

CONRATH.  [Black  Cap.]  (Conrath’s  Early.)  An  early  or  midsea- 
'son  black  cap  discovered  in  1886  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Woodruff  as  a chance  seed- 
ling near  a patch  of  the  Gregg  on  his  place  near  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 
In  1888  the  plant  produced  its  second  crop  and  was  so  promising  that  it 
was  further  propagated  until  in  1891  the  number  of  plants  reached  10,000, 
when  the  stock  was  sold  to  the  Conrath  Brothers,  of  the  same  place,  after 
whom  it  was  named.  After  having  been  further  tested  for  two  seasons  at 
various  experiment  stations  and  by  private  growers  it  was  introduced  to 
the  public  in  the  spring  of  1894.  The  plant  is  fairly  vigorous,  very  pro- 
ductive, the  fruit  of  a large  size,  moderately  firm,  nearly  coal  black, 
and  parts  readily  from  the  core.  Although  early  it  has  a long  season  and 
holds  its  size  well  to  the  end. 

COPE.  [Red,  Idceus.]  ( Vice  President  Cope.)  One  of  the  seedlings 
originated  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia  and  named  by  him  in 
honor  of  Caleb  Cope,  Esq.,  vice  president  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  in  1852.  It  is  described  as  having 
light  green  foliage,  red  spines,  and  large,  conical,  crimson  fruit. 

CORNISH.  [Red,  Idceus .]  An  English  variety  recommended  by 
Johnson,  mentioned  in  Gardener’s  “ Farmers’  Dictionary,”  N.  Y.,  1846. 

COX’S  HONEY.  [Yellow,  Idceus.']  An  English  variety  of  medium 
size  and  yellowish-white  color,  recorded  in  the  “ superseded  list  ” by  F.  R. 
Elliott  in  1865. 

CRAIG.  [Red.]  A seedling  of  unknown  parentage  originated  about 
ten  years  ago  by  Prof.  Wm.  Saunders,  of  Londen,  Ont.,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Prof.  John  Craig,  the  horticulturist  of  the  Central  Experimental 
Farm  of  Canada,  who  says:  “ The  berry  is  large,  rather  conical,  dark  red, 
of  the  season  of  Marlboro,  fairly  firm  and  of  good  quality.  It  is  a good 
grower  and  very  prolific.”  Plants  have  been  sent  for  trial  to  the  branch 
experimental  farms. 

CRAWFORD.  [Black  Cap.]  Moderately  productive',  hardy,  ripening 
with  Hilborn  (S.  T.  Maynard,  Hatch  Exp.  St.,  Amherst,  Mass.,  Bulletin 
21,  1893,  p.  11). 

CREAM.  [Black  Cap.]  A “yellow  cap  ” mentioned  by  William  Parry 
in  1870. 

CRETAN  RED.  [Idceus.]  Said  by  W.  R.  Prince  of  Flushing,  Long 
Island  in  1832,  to  have  been  recently  introduced  by  him  from  the  Mediter- 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


17 


ranean.  Described  by  A.  J.  Downing  in  1845,  as  follows:  “Canes 

upright,  branches  dark  gray  with  few  bristles;  leaves  rather  narrow,  dark 
green  but  very  light  colored  upon  their  lower  surface.  Fruit  of  medium 
size,  roundish  conical,  deep  purplish  red,  sub-acid,  ripening  about  two 
weeks  after  the  Antwerp.”  Said  to  be  adapted  to  light  soils,  and  to  be 
comparatively  hardy,  but  it  has  never  been  grown  to  any  extent  in  this 
country. 

CRIMSON  BEAUTY.  [Red.]  Found  in  1875  by  Dr.  J.  Stayman  of 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  growing  upon  his  grounds  in  a patch  of  Imperial. 
Being  evidently  something  new  (not  having  the  dark  spines  of  that 
variety)  and  appearing  desirable  he  propagated  it  and  finally  sold  the  stock 
to  A.  M.  Purdy  of  Plamyra,  N.  Y.,  who  named  it  “Crimson  Beauty” 
and  introduced  it  to  the  public.  By  some  this  variety  has  been 
considered  to  be  the  same  as  Imperial.  Mr.  Stayman  explains  this 
impression  by  saying  that  some  of  his  neighbors,  knowing  how  the 
variety  originated,  and  believing  it  to  be  nothing  new,  began  to  fill  eastern 
orders  out  of  their  own  stock  of  “ Imperials.”  The  Crimson  Beauty  is  of 
medium  hardiness  and  vigor,  among  the  earliest  to  ripen,  being  possibly  a 
little  later  than  the  Hansell  but  larger  when  well  grown  than  that  variety, 
and  of  a beautiful  red  color.  It  is  of  only  medium  firmness,  fair  quality, 
and  drops  too  readily  when  ripe.  Its  greatest  fault  is  a lack  of  pollen, 
which  causes  it  to  be  unproductive  unless  planted  near  some  other  suita- 
ble variety,  and  also  causes  such  fruit  as  it  bears  when  standing  alone  to 
be  imperfect  and  crumble  easily. 

CRIMSON  CLUSTER.  Seldom  mentioned  and  probably  an  error. 
See  Crimson  Beauty. 

CRISTINE.  [Red,  Idceus.]  A late,  large,  conical  variety  sent  out  by 
E.  P.  Roe.  The  editor  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker  said  in  1886  that  it  was 
not  hardy  at  New  York  oftener  than  one  year  in  three. 

CROMWELL.  [Black  Cap.]  {Butler.)  Introduced  in  1890  by  the 
Hale  Brothers  of  Connecticut.  As  to  its  origin  T.  T.  Lyon  writes  that  in 
March,  1890,  he  received  it  (yet  unnamed)  the  second  time  for  trial  from 
G.  S.  Butler  of  Cromwell,  Ct.,  and  recorded  it  as  “ Butler,”  under  which 
name  he  had  also  recorded  it  when  first  received  in  1887.  It  was  reported 
by  Mr.  Lyon  under  that  name  in  1889  in  a bulletin  of  the  Michigan 
experiment  station,  but  since  its  introduction  under  the  name  of  Cromwell 
in  1890  the  old  name  has  been  dropped.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  an 
accidental  seedling  discovered  by  Mr.  Butler.  In  character  it  is  much 
like  the  Souhegan  and  others  of  that  class,  with  nothing  to  especially 
recommend  it  above  other  varieties. 

CRYSTAL.  {Crystal  White.)  A seedling  originated  by  A.  J.  Cay- 
wood  of  Marlboro,  N.  Y.,  prior  to  1888,  and  said  to  be  four  or  five  days 
earlier  than  Golden  Queen,  of  a bright  yellow  or  straw  color,  and  therefore 
handsomer  than  that  variety,  though  possibly  not  so  prolific.  S.  A.  Beach 
of  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at  Geneva  says:  Canes  moderately  vigor- 
ous, pale  in  color,  of  the  Idceus  type,  and  rather  tender;  moderately  pro- 
ductive. Fruit  medium  or  above,  clear  pale  yellow,  moderately  firm,  mod- 
erately juicy,  of  good  quality  and  flavor. 

CUSHING.  [Red,  Idceus .]  The  originator,  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle  of  Phil- 
adelphia, made  in  1846  the  following  statement:  I named  it  Cushing  in 

3 


18 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


honor  of  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  of  Boston.  It  originated  from  a seed  of  the 
new  Double  Bearing,  imported  by  Robert  Buist  of  this  city.  The  seed 
was  planted  June  27,  1843  and  vegetated  in  the  spring  of  1844,  fruiting 
first  in  the  autumn  of  1845,  producing  one  berry.  This  summer  [1846]  it 
began  to  ripen  June  12.  Fruit  large,  roundish  conical,  crimson;  leaf  reg- 
ular in  form  and  much  plaited;  prickles  brown. 

CUTHBERT.  [Red.]  ( Conover , Lost  Rubies , erroneous;  Queen  of 
the  Market ; Quinby's  Favorite.)  Originated  in  the  garden  of  Thomas 
Cuthbert,  Esq.,  of  Riverdale,  New  York  (now  a part  of  New  York  City) 
some  twenty-five  years  ago.  It  was  but  little  known  until  1880,  when  its 
merits  were  recognized  by  the  publisher  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker , who 
in  that  year  distributed  it  extensively  to  the  subscribers  of  that  journal. 
It  became  at  once  immensely  popular,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  it 
created  a new  era  in  the  cultivation  of  the  red  raspberry  for  market.  Pre- 
vious to  that  time  this  fruit  was  grown  extensively  for  market  only  in  lim- 
ited localities  near  a few  of  the  large  cities.  The  Cuthbert  however  proved 
to  be  adapted  to  the  most  diverse  situations,  and  as  it  was  of  large  size, 
firm  texture,  good  color  and  excellent  flavor  it  proved  an  almost  ideal  mar- 
ket berry.  Its  defects  which  have  been  noted,  are  not  serious.  One  of 
these  is  a tendency  to  become  soft  and  settle  in  the  boxes  in  hot  weather 
towards  the  close  of  the  season  if  the  berries  are  allowed  to  get  overripe. 
Its  large  core  and  cavity  no  doubt  account  for  this  in  some  measure.  The 
canes,  though  fairly  hardy,  are  not  absolutely  so,  and  on  strong  soil,  or  in 
low  damp  places  where  the  growth  is  excessive,  it  occasionally  winter- 
kills.  Thus  in  central  Ohio,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  the  winters  severe, 
reports  are  most  conflicting.  In  1888  the  experiment  station  at  Columbus 
reported  that  the  Cuthbert  had  never  given  a crop  there,  and  was  perhaps 
the  most  unsatisfactory  of  all  red  varieties.  F.  R.  Palmer  of  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  states  that  with  him  it  fails  on  cold  clay  soil,  but  does  well  on  sand. 
T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Michigan,  reported  in  1883  that  with  him  on  strong  soil  on 
the  lake  shore  in  western  Michigan  it  was  a sparse  bearer,  but  that  in  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  state  it  did  well.  Its  essential  hardness  however  is 
indicated  by  the  success  with  which  it  is  raised  in  Canada,  where  it  is  now 
the  leading  market  berry.  P.  C.  Dempsey  of  Ontario,  writes  that  with  him 
it  is  always  hardy,  and  all  things  considered  is  the  best  single  variety.  A. 
H.  Pettit  of  Grimsby,  Ont.,  writes:  “I  have  seen  the  Cuthbert  two  sea- 

sons in  Manitoba  perfectly  sound  without  being  frozen  back  and  perfecting 
good  crops.  In  August  and  September  they  usually  have  dry  weather. 
The  wood  ripens  and  matures  and  is  not  killed  back.”  In  the  northwestern 
states  winter  protection  is  often  required.  J.  M.  Smith  of  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin  writes  that  he  likes  it  so  well  that  he  has  plowed  up  all  other 
kinds.  He  protects  in  winter  by  bending  the  canes  over  and  placing  earth 
on  the  tips,  then  covering  with  straw.  Professor  Budd  of  Ames,  Iowa, 
reports  that  it  is  the  best  variety  with  him,  though  it  requires  protection 
in  winter.  In  the  south  it  it  also  popular.  T.  V.  Munson  of  northeastern 
Texas  states  that  although  no  raspberries  thrive  well  enough  there  to  be 
profitable  the  Cuthbert  does  the  best  as  it  roots  deeply  and  stands  the 
drouth  well.  In  Alabama  it  is  exceeded  in  popularity  only  by  the  Turner, 
and  no  other  red  varieties  are  profitable  there.  In  Florida  it  also  attains 
a measure  of  success.  In  Georgia  President  Berckmans  of  Augusta 
reports  that  it  stands  the  heat  of  the  summer  well  and  is  being  largely 
planted  for  market  along  with  the  Gregg.  E.  J.  Wickson  wrote  in  1891 
that  it  was  the  most  popular  variety  in  California. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


19 


Although  the  parentage  of  the  Cuthbert  is  unknown  it  is  supposed  from 
its  appearance  to  be  of  the  native  red  species.  Its  hardiness  against  both 
cold  and  heat,  strong  rampant  growth,  and  the  character  of  its  foliage 
show  little  evidence  of  foreign  blood.  Still  it  was  originally  found  as  a 
single  plant  growing  in  the  edge  of  a patch  of  Hudson  River  Antwerp.  A 
detailed  account  of  its  discovery  and  introduction  is  given  by  the  son  of 
Thomas  Cuthbert  in  E.  P.  Roe’s  “ Success  with  Small  Fruits.” 

The  synonyms  Conover  and  Lost  Rubies  were  names  under  which  one 
or  two  nurserymen  sold  the  Cuthbert,  for  a short  time.  The  latter  is  now 
applied  to  a different  variety.  Queen  of  the  Market  has  been  more 
widely  used,  and  seems  to  have  been  first  applied  to  this  variety  in 
Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  where  it  was  quite  largely  cultivated  for 
market  before  being  generally  introduced.  Concerning  Quinby  Mr.  E. 
Williams  of  New  Jersey  wrote  as  follows  in  1891:  “A  few  years  ago 
I was  one  of  a club  to  purchase  10,000  or  more  plants  of  “Quinby’s  Favor- 
ite Raspberry.”  The  party  furnishing  the  plants  stated  that  it  came  to 
him  in  a lot  of  Cuthberts  and  proved  so  superior  that  he  was  rooting  out 
all  other  varieties  and  planting  this.  He  knew  and  cared  nothing  about 
its  origin.  When  our  plants  fruited  a small  portion  of  them  appeared  so 
near  like  the  Cuthberts  I could  tell  no  difference.  The  remainder,  fully 
two-thirds,  produced  a smaller  roundish  berry,  many  of  which  were 
inclined  to  crumble.  After  getting  three  or  four  crops  I became  disgusted 
and  tore  the  plants  all  out.  So  far  as  I have  learned  the  venture  with  the 
other  members  of  the  club  met  the  same  fate.” 

DAILY  BEARING.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  a short  time  prior  to 
1860  by  Mr.  B.  Griggs  of  Perry  county,  Ohio,  from  seed  of  the  Ohio 
Everbearing.  He  claimed  that  it  fruited  continuously  from  early  in  the 
season  until  frost. 

DAYIS.  [Black  Cap.]  A “ yellow  cap,”  said  to  be  a few  days  earlier 
than  the  Golden  Queen,  and  as  hardy  as  that  variety,  found  on  the  banks  of 
the  New  river,  North  Carolina,  some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  by  an  old  lady 
by  the  name  of  Davis,  who  introduced  it  into  cultivation.  It  was  brought 
into  notice  by  the  late  L.  P.  Hodges  of  Sands,  that  state,  whose  son,  Chas. 
P.  Hodges,  furnishes  this  information  and  states  that  the  variety  has  given 
good  satisfaction. 

DAVISON.  [Black  Cap.]  (Davison’s  Thornless.)  Said  to  be  an 
accidental  seedling  of  the  native  black  cap,  which  originated  in  the  garden 
of  Mrs.  Mercy  Davison  of  Gowanda,  Erie  county,  N.  Y.,  and  was  sent  out 
by  Joseph  Clinton  of  Argola,  some  time  prior  to  1866.  Canes  rather  slen- 
der, somewhat  wanting  in  vigor,  and  not  fully  hardy;  fruit  rather  small, 
sweet  and  pleasant,  ripening  several  days  earlier  than  the  Doolittle,  and 
formerly  considerably  planted  on  this  account.  In  productiveness  it  is, 
however,  unreliable,  especially  at  the  south.  It  was  added  to  the  catalogue 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1873  and  dropped  ten  years  later. 

DELAWARE.  Said  to  be  an  American  seedling  of  the  Hornet,  fairly 
productive,  in  one  trial  found  equal  in  hardiness  to  the  Brandywine,  but 
less  hardy  than  Cuthbert.  Fruit  large,  bright  red,  but  apparently  lacking 
in  quality.  Added  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
in  1881  and  dropped  at  the  next  session  in  1883. 

DIADEM.  [Red,  occidental^  x Icheus.]  Charles  Arnold’s  account  of 
the  origin  of  this  variety  is  given  by  him  substantially  as  follows  in  the 
report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  and  Arts  for  Ontario  for  1875, 


20 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


p.  312:  “In  the  spring  of  1860  I began  hybridizing  the  raspberry  by 
applying  pollen  of  the  old  Franconia  upon  the  pistil  of  the  old  White  Cap,  or 
what  used  to  be  called  the  White  Black  Cap;  and  out  of  a large  number  of 
seedlings  produced  from  this  cross,  only  two  showed  the  least  signs  of 
having  been  affected  by  the  pollen  of  the  Franconia.  These  two  were  red 
and  very  inferior  looking.  They  threw  up  suckers  and  would  not  root  from 
the  tips.  These  two  varieties  were  again  crossed  with  the  White  Four 
Seasons,  imported  from  France  for  this  purpose,  the  object  being  to  pro- 
duce fall  bearing  varieties.  From  this  second  cross  several  much  improved 
varieties  were  produced — some  red,  some  white,  but  all  throwing  up  suckers 
and  refusing  to  root  from  the  tips.  Some  of  these  were  excellent  fall 
bearers  and  of  good  flavor.  The  Red  and  Yellow  Canada  and  Orange 
King  were  thus  produced  and  sent  out  by  me  in  1868.  But  fall  bearers 
did  not  prove  so  valuable  as  was  expected,  and  the  Orange  King  being 
very  hardy,  productive,  and  of  excellent  flavor,  I again  crossed  it  by  using 
pollen  of  Hornet,  Imperial  and  Belle  de  Fontenoy.  The  raspberry  illus- 
trated at  the  title  page  of  this  report  is  a seedling  selected  as  one  of  the 
best  of  a large  number  produced  by  this  cross.  In  my  opinion,  it  is  the 
largest,  most  highly  flavored,  and  most  productive  yellow  variety  ever 
grown  in  this  country.”  In  1892  T.  T.  Lyon  reported  this  variety  in  a 
bulletin  of  the  Michigan  experiment  station  as  early,  of  large  size,  ovate, 
red,  of  good  quality,  but  lacking  in  vigor.  It  seems  never  to  have  found 
its  way  any  further  into  cultivation. 

DICTATOR,  A cross  between  the  Shaffer  and  the  Gregg,  produced  by 
Luther  Burbank  of  Santa  Rosa,  Cal.  Color  said  to  be  bright  red,  canes 
much  like  the  Shaffer,  but  shorter,  propagating  by  suckers;  fruit  larger 
than  the  Shaffer.  Not  yet  introduced. 

D00M0RE.  [Black  Cap].  A seedling  found  between  two  rows  of 
Doolittle  by  Gustus  Swabley  of  Tiffin,  Ohio,  in  1881,  and  sent  out  for  trial 
the  following  year  to  the  Ohio  experiment  station.  Afterwards  plants 
were  sent  to  T.  T.  Lyon  of  South  Haven,  Mich.  These  plants,  Mr.  Swabley 
afterwards  found,  were  from  a lot  in  which  various  seedlings  of  the  Gregg 
had  become  mixed.  He  now  thinks  he  has  the  variety  pure  again.  He 
describes  it  as  a tall,  erect  grower,  with  deep  blue  canes,  fruit  without 
bloom,  about  the  size  of  the  Ohio,  ripening  somewhat  earlier,  and  the  most 
productive  of  the  twelve  varieties  grown  by  him. 

DOOLITTLE.  [Black  Cap.]  (Joslyn’s  Improved  Black  Cap.)  The 
interest  taken  in  our  native  black  raspberry  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Doolittle  of 
Oak  Corners,  near  Geneva  N.  Y.,  along  about  1850  and  the  years  imme- 
diately following,  mark  the  turning  point  in  bringing  this  excellent  wild 
fruit  into  general  cultivation,  and  more  than  any  other  influence  led  to  the 
discovery  of  other  and  better  sorts.  For  a long  time  previous,  as  far  back 
at  least  as  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  wild  bushes  from  the 
woods  had  been  occasionally  transferred  to  the  family  garden.  As  early 
as  1832  an  autumnal  bearing  fruit  of  the  species  had  attracted  notice  and 
was  brought  into  cultivation  under  various  names,  but  generally  known  as 
the  Ohio  Everbearing.  This,  however,  was  not  adapted  to  market  pur- 
poses and  it  was  not  until  Mr.  Doolittle’s  time  that  this  fruit  began  to  be 
grown  to  any  extent  for  market.  Mr.  Doolittle’s  was  not  the  only  influ- 
ence in  developing  the  market  qualities  of  this  fruit,  for  other  growers 
about  1850  were  already  raising  the  black  cap  in  considerable  quantities 
for  the  New  York  and  other  eastern  markets.  Mr.  Doolittle,  however, 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


21 


conceived  the  idea  that  by  selecting  the  most  productive  and  best  wild 
specimens  and  giving  them  good  care  under  cultivation,  and  particularly 
by  continual  propagation  by  tips  from  young  plants  only,  he  could  materi- 
ally increase  their  vigor  and  productiveness.  Whatever  merit  there  may 
have  been  in  this  supposed  method  of  improvement  ( and  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  it  possessed  some  lasting  good,  besides  being  the  method  of 
obtaining  the  most  vigorous  plants  for  immediate  propagation)  it  is  cer- 
tain that  in  his  efforts  along  this  line  Mr.  Doolittle  attracted  such  atten- 
tion to  the  possibilities  of  the  black  cap  as  a market  fruit  as  it  had  never 
received  before.  His  “ Improved  Black  Caps”  were  for  sale  by  all  the 
leading  nurserymen  and  quickly  took  the  place  of  chance  selections  from 
the  woods  in  general  cultivation.  In  1860  the  American  Pomological 
Society  formally  applied  the  name  “ Doolittle  ” to  this  variety,  if  such  it 
can  be  called,  it  having  been  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Society  two 
years  previous.  As  an  instance  of  the  rapid  development  of  the  rasp- 
berry as  a market  fruit  about  that  time,  it  may  be  remarked  that  in  I860 
in  Berrien  county,  Michigan,  the  planting  of  the  Doolittle  and  Philadel- 
phia raspberries  for  the  Chicago  market  had  increased  to  the  point  of 
overproduction,  so  that  prices  fell  to  an  unprofitable  figure  and  the  plant- 
ings thereafter  for  a term  of  years  were  largely  reduced.  The  Doolittle  is 
still  regarded  by  many  as  a valuable  variety  for  cultivation,  particularly 
in  the  south.  It  is  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive,  canes  rather  stiff, 
upright  and  thorny;  season  early  in  comparison  with  most  varieties  now 
grown,  though  not  the  earliest;  size  small,  color  black,  quality  good,  form 
round,  texture  rather  soft.  Though  the  Doolittle  is  now  a well  character- 
ized variety  it  has  not  been  supposed  to  have  had  a distinct  and  single  origin. 
One  account,  however,  is  that  it  was  found  growing  wild  about  1845 
by  Leander  Joslyn  of  Phelps,  Ontario  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  afterwards  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Doolittle. 

DOOLITTLE’S  RED  FLAVORED  BLACK  CAP.  See  Garden 

DOUBLE  BEARING.  [Red,  Idceus.~\  (Perpetual  Bearing,  English 
Double  Bearing  Red,  Siberian,  Late  Siberian,  Late  Cane,  Double  Bear- 
ing Red  Antwerp. ) A comparatively  hardy,  late,  autumnal  bearing  variety 
with  large,  dull  red  fruit,  imported  in  1843  by  Robert  Buist  of  Philadel- 
phia and  apparently  by  W.  R.  Prince  of  Long  Island  some  fifteen  years 
earlier.  It  possessed  no  special  merit  and  was  never  largely  cultivated. 

DOWNING.  [Red,  Idceus.]  ( Downing's  Seedling .)  Recorded  by 

Fuller  in  1867  as  belonging  to  the  Antwerp  class  and  similar  to  the  North 
River  Antwerp  but  probably  more  productive.  Parry  said  in  1870  that  it 
and  all  other  varieties  of  foreign  blood,  failed  with  him  in  New  Jersey. 

DUHRING.  [Red,  Idceus.']  A seedling  of  Hornet  originated  by 
Henry  Duhring  of  Philadelphia  and  figured  in  the  Gardener' s Monthly , 
1866.  Said  by  Thomas  Meehan,  to  be  superior  to  the  Hornet,  but  seems 
never  to  have  been  much  cultivated  outside  of  Philadelphia,  though  said 
to  be  hardy  there.  Wm.  Parry  said  in  1870  that  it  failed  with  him  in 
New  Jersey.  Described  by  Charles  Downing  as  vigorous,  with  numerous, 
rather  weak,  slightly  purplish  spines;  fruit  large,  roundish  obtuse,  deep 
red  or  crimson;  grains  large,  rather  soft  and  sweet,  berry  separating  freely 
from  the  core. 

DUNCAN.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Kentucky  Prolific,  Kentucky  Mammoth.) 
Reported  in  1875  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  by  J.  S.  Beatty  of 


22 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Kentucky  as  a new  variety  from  Bullitt  county,  highly  recommended  by 
the  fruit  committee  of  Kentucky  for  cultivation  in  the  northern  district  of 
that  state.  It  was  never  placed  however  upon  the  catalogue  of  the  society. 
A.  M.  Purdy,  who  advertised  it  extensively,  describes  it  as  equaling  the 
Gregg  in  size,  but  blacker  and  earlier,  and  turning  a pinkish  yellow  before 
ripe.  It  is  said  by  another  writer  to  have  been  a chance  seedling  found  on 
the  farm  of  Jack  Smith  in  Jefferson  county,  by  a man  by  the  name  of 
Duncan.  Louis  Ritz  of  Ohio  reported  the  “Kentucky  Mammoth”  in  1873, 
having  obtained  it  some  time  previous  from  Kentucky. 

DYACK’S  SEEDLING.  [ Idceus .]  Imported  by  Robert  Buist  of 
Philadelphia  about  1840,  and  known  only  as  the  parent  of  Brinckle’s 
Orange. 

EARHART.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  in  1887  by  the  Hale  Bros,  of  So. 
Glastonbury,  Ct.,  after  having  been  grown  for  a number  of  years  in  Mason 
county,  Illinois,  where  it  was  found  wild  about  1870.  In  1889  it  was 
admitted  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  with  one  star 
for  Michigan.  It  is  perhaps  the  best  of  the  everbearing  black  caps,  pro- 
ducing a moderate  crop  on  the  last  year’s  canes  at  the  usual  season,  and  a 
second  crop  in  September  upon  many  of  the  new  canes  of  the  current 
year.  This  second  crop  is  quite  liable  to  be  ruined  by  frost  before  full 
maturity.  The*plants  are  vigorous  and  healthy  with  stout  spines  and 
peculiar  wrinkled  foliage.  There  is  some  complaint  of  its  being  tender, 
doubtless  owing  to  a weakness  of  the  canes  as  the  result  of  fruiting  in 
autumn  of  the  first  year.  The  fruit  is  a glossy  black,  though  somewhat 
pubescent,  quite  firm,  of  medium  quality,  sweet  and  rather  small.  At  the 
New  York  experiment  station  at  Geneva,  in  1893,  it  was  the  earliest  to 
ripen  among  the  fifteen  varieties  of  black  caps  on  trial,  and  also  the  least 
productive.  The  fruit  was  of  a dull  unattractive  color. 

EARLY  ANDREWS.  See  Andrews. 

EARLY  OHIO.  See  Ohio. 

EARLY  PRIDE.  See  Thompson’s  Early  Pride. 

EARLY  PROLIFIC.  [Red,  strigosus.~\  Originated  with  O.  L.  Fel- 
ton of  Merchantville,  Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  Reliance,  by  sowing  for  several  generations  the  seed  of  the  Phila- 
delphia. It  seems  to  have  been  first  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  Exposition 
in  1876.  Apparently  productive  at  the  north  but  not  at  the  south.  See 
also  Thompson’s  Early  Prolific. 

EASTERN  KING.  In  regard  to  the  origin  of  this  variety  Mr.  O.  A. 
Hill  of  Deering,  Maine,  writes  under  date  of  February  19,  1894:  “In  the 
year  1864  I purchased  a lot  in  what  was  then  the  town  of  Westbrook,  this 
state.  I made  a garden  upon  the  same  and  shortly  after  discovered  a 
cluster  of  raspberries  growing  thereon.  There  were  no  raspberries  culti- 
vated there  at  this  time,  but  the  lot  had  formerly  been  a nursery.  When 
this  fruit  ripened  I was  surprised  at  its  size  and  productiveness.  The 
fruit  was  a dark  red,  very  sweet  and  juicy.  Not  having  ever  seen  any- 
thing to  equal  it,  I regarded  it  as  a new  variety  and  named  it  ‘ Eastern 
King.’  It  is  larger,  earlier  and  more  productive  than  the  Cuthbert,  with 
stout,  half  hardy  canes.  A few  years  ago  a party  in  Connecticut  wanted 
to  secure  control  of  this  variety  but  as  we  could  not  agree  upon  terms  the 
deal  was  not  made.  I am  not  now  in  the  nursery  business  but  still  culti- 
vate and  control  the  plants.” 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


23 


Mr.  James  M.  Hayes  of  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  states  that  the  variety 
was  sent  to  him  for  trial  by  Mr.  Hill  who  claimed  that  it  was  a hybrid 
between  the  native  and  the  Franconia. 

Mr.  T.  T.  Lyon  of  Michigan,  after  testing  this  variety,  regarded  it  as  of 
little  promise.  He  described  it  a few  years  ago  as  ripening  with  the  Cuth- 
bert  and  rated  it  low  (6)  in  vigor,  hardiness  and  yield;  size,  medium; 
quality,  mild  and  poor;  round,  soft,  dull  red.  Becently,  however,  his 
reports  are  more  favorable. 

EBON  BEAUTY.  [Black  Cap.]  Planted  for  trial  at  the  Indiana 
experiment  station  at  Purdue  in  1890  and  reported  two  years  later  as 
inferior  to  the  Gregg  in  all  respects  except  hardiness,  with  a shorter  season 
than  that  variety,  but  ripening  quite  as  late.  The  originator,  F.  L.  Piers 
of  Barden  (formerly  called  New  Providence),  Ind.,  writes  that  he  found 
the  original  plant  growing  by  the  roadside  in  a piece  of  woodland  in  1887, 
where  it  was  so  productive  that  he  removed  it  to  cultivated  ground  for 
propagation  and  named  it  as  above.  It  is  not  yet  offered  for  sale. 

EBONY.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Farnsworth .)  A mid-season  black  cap, 
originating  as  a chance  seedling  about  1885  on  the  farm  of  AY.  AY.  Farns- 
worth of  Waterville,  Ohio.  It  has  been  sent  out  for  trial,  but  is  not  yet 
offered  for  sale.  It  ranked  tenth  in  yield  among  the  fifteen  varieties  of 
black  caps  on  trial  at  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at  Geneva  in  1893.  It 
was  reported  as  medium  to  large,  firm,  very  seedy,  moderately  juicy,  sweet 
and  good. 

ELIZABETH.  [Bed.]  One  of  the  seedlings  raised  by  D.  W.  Herstine 
of  Philadelphia  from  seed  of  the  Allen  grown  near,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  fertilized  by,  the  Philadelphia.  It  was  named,  together  with  several 
other  of  Mr.  Herstine’s  varieties,  by  a committee  from  the  Pennsylvania 
Fruit  Growers’  Society,  who  visited  his  grounds  Aug.  6,  1870.  It  was 
described  as  productive,  large,  crimson  or  scarlet,  firm  and  of  delicious 
quality,  ripening  late.  * 

ELL1SDALE.  [Purple  Cap.]  Becorded  by  Fuller  as  new  in  1867. 
Said  to  have  originated  on  the  Ellisdale  farm  in  Iowa.  Much  like  the  old 
Purple  Cane,  and  hardly  an  improvement  on  that  variety.  Admitted  to 
the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue  in  1878,  but  rejected  ten  years  later.  Size 
large,  form  roundish  oblong,  color  purple,  but  by  some  described  as  deep 
red  or  crimson.  Season  medium,  quality  very  good,  but  unsuitable  for 
market.  Said  by  Mr.  Hathaway  of  Michigan  to  be  rather  more  vigorous 
than  the  Purple  Cane,  but  the  fruit  not  so  large  or  abundant,  and  appar- 
ently not  so  juicy  and  good,  though  possibly  firmer.  Propagated 
evidently  from  the  tips,  as  it  is  said  not  to  sucker. 

ELM  CITY.  [Bed.]  Described  by  Chas.  Downing  in  1869,  on  the 
authority  of  Mr.  Trowbridge,  as  somewhat  like  the  Philadelphia,  but 
earlier.  It  seems  to  have  originated  at  New  Haven,  Ct.,  from  which  it 
apparently  derived  its  name  “ Elm  City.”  It  was  exhibited  at  a horticult- 
ural meeting  by  AY.  Parmelee  of  that  place,  who  claimed  it  to  be  a week 
earlier  than  either  Clarke  or  Franconia.  By  some  it  was  regarded  as  of 
poor  quality.  Mr.  Purdy  seems  to  have  considered  it  a synonym  of  High- 
land Hardy. 

ELSIE.  [Black  Cap.]  Said  to  be  a seedling  of  Surprise,  but  it  is  too 
much  like  it  to  need  a separate  name.- -A.  S.  Fuller,  Michiqan  Farmer , 

1874,  p.  259. 


24 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


EMILY.  [ Idceus .]  A seedling  of  the  Col.  Wilder,  raised  apparently 
by  Dr.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia  and  mentioned  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  in 
1861.  It  is  described  as  large,  conical,  or  sometimes  round,  often  distinctly 
shouldered,  of  a light  yellow  color.  Canes  vigorous  and  furnished  with 
white  spines. 

EMPEROR.  No  information  is  at  hand  concerning  this  save  that  it 
appears  to  have  been  a black  cap  and  the  statement  that  a colored  plate  of 
it  was  oublished  by  A.  M.  Purdy  of  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  in  his  catalogue  in 
1871. 

EMPIRE.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

ENGLISH  BLACK.  [Bed,  Idceus.~\  Recorded  by  Chas.  Downing 
in  1869  as  an  old  English  hybrid  of  moderate  vigor  with  numerous  pur- 
plish spines.  Fruit  medium  sized,  roundish,  dark  crimson  or  purplish; 
grains  medium  to  small,  compact;  flesh  rather  firm,  brisk  sub-acid,  sepa- 
rating freely  from  the  core. 

ENGLISH  BROWN.  See  Purple  Cane. 

ENGLISH  DOUBLE  BEARING  RED.  See  Double  Bearing. 

ENGLISH  GLOBE.  [ Idceus.~\  Described  by  Chas.  Downing  in  1869 
as  vigorous,  with  short,  purplish  and  moderately  numerous  spines;  fruit 
large,  obtusely  conical,  dark  crimson,  soft,  sweet  and  juicy. 

ENGLISH  PURPLE.  See  English  Bed  Cane  and  Purple  Cane. 

ENGLISH  RED.  See  Purple  Cane. 

ENGLISH  RED  CANE.  ( English  Purple , False  Red  Cane,  Allen). 
F.  B.  Elliott  records  under  this  name  and  synonymy,  a variety  much  grown 
in  1865  by  market  gardeners  and  described  by  him  as  having  canes  which 
were  tall,  bluish  red,  with  a whitish  gray  bloom,  hardy  and  productive; 
fruit  medium  to  large,  globular  or  slightly  conical,  dull  red,  with  large 
grains,  moderately  firm,  juicy  and  pleasant  but  not  of  high  flavor. 

ENGLISH  SUPERB.  [ Idceus. ] A red  variety  catalogued  by  Ellwan- 
ger  & Barry  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1860. 

ERIE.  See  Gladstone. 

ERWOOD’S  EVERBEARING.  [Bed.]  On  trial  on  the  grounds  of 
the  Rural  New  Yorker,  near  New  York  City  in  1879,  and  reported  as  one 
of  the  hardiest  red  varieties. 

EUREKA.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  from  the  Ohio  experiment  station 
in  1892  as  equal  in  size  to  Gregg  and  nearly  as  early  as  Palmer,  being 
similar  to  Kansas  but  earlier.  It  was  discovered  growing  wild  on  the  farm 
of  Jacob  Smith  in  Miami  Co.,  Ohio,  by  J.  C.  Kester  of  New  Carlisle,  that 
state,  about  eighteen  years  ago.  See  Mohler. 

EUREKA.  [Purple  Cap.]  A seedling  of  the  third  generation  from 
Shaffer,  from  which  it  differs  in  being  larger  and  of  a brighter  red.  It 
originated  with  Luther  Burbank  of  California  and  is  owned  by  John  Lewis 
Childs  of  Floral  Park,  N.  Y.,  who  expects  to  introduce  it  under  another 
name. 

EVERBEARING  RED.  B.  B.  Whyte,  of  Ottawa,  Canada,  writes: 
“ From  a friend  in  Montreal  about  10  years  ago.  The  summer  crop 
proved  very  small,  and  we  never  got  more  than  a few  scattering  berries  in 
the  fall,  as  they  were  always  caught  by  early  frosts.  I think  it  belonged 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


25 


to  the  Antwerp  type.  It  was  large,  rather  soft,  somewhat  like  Herstine, 
but  not  so  good.”  See  Salzer’s  Everbearing  Red. 

EVERLASTING.  [Black  Cap.]  In  the  Rural  New  Yorker  for  1882, 
page  669,  is  described  under  this  heading  a variety  received,  apparently 
without  name,  from  Lawrence  county,  Pa.,  with  the  statement  that  it  was 
found  wild  some  years  previous  in  Newcastle  county,  that  state.  It  is 
described  as  bearing  throughout  the  fall  on  the  new  canes  and  rooting 
from  the  tips  sparingly. 

EVERY  RAY.  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  is  reported  as  follows  in  the  Michi- 
gan Farmer  for  1870,  p.  505:  “ This  is  thought  to  be  the  same  as  the  Ohio 
[Ohio  Everbearing]  but  with  me  it  is  a much  more  continuous  bearer, 
fruiting  almost  constantly  until  frost.  Fruit  large,  gray-black,  moderately 
juicy,  ripening  quite  early.” 

EXCELSIOR.  [Red.]  Said  by  G.  J.  Kellogg,  of  Janesville,  Wis.,  in 
1887,  to  have  originated  in  that  state,  apparently  by  a Mr.  Sneclode,  who 
he  said  had  been  offered  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  plants  in  stock.  Mr. 
W.  O.  Aldrich  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  reports  a red  variety  under  this  name, 
said  to  be  everbearing,  as  worthless  with  him. 

EXTRA  LATE.  See  Hannibal. 

FALSE  RED  CANE.  See  English  Red  Cane. 

FASTOLFF.  [Red,  Iclceus .]  (Filby.)  An  English  variety  first 
brought  to  notice,  according  to  A.  J.  Downing,  by  Messrs.  Youell  of  Nor- 
folk, England,  in  December,  1842,  and  stated  by  them  to  have  been  culti- 
vated for  several  years  previous  near  Fastolff  castle  in  Great  Yarmouth, 
from  which  circumstance  it  obtained  its  name.  It  was  introduced  the  fol- 
lowing year  into  the  United  States  where  it  soon  became  popular  on 
account  of  its  handsome  appearance,  large  size  and  fine  flavor.  It  is 
regarded  as  a probable  seedling  of  the  Red  Antwerp,  with  which  it  ripens, 
though  on  account  of  its  softer  texture  it  did  not  become  so  popular  as 
that  variety  for  market.  Its  canes  are  strong,  brittle  and  branching,  eight 
or  ten  feet  high,  light  yellowish  brown  with  rather  strong  bristles.  As 
compared  with  the  Antwerp  the  canes  are  stouter  and  more  upright.  The 
fruit  is  more  roundish  or  obtuse  than  in  that  variety,  bright  purplish 
red,  of  the  richest  flavor  and  adheres  slightly  to  the  core.  It  has  a long 
season  and  is  still  popular  in  the  east  as  a family  berry.  The  spelling 
above  given  is  the  one  commonly  used  for  the  name  of  this  variety,  though 
the  correct  form  is  probably  “Fastolfe.”  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I, 
Thomas  Fastolfe  founded  a great  hospital  in  Great  Yarmouth,  which  in 
1851  was  converted  into  a grammar  school.  This  is  probably  the  “castle” 
above  mentioned. 

In  the  Album  de  Pomologie,  tome.  IV,  1831,  p.  87,  is  the  following 
account  of  this  variety:  “Originated  24  or  25  years  ago  in  the  garden  of 

Colonel  Lucus  at  the  Filby  House  near  Yarmouth.  For  a number  of 
years  it  was  cultivated  only  in  the  vicinity  of  the  village  of  Filby,  and  has 
been  known  on  the  continent  only  four  or  five  years.  ” 

FAY.  [Black  Cap.]  Commended  by  A.  8.  Fuller  in  1874  as  a valuable 
early  variety  with  few  thorns  and  firm  black  fruit  with  very  little  blo/an. 
It  was  tested  and  reported  upon  favorably  by  the  editor  of  the  Rural  New 
Yorker  the  year  previous. 

FILBY.  See  Fastolff. 

4 


26 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


FLESH  COLORED.  [ Idceus .]  Introduced  from  the  Mediterranean 
by  W.  R.  Prince  a short  time  prior  to  1832  (Pom.  Man.  pt.  II,  p.  169). 

FLORENCE.  [Black  Cap.]  A “yellow  cap”  of  New  Jersey  origin,  intro- 
duced about  1880,  and  described  by  the  Rural  New  Yorker  \ n that  year  as 
the  best  of  its  class,  equaling  in  size  the  Mammoth  Cluster  with  which  it 
ripened.  Plant  fairly  vigorous  and  productive  but  less  hardy,  either  north 
or  south  than  the  ordinary  black  cap.  Though  better  than  Gulden  Thorn- 
less and  some  of  the  other  varieties  of  its  kind  it  has  the  same  deficiency 
in  flavor  and  tendency  to  turn  brown  when  overripe. 

F0NTEN0Y.  See  Belle  de  Fontenot. 

FOUR  SEASONS  RED.  [Jdoeits.]  (Merveille  de  Quatre  Saisons 
[Marvel  of  Four  Seasons],  October  Red.)  Introduced  from  France,  prob- 
ably about  1857.  It  is  now  little  grown  and  of  no  value  for  market,  but 
still  retained  in  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  on 
account  of  its  habit  of  bearing  uncommonly  well  in  autumn.  It  is  round- 
ish conical,  of  large  size,  red  color,  and  of  very  good  quality. 

FOUR  SEASONS  YELLOW.  [ Idceus .]  ( White  Four  Seasons. ) Im- 
ported from  France  in  1863  by  Charles  Arnold  of  Paris,  Ontario.  Said  to 
be  a seedling  of  the  Four  Seasons  Red  and  similar  to  it  in  all  respects,  save 
color,  which  is  light  yellow. 

FRANCONIA.  [ Idceus .]  (Abel.)  Said  by  A.  J.  Downing  in  1845  to 
have  been  imported  some  years  previous  from  Yilmorin  of  Paris  under  this 
name  by  Samuel  G.  Perkins,  Esq.,  of  Boston.  The  name  however  did  not 
appear  in  any  foreign  catalogue.  It  endures  the  severe  climate  of  New 
England  better  than  the  Antwerp  and  has  long  been  a favorite  family 
berry  with  many  in  that  section  of  the  country.  Among  those  who  have 
grown  it  may  be  mentioned  Benjamin  G.  Smith  of  Cambridge,  Mass,  who 
stated  in  1881  that  he  had  grown  it  for  20  years  upon  the  same  piece  of 
ground.  He  still  regards  it  as  the  best  variety  he  has  for  family  use. 
Among  others  with  whom  it  has  been  a favorite  are  A.  D.  Capin  of  Mass, 
and  J.  S.  Woodward  of  Lockport,  N.  Y.  It  has  been  recommended  for 
cultivation  in  Ontario,  Canada,  and  in  at  least  fifteen  states  of  the  union. 
Its  foliage  is  injured  by  the  sun  however  from  New  York  City  southward. 
Its  canes  are  vigorous,  upright  and  sparingly  branched,  yellowish  brown, 
with  rather  few,  stout  purplish  spines,  leaves  deep  green,  rather  long  and 
narrow,  thick,  firm  and  deeply  veined  but  less  wrinkled  than  other  kinds. 
Season  a week  later  than  the  Red  Antwerp;  fruit  large  with  large  seeds, 
roundish  conical,  red,  comparatively  firm,  of  excellent  flavor,  more  tart  than 
the  Antwerp  and  most  foreign  varieties.  T.  T.  Lyon  stated  that  many 
years  ago  it  was  a great  bearer  and  lasted  nearly  a month,  and  as  compared 
with  the  Fastolff  was  firmer,  of  smaller  size  and  of  superior  flavor. 

FRENCH.  [Red,  Idceus.~\  ( Vice  President  French.)  A seedling 
produced  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia  by  artificial  cross  fertili- 
zation of  the  Fastolff  with  the  pollen  of  the  Yellow  Antwerp.  It  was 
placed  among  the  promising  red  varieties  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1854  and  finally  added  to  its  catalogue,  but  it  never  became  very 
popular.  It  was  a rather  large,  fine  round  sort  of  mid-season,  said  by 
President  Wilder  to  be  vigorous  and  of  good  quality  but  apparently 
unproductive.  It  was  named  apparently  in  honor  of  H.  J.  French,  vice 
president  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  for  New  Hampshire  in 
1852. 


horticultural  department. 


27 


FULTON.  [ Red,  Idceus.  ] A seedling  of  French  raised  by  Dr.  Brinckle 
of  Philadelphia,  and  named  apparently  in  honor  of  Jas.  D.  Fulton  of  Penn- 
sylvania, an  officer  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1852.  It  is 
described  as  vigorous  and  productive,  with  large,  round,  conical  fruit. 

GANARGUA.  [Purple  Gap.]  Discovered  about  1870  on  Ganargua 
Creek  near  Farmington,  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.,  by  Stephen  Katkamier  of 
that  place  and  propagated  and  introduced  by  him.  It  is  generally  regarded  as 
a hybrid  between  the  red  and  the  black  raspberries,  the  fruit  being  variously 
described  as  of  a dark  crimson,  purple,  or  brownish.  The  canes  resemble 
those  of  the  black  cap  and  root  readily  at  the  tips  but  have  only  weak, 
though  quite  numerous  spines.  The  fruit  is  said  to  commence  to  ripen 
with  the  Davison,  being  earlier  therefore  than  any  other  hybrid  variety. 
It  is  described  as  large  and  firm  but  lacking  in  flavor.  The  foliage  is  said 
to  be  more  rugose  than  in  most  raspberries  and  is  reported  from  Pennsyl- 
vania as  liable  to  injury  in  hot  weather.  The  variety  was  dropped  from 
the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue  in  1885. 

GARDEN.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Doolittle's  Red  Flavored  Black  Cap.) 
Recorded  by  Chas.  Downing  in  1869  as  a bright  colored,  acid,  black  cap. 

GARDINER.  [Black  Cap.]  A promising  sort  mentioned  by  A.  S. 
Fuller  in  1867. 

GARNET.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

GENERAL  NEGLEY.  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  said  in  1870:  A seedling, 
probably  from  one  of  the  large  foreign  varieties,  Pilot,  Hornet  or  Fran- 
conia, originated  by  Gen.  Negley  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  vigorous,  of  foreign 
aspect  and  foliage,  stood  the  past  winter  well,  is  productive,  rather  early; 
fruit  large,  roundish,  oblong,  juicy,  high  flavored  and  very  good.  Will 
prove  a favorite  if  hardy. 

GENERAL  PATTERSON.  See  Patterson. 

GENESEE.  [Red].  A fairly  productive  red  variety  sent  out  for  trial 
in  1888  by  Mr.  Z.  H.  Harris,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Canes  moderately  vig- 
orous, tender,  said  to  be  of  the  Idceus  type;  fruit  large,  scarlet,  soft  and 
of  good  quality. 

GLADSTONE.  [Red.]  ( Carpenter's  No.  2,  Erie.)  Originated  as  a 
chance  seedling,  probably  of  the  Catawissa,  by  Chas.  Carpenter  of  Kelley’s 
Island,  Ohio  (in  Lake  Erie),  some  18  or  20  years  ago,  and  sent  out  by 
him  in  a small  way  about  1886,  first  as  Carpenter’s  No.  2,  then  as  the  Erie. 
Green’s  Nursery  Co.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  introduced  it  in  1891  under  the 
name  of  Gladstone  as  a hardy,  vigorous  and  productive  everbearing 
variety.  It  has  not  generally  sustained  its  reputation  for  productiveness 
and  does  not  appear  to  always  bear  in  autumn.  Chas.  A.  Green  now  writes 
that  it  is  valuable  only  as  a continuous  bearer  for  which  purpose  its’  new 
canes  only  should  be  allowed  to  grow,  while  to  obtain  the  best  results  it 
should  be  transplanted  every  three  years.  The  canes  are  vigorous  and 
the  fruit  round,  of  medium  size,  fair  quality,  rather  soft,  nearly  sweet, 
crimson  or  purplish  when  very  ripe. 

GOLDEN  ALASKA.  Introduced  by  the  late  John  A.  Salzer  of 
LaCrosse,  Wisconsin,  in  1891,  with  the  statement  that  it  possessed  great 
size  and  excellent  flavor  and  was  found  in  one  of  the  valleys  of  Alaska. 
The  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Co.  'write  that  they  have  no  other  information 
as  to  its  history. 


28 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


GOLDEN  CAP.  [ Occident  alis.  J This,  the  most  popular  of  the  white 
or  yellow  caps,  seems  to  have  originated  as  a seedling  of  the  old  White 
Cap  in  Cedar  county,  Iowa,  about  1860.  It  is  hardy,  productive  and  some- 
what larger  than  other  varieties  of  its  class.  See  American  White  Cap. 

GOLDEN  MAYBERRY.  A supposed  cross  of  the  Cuthbert  upon  the 
JRubns  palmatus  of  Japan,  produced  by  Luther  Burbank  of  Santa  Rosa, 
Cal.,  and  described  by  him  as  the  earliest  raspberry  ever  known,  ripening 
there  in  April,  a month  before  Hansell.  It  is  propagated  by  suckers.  It 
is  now  being  introduced  by  John  Lewis  Childs,  Floral  Park,  N.  Y. 

GOLDEN  QUEEN.  Found  growing  among  his  Cuthberts  by  Mr.  Ezra 
Strokes  of  Berlin,  New  Jersey,  about  1880,  and  supposed  by  him  to  be  a 
sport  or  albino  form  of  that  variety.  It  is  generally  described  in  both 
plant  and  fruit  as  identical  with  the  Cuthbert  in  all  respects  except  color. 
Its  supposed  origin  is  probably  correct,  but  its  albino  condition  has  evi- 
dently affected  both  plant  and  fruit  beyond  the  mere  color.  Although 
generally  said  to  be  as  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive  as  the  Cuthbert  it 
appears  to  be  somewhat  inferior  in  all  these  respects  to  that  variety,  par- 
ticularly at  the  south.  Its  quality  has  been  said  to  be  surpassed  only  by 
that  of  the  Brinckle’s  Orange,  but  it  seems  to  differ  in  this  respect  from 
the  Cuthbert  only  in  being  more  mild:  when  wet  or  overripe  its  flavor  is 
noticeably  deficient.  It  is  now  the  favorite  yellow  variety  in  most  locali- 
ties, though  its  color  renders  it  unpopular  for  market. 

GOLDEN  THORNLESS.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  from  Minnesota 
by  A.  M.  Purdy  of  Palmyra,  New  York,  prior  to  1869  and  described  by 
Chas.  Downing  in  that  year  as  moderately  vigorous,  very  productive,  hav- 
ing few  spines;  fruit  large,  equaling  the  McCormick,  oblate  or  conical, 
with  slight  bloom,  dull  orange  color,  rather  firm,  juicy  and  sweet.  It  was 
added  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1873,  and 
dropped  in  1883  on  account  of  its  color.  Reported  from  the  experi- 
ment station  at  Geneva,  New  York,  in  1893  as  having  vigorous,  whitish 
canes  with  slender  branches,  fruit  medium,  moderately  firm  but  inclined 
to  crumble. 

GREAT  WESTERN.  See  Gregg. 

GREEN.  [Black  Cap.]  Discovered  on  the  grounds  of  Green’s  Nurs- 
ery Co.,  near  Rochester,  New  York,  about  1890,  and  described  by  them  as 
large,  productive  and  early. 

GREGG.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Great  Western.)  Discovered  growing 
wild  about  four  miles  south  of  Aurora,  Indiana,  on  the  farm  of  Messrs. 
R.  & I.  Gregg  in  1866  and  removed  by  them  to  a suitably  prepared  piece 
of  ground  near  their  residence. 

In  1872  clusters  of  the  fruit  were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Gregg  before  the 
Clark  and  Floyd  Horticultural  Society,  where  it  met  with  almost 
unbounded  favor.  The  action  of  the  society  was  reported  at  this  time  in 
the  Indiana  Farmer.  They  next  brought  it  to  the  notice  of  the  Indiana 
State  Horticultural  Society  in  1873.  In  July,  1875,  it  was  shown  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Cincinnati,  and  in  1876  it  was  sent 
to  the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia,  where  it  received  its  intro- 
duction to  general  notice.  Mr.  N.  Ohmer  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  was  the  lead- 
ing introducer  of  this  variety. 

Its  increase  in  popularity  since  introduced  has  been  rapid,  and  it  is  now 
the  best  known  and  most  largely  cultivated  black  cap  variety.  It  was  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


29 


largest,  latest  and  most  vigorous  variety  known,  at  the  time  of  its  intro- 
duction, and  it  is  not  yet  surpassed  in  either  of  these  particulars  by  any 
well  known  sort.  It  is  less  hardy  than  most  other  black  caps,  but  is  gen- 
erally safe  from  injury  by  cold  in  nearly  all  that  portion  of  the  United 
States  lying  east  of  the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  Mississippi  river.  # In  the 
south  it  appears  to  be  more  successfully  grown  than  most  other  black  cap 
varieties.  The  following  statement  will  indicate  its  liability  to  be  injured 
by  cold  and  other  causes  in  the. north.  In  Connecticut  J.  H.  Hale  reports 
it  injured  badly  in  the  severest  winters.  At  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan, 
Charles  W.  Garfield  reports  it  tender  at  his  place  in  an  exposed  situation 
on  light,  sandy  soil,  but  hardy  a few  miles  away  on  clay  land.  In  central 
Ohio  it  prefers  dry,  warm,  sandy  soil,  and  on  heavy  land  runs  out  or 
becomes  unproductive  sooner  than  other  varieties,  or  after  giving  about 
three  or  four  crops.  Its  failure  on  low,  strong  soil  is  not  due  wholly  to 
winter  killing,  for  in  such  situations  anthracnose  has  proved  very  destruct- 
ive, particularly  in  the  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois.  At  Green 
Bay,  Wis.,  J.  M.  Smith  says  it  is  covered  in  winter  by  bending  the  canes 
to  the  ground,  placing  earth  on  the  tips,  then  covering  the  whole  wfith 
straw.  In  most  parts  of  Iowa  it  produces  a crop  without  winter  protection 
no  oftener  than  once  in  four  or  five  years,  or  not  frequently  enough  to  be 
profitable.  In  that  state,  where  the  Gregg  was  killed  to  the  ground,  the 
Ohio  and  Hopkins  were  reported  as  giving  half  a crop.  Young  plants 
were  less  liable  to  be  killed  than  those  which  had  produced  two  or  three 
crops.  The  Gregg  reproduces  itself  to  a considerable  extent  from  seed, 
and  many  valuable  varieties  have  been  derived  from  it.  Under  ordinary 
conditions  it  is  probably  not  exceeded  in  productiveness  by  any  other 
variety.  Ohio,  and  other  varieties  of  its  class,  are  more  prolific,  but  unless 
given  good  care  their  fruit  is  apt  to  be  small,  and  a portion  of  it  to 
dry  upon  the  bushes  in  some  seasons  without  ripening.  The  Gregg,  being 
more  vigorous,  withstands  drouth  and  poor  treatment  better  and  its  fruit 
comes  to  maturity  in  better  condition.  A comparison  of  the  evaporated 
product  from  nine  varieties  at  the  Ohio  experiment  station  in  1888  showed 
the  greatest  amount  of  valuable  food  per  bushel  to  be  produced  by  the 
Gregg,  though  a greater  weight  of  dried  product  was  furnished  by  the 
Ohio.  In  regard  to  the  quality  of  the  Gregg  some  difference  of  opinion 
exists,  and  it  cannot  be  doubted  but  that  there  are  other  black  cap  varie- 
ties having  a more  distinct  and  pleasant  flavor.  With  most  persons,  how- 
ever, its  flavor  appears  to  be  entirely  satisfactory.  Its  appearance  as  a 
market  fruit  is  somewhat  marred  by  the  presence  of  an  unusual  amount  of 
gray  bloom  or  pubescence  upon  the  fruit.  In  firmness  it  is  all  that  could 
be  desired. 

GRIESA.  See  Cardinal. 

HAMILTON.  [Black  Cap.]  Recorded  by  Charles  Downing  in  1881 
as  coming  from  Shelby  County,  Tenn.,  and  said  to  be  a fine  large  variety 
of  good  quality. 

HALE’S  EARLY.  [Black  Cap.]  From  Hale  Bros.,  So.  Glastonbury, 
Conn.  Named  and  tested  at  the  Geneva, N.  Y., experiment  station,  where  it 
proved  so  inferior  that  the  original  stock  has  been  destroyed,  and  Messrs. 
Hale  will  not  introduce  it. 

HANNIBAL.  [Black  Cap. ] ( Extra  Late.)  Sent  for  inspection  to 

Mr.  Yan  Deman  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1891  by  AY.  J. 


30 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Brandt  of  North  Hannibal,  N.  Y.,  under  the  name  Extra  Late.  Upon  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Van  Deman  the  name  was  changed  to  “Hannibal,” 
under  which  name  it  was  published  with  description  and  figure  in  the 
report  of  the  department  for  1892.  It  is  said  to  be  several  days  later 
than  Gregg,  apparently  vigorous  and  productive,  of  large  size  and  excellent 
quality. 

HANSELL.  [Red.]  A chance  seedling  discovered  on  the  farm  of  J. 
S.  Hansell  (now  Hansell  Bros.)  near  Beverly  in  Burlington  County,  N.  J. 
about  1875,  and  largely  planted  by  them  for  market  before  being  intro- 
duced to  the  public  by  J.  T.  Lovett  in  1882.  The  plant  is  moderately  vigor- 
ous, suckers  freely,  and  is  characterized  by  dark  reddish  green  shoots  and 
foliage,  the  latter  finely  wrinkled  and  the  shoots  covered  with  an  abund- 
ance of  hairy  prickles.  The  variety  is  among  the  first  to  ripen,  often  the 
earliest,  and  is  valuable  and  considerably  planted  on  that  account.  Its 
season  however  is  quite  short,  so  that  some  consider  the  Turner  and  other 
varieties  more  profitable.  The  fruit  is  more  firm  than  the  Turner,  though 
not  large  nor  of  high  quality;  color  dark  red.  The  variety  is  very  hardy, 
though  sometimes  injured  in  trying  situations.  Said  to  withstand  drouth 
and  heat  uncommonly  well,  but  reported  as  not  hardy  from  Alabama. 
Charles  A.  Green  stated  that  it  is  one  of  the  varieties  that  are  difficult  to 
transplant  or  to  propagate  from  root  cuttings.  The  following  statement 
was  made  by  the  Hansell  Brothers  in  1885:  “ The  Hansell  was  originated 
and  fruited  by  us  several  years  before  we  found  the  Rancocas.  Before 
fruiting  the  Hansell,  the  Brandywine  was  the  only  berry  that  we  could 
grow  with  any  degree  of  profit.  Finding  that  the  Hansell  was  earlier, 
quite  as  productive,  as  good  a shipper  and  as  large  a berry  as  the  Brandy- 
wine, we  propagated  it  for  our  own  plantings  with  no  thought  at  that  time 
of  raising  plants  for  sale,  and  entirely  ceased  growing  or  planting  the 
Brandywine.  Meanwhile  we  discovered  the  berry  we  named  the  Rancocas 
growing  in  a most  unfavorable  spot  and  its  attractiveness  induced  us  to 
give  it  a trial.  It  proved  to  be  a berry  as  large  as  or  larger  than  the  Hansell 
of  similar  color,  quite  as  good  a shipper,  much  more  vigorous,  more  pro- 
ductive and,  taken  as  a whole,  a great  improvement  on  that  variety.  On 
plantations  standing  side  by  side  we  are  usually  able  to  make  one  picking 
of  the  Hansell  before  we  do  a picking  of  the  Rancocas;  but  at  the  second 
picking  of  the  Hansell  we  can  gather  more  Rancocas  than  we  can  Hansell. 
The  bulk,  and  usually  the  whole  crop,  of  the  Rancocas,  ripens  within  a 
period  of  two  weeks,  some  years  in  ten  days;  while  the  Hansell  covers  a 
period  of  from  three  to  four  weeks.  Thus  as  regards  the  bulk  of  its  crop 
the  Rancocas  is  earlier  than  the  Hansell.  We  have  fruited  the  Rancocas 
as  a market  crop  for  several  years,  and  find  it  as  far  ahead  of  the  Hansell 
as  the  Hansell  is  ahead  of  the  Brandywine.  It  has  the  constitution  and 
sufficient  vigor  to  succeed  in  very  trying  situations.” 

HARRIS.  [Red.]  Sent  out  for  trial  by  Mr.  R.  Harris  of  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  in  1889.  Reported  in  1893  from  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station  at 
Geneva  as  of  the  strigosns  or  native  type  with  dwarf  but  vigorous  canes; 
fruit  medium  to  large,  nearly  sweet,  firm,  and  of  fine  flavor. 

HARRISON.  [Black  Cap.]  Named  in  honor  of  President  Harrison 
by  Henry  S.  Harris  of  Whig  Lane,  Salem  Co.,  N.  J.,  who  brought  it' to 
notice.  Mr.  Harris  says  he  first  observed  it  more  than  20  years  ago,  it  hav- 
ing come  up  in  a neighbor’s  garden,  and  possessing  the  peculiarity  of  fruit- 
ing on  the  young  canes  until  cold  weather  killed  the  blossoms.  For  a long 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


31 


time  it  was  neglected  until  the  owner  was  about  to  move  away,  when  the 
plants  were  given  to  Mr.  Harris  who  states  that  he  now  has  two  rows  in 
his  garden  and  has  picked  over  six  bushels  of  berries  from  40  hills  during 
one  season.  He  has  made  no  effort  to  propagate  it  largely  or  to  sell  the 
plants  and  none  appear  yet  to  have  been  grown  by  anyone  else.  The  var- 
iety is  here  recorded  chiefly  from  the  fact  that  fruit  of  it  was  exhibited  in 
1891  at  a meeting  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  Washigton, 
D.  C.  and  described  in  the  report  of  its  committee  on  new  fruits.  This 
report  described  the  fruit  as  medium  to  large,  firm,  rather  dry,  black,  with 
less  bloom  than  the  Gregg.  Mr.  Howard  A.  Chase  of  Philadelphia,  repre- 
senting R.  G.  Chase  and  Co.,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  appears  to  have  placed  the 
fruit  on  exhibition,  it  having  been  brought  to  his  attention  by  some  of  his 
agents  who  had  seen  it  growing  on  Mr.  Harris’  grounds.  Mr.  W.  A.  Tay- 
lor writes  that  further  details  are  on  file  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 

HASKELL’S  YELLOW.  [Black  Cap.]  Taken  from  Massachusetts 
to  Illinois  by  a Dr.  Haskell  about  1836.  Several  favorable  reports  appeared 
in  the  Illinois  Agricultural  Report  about  fifteen  years  later.  Since  then 
it  has  been  rarely  mentioned. 

HEEBNER.  [Red.]  John  Craig  of  the  central  experimental  farm  at 
Ottawa,  Canada,  reported  as  follows  in  1892:  “A  large  red  berry  of  the 

Clarke  and  Hornet  type,  in  quality  first  class,  but  not  firm  enough  for 
distant  shipments.  It  has  been  on  trial  at  Ottawa  for  the  past  four  years, 
having  been  planted  in  1888  by  the  former  Horticulturist,  Mr.  Hilborn, 
now  of  Leamington.  The  canes  are  not  quite  as  hardy  as  those  of  the 
Cuthbert,  but  the  fine  quality  of  the  fruit  should  give  it  a place  in  all 
amateur  collections.  It  needs  winter  protection  in  this  locality.” 

Mr.  Hilborn  writes:  “The  Heebner  was  grown  from  seed  of  the  wild 

raspberry  found  in  Muskoka.  The  foliage  is  not  however  like  the  com- 
mon wild  berry,  but  like  the  European  sort.  The  fruit  is  as  large  as  or 
larger  than  the  Cuthbert,  of  bfetter  quality,  and  perhaps  a week  earlier. 
It  has  not  been  very  much  grown  in  western  Ontario  and  I cannot  say  how 
it  will  generally  succeed,  but  wherever  it  succeeds  it  is  the  best  raspberry 
with  which  I am  acquainted.  I hope  to  introduce  it  soon.” 

The  county  of  Muskoka,  where  this  variety  originated,  lies  east  of 
the  Georgian  Bay.  Mr.  Hilborn  stated  in  1886  that  the  man  who  sent  it 
to  him  had  fruited  it  in  the  northern  part  of  that  county  for  several 
years. 

HENRIETTA.  [Red.]  First  seen  growing  in  the  midst  of  a large 
current  bush  in  the  garden  of  Mrs.  E.  Morley  of  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  in 
1870,  no  other  raspberry  being  in  the  garden,  though  several  varieties  were 
growing  in  the  garden  of  a neighbor,  from  which  source  the  seed  is  sup- 
posed to  have  come.  The  plant  bore  fruit  from  the  second  year  of  its  dis- 
covery, and  as  it  appeared  to  be  promising  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  Hale  Bros.,  of  So.  Glastonbury,  who  named  it  and  introduced  it  to 
the  public.  When  introduced  this  variety  was  claimed  by  many  to  be  the 
Belle  de  Fontenoy,  and  it  is  still  catalogued  by  some  nurserymen  as  a 
synonym  of  that  variety. 

HERSTINE.  [Red.]  In  July,  1870  a committee  from  the  Pennsyl- 
vania fruit  growers’  society,  with  other  pomologists,  including  B.  K.  Bliss, 
A.  S.  Fuller  and  Dr.  George  Thurber,  visited  the  grounds  of  Mr.  D.  W. 
Herstine  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  several  promis- 


32 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


ing  varieties  of  seedling  raspberries  originated  by  liim.  They  had  been 
produced  from  seed  of  the  Allen,  plants  of  which  had  grown  in 
alternate  rows  with  those  of  the  Philadelphia,  and  all  were  reported  as 
large  sorts  of  excellent  flavor.  To  four  of  these  the  committee  gave 
names.  The  Herstine,  being  the  most  promising,  was  named  after  the 
originator,  the  others  being  called  Elizabeth,  Ruby  and  Saunders.  Mr. 
H.  M.  Engle,  secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania  horticultural  association 
writes  in  January,  1894  that  he  visited  Mr.  Herstine’s  place  to  see  the  new 
variety  in  bearing  and  that  it  was  one  of  the  finest  sights  of  raspberries 
that  he  ever  saw,  but  that  he  had  himself  never  been  able  to  produce 
such  a show  of  Herstines.  He  adds  that  he  has  always  grown  the  variety 
since,  but  never  largely  for  market  or  sale,  as  it  is  not  so  hardy  as  the 
more  popular  varieties.  For  quality,  however,  in  his  opinion,  it  is  unsur- 
passed. He  describes  it  as  larger  than  the  Cuthbert,  not  a rampant 
grower  but  sufficiently  so  compared  with  other  varieties,  never  badly  hurt 
by  cold  with  him,  but  injured  more  or  less  in  severe  winters.  Reports 
concerning  this  variety  from  New  York,  New  England,  Michigan,  Ohio 
and  adjacent  states  indicate  that  it  is  wanting  in  hardiness.  It  appears 
also  to  be  slightly  deficient  in  pollen,  wdiich  sometimes  diminishes  its  pro- 
ductiveness and  causes  the  formation  of  imperfect  berries.  It  is  late  to 
ripen,  has  a long  season,  too  soft  for  a distant  market,  but  of  fine  flavor 
and  appearance.  Mr.  Wm.  Parry  described  it  in  January,  1871,  as 
large  as  Hornet,  bright  as  pearl,  hardy  and  productive  as  Philadelphia 
and  as  delicious  as  Allen.  The  report  of  the  committee  from  the  Pennsyl- 
vania fruit  growers’  society  is  as  follows:  “Plant  a good  grower,  most 

abundant  and  early  bearer,  suckers  moderately,  canes  strong,  of  a pea 
green  color,  covered  with  white  bloom*  spines  green  but  not  abundant, 
foliage  healthy,  of  medium  size,  often  lobed  and  of  a pearl  gray  color  on 
the  under  side;  fruit  large,  oblong,  with  small  grains,  of  crimson  color, 
flavor  sub-acid  and  very  good.”  In  E.  P.  Roe’s  “ Success  with  Small 
Fruits”  is  an  account  of  the  visit  of  this  committee  by  B.  K.  Bliss. 

HIGHLAND  HARDY.  [Red,  strigosus.~\  {Highland  Antwerp.)  Mr. 
H.  Hendricks  of  Kingston,  New  York,  writes:  “The  Highland  Hardy 

raspberry  originated  about  25  years  ago  as  a sport  or  chance  seedling  on 
the  farm  of  the  late  Nathaniel  Palmatier  about  a mile  from  Highland  vil- 
lage on  the  Hudson  river,  in  Ulster  county,  New  York.” 

It  was  largely  cultivated  in  that  locality  as  an  early  variety  for  the  New 
York  market  for  several  years  prior  to  1880,  when  it  gave  way  to  the 
Cuthbert,  Marlboro  and  other  sorts.  It  has  never  been  popular  outside 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  the  lower  provinces  of  Canada.  It  had  a 
place  at  one  time  in  the  Michigan  catalogue  but  was  dropped  in  1888. 
South  of  the  latitude  of  New  York  its  foliage  is  injured  by  the  sun,  thus 
weakening  the  canes  causing  them  to  winter-kill.  In  general  appearance 
of  fruit  and  bush  it  somewhat  resembles  the  Turner  (though  earlier), 
and  like  that  sort  is  supposed  to  be  of  the  native  species.  The  fruit  is 
small,  firm,  somewhat  conical,  light  red,  and  of  moderate  quality. 

HILBORN.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  in  1886  by  W.  W.  Hilborn  of 
Leamington,  Ontario,  after  having  been  fruited  by  him  for  six  years. 
Mr.  Hilborn  writes  that  it  was  an  accidental  seedling  taken  with  a large 
number  of  others  from  an  old  raspberry  plantation.  About  one  acre  was 
planted  to  these  seedlings  and  the  Hilborn  wTas  selected  after  two  years’ 
fruiting  as  the  best.  Most  of  the  seedlings  were  worthless.  It  ripens 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


33 


midway  between  the  Tyler  and  the  Gregg.  It  appears  to  be  best  known  in 
Ohio  and  Ontario,  where,  with  many,  it  is  a favorite  on  account  of  its  har- 
diness, prod  activeness,  vigor,  good  appearance,  and  excellent  flavor.  A 
report  from  the  Ohio  experiment  station  says  that  it  ought  to  supersede 
the  “Ohio,”  being  fully  equal  to  that  variety  in  all  respects,  and  superior 
to  it  in  quality  and  beauty. 

HILDRETH.  [Purple  Cap.]  Introduced  by  Isaac  Hildreth,  of  Big 
Stream  Point,  Yates  county,  New  York,  prior  to  1867  and  said  by  him  to 
have  been  found  wild  near  that  place.  It  propagates  sparingly,  either 
from  suckers  or  tips.  The  canes  are  clothed  with  numerous,  stiff,  purplish 
spines,  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  oblate,  dull  red  or  maroon  color 
with  a thick  bloom,  only  moderately  firm,  sweet,  juicy,  sub-acid,  in  flavor 
much  like  the  Purple  Cane. 

HIRAM.  [Red.]  Sent  by  W.  J.  Brandt  of  Hannibal,  New  York,  to  the 
Pomological  division  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
1891,  and  described  by  Mr.  VanDeman  as  large,  with  a large  rough  core, 
conical,  pale  crimson,  with  light  bloom,  of  good  quality,  but  hardly  as 
firm  as  the  Cuthbert.  He  states  that  it  shows  traces  of  the  Antwerp 
parentage.  First  offered  for  sale  by  John  Lewis  Childs  of  Floral  Park, 
New  York  in  1893. 

HIXON.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Hixon's  Everbsarer.)  Recorded  in  the 
fruit  catalogue  for  the  northern  district  of  Kansas  in  1889,  ranking  fourth 
in  order  of  preference  among  the  mid-season  varieties  and  also  appearing 
at  the  foot  of  the  list  of  the  late  varieties. 

HOOSIER.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Hoosier  Mammoth.)  Little  appears  to 
be  known  of  this  variety,  if  there  be  such  a one.  E.  Y.  Teas  of  Indiana, 
writes  in  February,  1891  that  he  suspects  it  to  be  a local  or  canvassers 
name  for  a large  fruit  already  named.  Lovett,  in  1881,  found  it  in  no 
respect  superior  to  the  Gregg.  Samuel  Miller  of  Missouri,  about  the 
same  date  considered  this  variety,  the  Centennial  and  the  Gregg  the  three 
best  black  caps. 

HOPKINS.  [Black  Cap.]  The  history  of  this  variety  is  given  as 
follows  in  a letter  from  the  introducer,  Major  Frank  Holzinger,  of  Rose- 
dale,  Kansas,  written  January  28,  1894:  “During  the  year  1872  Mrs.  Dr. 

Maloney,  now  a resident  of  Shawnee,  Kansas,  sent  a boy  into  the  woods 
for  some  raspberry  plants.  This,  the  Hopkins,  was  one.  It  promised 
well.  During  the  grasshopper  plague  of  1874  and  1875  this  variety,  which 
had  been  propagated,  was  destroyed,  save  three  plants.  Mr.  G.  W.  Hop- 
kins of  Springfield,  Missouri,  secretary  of  the  Missouri  Valley  Horticult- 
ural society,  found  it  in  this  condition  and  cared  for  it,  and  the  society 
named  it  in  his  honor.  Mr.  Hopkins,  leaving  his  farm  to  engage  in  other 
business,  I purchased  the  stock  and  disseminated  it.  It  originated  within 
the  present  limits  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  My  place  is  on  the  state  line 
in  Kansas  only  one-fourth  mile  from  Kansas  City,  Missouri.” 

Mr.  Holzinger  adds,  that  he  still  regards  the  Hopkins  as  the  best  variety 
of  its  class,  taking  into  consideration  hardiness,  productiveness,  sprightli- 
ness, and  shipping  qualities.  Norman  J.  Colman,  of  St.  Louis  reported 
that  it  was  larger,  better,  hardier  and  pulpier  or  less  seedy  than  the 
Gregg.  T.  T.  Lyon  of  Michigan  describes  it  as  of  the  same  general 
character  as  the  Tyler,  differing  but  little  in  flavor,  size  medium  to  large, 
round,  with  bloom  only  between  the  pips,  soft  for  a black  cap,  and  of  mild 
5 


34 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


flavor.  A bulletin  of  the  Ohio  experiment  station  says  that  reports  con- 
cerning it  are  generally  favorable  and  that  it  can  be  safely  planted  where 
a medium  early  sort  is  wanted.  See  also  remarks  under  Babbitt. 

HORNET.  (Pronounced  Hornav.)  [Red,  Idceus.~\  A French  variety 
originated  by  Souchet  near  Paris,  and  introduced  to  America  about  1858. 
Described  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  in  1861  as  enormously  productive,  of  large 
size  and  fine  flavor.  It  is  figured  in  the  Horticulturist  for  September,  1866. 
It  appeared  for  several  years  in  the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue,  with  the 
indorsement  “good,  but  tender,”  and  is  still  retained  in  the  catalogue  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  with  single  stars  for  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio  and  Indiana.  It  is  described  as  vigorous  and  upright,  with 
rather  sturdy  purplish  spines,  numerous  towards  the  base,  large,  red,  coni- 
cal, often  irregular  fruit,  separating  freely  from  the  core,  the  grains  large, 
hairy  and  compact,  firm,  juicy,  sweet  and  good.  Season  medium. 

A writer  in  the  Germantown  Telegraph  in  1877  stated  that  an  autumnal 
bearing  variety  was  being  erroneously  sold  under  the  above  name.  The 
true  Hornet  was  of  a dark  maroon  color  and  bore  no  autumn  crop,  though 
it  lasted  about  six  weeks.  It  was,  he  said,  the  largest  raspberry  grown. 
His  plants  were  originally  purchased  from  a French  firm  in  New  Jersey 
[Berckmans  ?]  which  had  imported  the  variety  directly  from  France. 

HOWLAND’S  RED  ANTWERP.  See  Red  Antwerp. 

HUDSON  RIYER  ANTWERP.  ( North  River  Anticerp,  New  Red 
Antwerp. ) Charles  Downing  stated  that  its  origin  was  unknown  but  that 
it  seemed  to  have  been  imported  by  Mr.  Briggs  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
E.  P.  Roe,  in  his  “ Success  with  Small  Fruits,”  adds,  on  authority  of 
Downing,  that  Mr.  Briggs  obtained  it  while  on  a visit  to  England,  while 
it  was  then  a new  variety  there,  not  having  yet  been  introduced  into  culti- 
vation. Mr.  Roe  gives  a detailed  history  of  its  introduction  into  cultiva- 
tion in  the  Hudson  River  valley.  Its  decline,  he  adds,  was  largely  due  to 
“ curl  leaf.” 

This  variety  was  for  twenty-five  years  or  more  the  leading  market  sort 
along  the  Hudson  where  it  appeared  to  give  better  satisfaction  than  any- 
where else.  It  was  tender  even  there,  however,  and  was  nearly  always 
protected  in  winter.  One  writer,  in  1859,  suggested  that  it  was  the  same 
as  the  “ Red  Cane  ” of  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  vicinity,  but  as  he  spoke  of  it 
as  “hardy”  there  may  be  some  doubt.  R.  W.  Starr  of  Nova  Scotia  wrote 
that  it  succeeded  with  him  better  than  the  Red  Antwerp.  A.  S.  Fuller 
stated  that  it  failed  on  the  sandy  soil  of  Long  Island.  Its  record 
in  the  American  Pomological  Society  is  one  star  each  for  Nova  Scotia, 
Vermont,  New  Jersy,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Nebraska,  Utah,  Georgia;  two  stars 
for  New  York,  Oregon  and  South  Carolina.  It  is  described  as  having  the 
stems  vigorous  and  stocky,  though  shorter  and  more  slender  than  the  Red 
Antwerp,  nearly  spineless,  of  a peculiar  gray  or  mouse  color;  fruit  even 
larger  than  the  Red  Antwerp,  oblong  conical,  rather  dull  red,  with  a slight 
bloom,  firm,  and  not  very  juicy,  but  of  the  best  quality,  very  sweet  and 
pleasant,  and  parting  freely  from  the  core.  Season  medium.  A figure 
may  be  found  in  Thomas’  “Fruit  Culturist”  (1885),  page  465. 

HUDSON  RIVER  RED.  A name  which  appears  only  in  connection 
with  a native  red  variety  exhibited  before  the  Cincinnati  Horticultural 
Society  in  1860  by  F.  W.  Slack  of  Kentucky,  who  was  at  that  time  grow- 
ing it  for  the  Cincinnati  market. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


35 


HUNTSMAN’S  GIANT.  [Red,  Idceus?^\  A variety,  probably  of  the 
foreign  species,  said  to  have  been  originated  by  Prof.  T.  W.  Huntsman  of 
Pushing,  Long  Island. 

HUNTSYILLE.  See  Purple  Cane. 

HYBRID  CRIMSON  MAMMOTH.  [Purple  Cap.]  Found  wild  at 
Adams,  New  York,  in  1872,  by  Dr.  E.  R.  Maxson  who  brought  it  into  cul- 
tivation and  described  it  in  the  Horticulturist,  but  as  far  as  known  never 
introduced  it. 

IDAHO.  [ Leucodermis ?]  Sent  out  for  trial  by  F.  R.  Palmer,  of  Mans- 
field, Ohio,  in  1890. 

Mr.  Palmer  writes:  “I  received  it  from  Mr.  Ellis,  a gardener  living  at 

Dayton,  Washington.  He  recommended  it  very  highly,  said  it  was  the 
largest  raspberry  he  ever  saw  and  very  early.  It  ripened  early  with  me, 
but  not  more  than  three  days  before  Palmer  and  was  not  nearly  so  good  a 
variety  in  any  respect.  I sent  a few  plants  to  one  or  two  state  experiment 
stations  before  testing  it  enough  to  judge  of  its  merits,  relying  on  the 
description  given  me  by  Mr.  Ellis.  It  came  from  the  mountains  near 
Lewiston,  Idaho  (so  Mr.  Ellis  informed  me),  hence  I called  it  ‘Idaho.’ 
It  is  of  no  value  here.” 

IMPERIAL.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Charles  Downing,  quoting  from  the 
Gardener' s Monthly,  in  1869,  described  it  as  a large,  firm,  bright  red, 
French  variety,  with  pale  green,  almost  white  canes.  A.  S.  Fuller  about 
the  same  time  spoke  of  it  as  a much  extolled  foreign  sort,  no  better  than 
many  of  our  older  varieties. 

IMPERIAL  RED.  Charles  Downing  mentioned  it  in  1869  as  grown 
in  New  Jersey,  and  hardy  there,  the  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  scar- 
let, half  firm,  juicy  and  pleasant.  P.  J.  Berckmans  stated  in  1877  that  it 
was  the  only  red  variety  that  succeeded  in  Georgia,  but  in  1883,  on 
motion  of  Samuel  Hape,  of  that  state,  it  was  dropped  from  the  catalogue 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

IMPERIAL  WHITE.  [ Idceus .]  A new,  large,  white  variety  cata- 
logued by  Ellwanger  & Barry  in  1860. 

IMPROVED  BLACK  CAP.  See  Doolittle. 

IMPROVED  MIAMI.  See  McCormick. 

INDIANA.  [Black  Cap.]  T.  T.  Lyon  recorded  this  as  received  in 
1884  from  Indiana,  and  he  described  it  in  1889  as  ripening  a little  before 
the  Gregg,  fairly  vigorous,  hardy,  the  fruit  firm,  of  medium  size  and  qual- 
ity. Three  years  later  he  reported  the  plants  as  very  productive  but  lack- 
ing in  vigor.  The  following  winter  the  plants  were  badly  injured  and  the 
fruit  next  season  was  a small  crop  and  ripened  with  the  Tyler. 

IRON  CLAD.  See  Smith’s  Ironclad. 

JACKSON’S  MAY  KING.  [Black  Cap.]  Catalogued  by  Storrs  & 
Harrison  in  1887  as  “ May  King,”  and  stated  by  Lovett  in  1892  to  be  no 
earlier  than  the  Souhegan,  and  not  so  fine. 

JOHNSON.  [Red.]  Received  from  Cincinnati,  by  E.  Y.  Teas,  of 
Indiana,  in  1875,  and  reported  by  him  after  a brief  trial  to  be  much  like 
the  Philadelphia. 

JOHNSON’S  SWEET.  [Black  Cap.]  (Key's  Prolific.)  Mr.  Robert 
Johnson,  of  Shortsville,  N.  Y.,  writes  that  he  received  this  variety  in  1883 


36 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


irdm  John  B.  Hoag,  Jndsonia,  Arkansas,  where  it  had  been  growing  in  a 
Mr.  Key’s  garden  for  twenty  years.  Mr.  Johnson  sent  it  to  the  New  York 
experiment  station  for  trial  in  1885  under  the  name  Key’s  Prolific,  but 
introduced  it  to  the  public  in  the  following  year  as  “Johnson’s  Sweet.” 
He  states  that  it  does  well  on  sandy  land,  but  is  too  weak  a grower  to  suc- 
ceed generally.  At  the  Ohio  experiment  station  it  was  affected  more  than 
other  varieties  by  the  blight.  It  is  described  as  being  similar  in  habit  to 
the  Tyler,  but  more  upright  and  ripening  a little  later.  F ruit  large,  black, 
firm  and  peculiarly  mild  in  flavor. 

JOSLYN.  See  Doolittle. 

JOUET.  [White,  Idceus. ] A French  variety  described  by  Chas.  Down- 
ing in  1869  as  having  yellowish  green  canes,  whitish  spines;  fruit  small, 
elongated,  conical,  bright  lemon  yellow  color,  with  a whitish  bloom,  soft 
and  sweet  but  of  only  moderate  flavor. 

KAGY’S  EYERBEARING.  [Black  Cap.]  On  trial  at  the  Ohio 
experiment  station  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1888. 

KANSAS.  [Black  Cap.]  A.  H.  Griesa,  of  Lawrence,  Kansas,  the 
originator  and  introducer  of  this  variety,  says:  “ Some  years  ago  I planted 

largely  of  raspberry  seeds,  but  out  of  six  to  nine  hundred  plants  (some  of 
which  were  good)  had  none  equal  to  one  that  came  up  by  chance  on  my 
grounds  in  the  spring  of  1885.  It  fruited  the  following  year,  and  in  1888  I 
sent  plants  unnamed  to  friends  for  trial.  The  first  plants  were  sold  in  1890 
at  $1  each  or  $10  per  dozen.  I had  not  been  able  to  grow  raspberries  with 
profit  because  after  a year  or  two  the  leaves  would  drop  in  August,  which 
stopped  the  growth  of  the  branches  and  gave  no  chance  for  plants.  The 
Kansas  from  its  first  growth,  when  only  a few  inches  high,  presented  such 
an  appearance  of  health  and  vigor  that  it  was  saved;  other  seedlings  in 
adjoining  rows  dropped  their  leaves  more  than  any  other  kind  in  cultiva- 
tion. One  feature  in  the  Kansas  that  I never  saw  in  any  other  variety  is 
that  some  of  the  tips  will  grow  from  the  layered  plants  in  the  fall,  some- 
times two  to  four  feet  high,  and  stand  uninjured  the  next  winter.  Others 
will  grow  above  ground  and  make  a bunch  of  leaves  like  a strawberry  plant 
and  force  a surprising  growth  the  next  season,  while  still  others  will  remain 
dormant  like  the  other  varieties.” 

The  season  of  the  Kansas  is  later  than  that  of  the  Souhegan,  but  much 
earlier  than  that  of  the  Gregg,  which  it  is  said  to  equal  in  size,  exceed  in 
productiveness  and  surpass  in  color.  The  stout  canes  are  quite  thorny  and 
covered  with  a thick  bluish  bloom.  The  Kansas  is  described  and  figured 
in  the  report  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  1891,  on 
page  394,  where  it  is  stated  that  reports  concerning  it  from  all  parts  of  the 
country  are  very  favorable.  At  the  Michigan  experiment  station  it  had 
quite  badly  winter-killed.  Another  variety,  also  known  as  the  Kansas,  will 
be  found  recorded  under  the  name  McCracken. 

KELLOGG.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  as  a chance  seedling  by  George 
J.  Kellogg,  Janesville,  Wis.,  about  1875,  and  claimed  to  be  hardy,  vigorous 
and  productive,  with  about  the  same  season  and  appearance  as  the  Doolit- 
tle. It  is  grown  by  Mr.  Kellogg  and  a few  others  for  market. 

KENTUCKY.  [Black  Cap.]  See  Duncan. 

KENYON.  Introduced  by  O.  A.  Kenyon,  of  McGregor,  Iowa,  who 
found  it  growing  in  an  old  row  of  black  raspberries  about  1885.  No  other 
red  raspberry  grew  upon  the  premises,  but  a row  of  Shaffers  stood  about 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


37 


fifty  feet  distant,  from  which  the  seed  is  supposed  to  have  come.  Unlike  the 
Shaffer,  however,  it  increases  by  sprouting  from  the  root.  At  the  college 
grounds  at  Ames,  Professor  Budd  has  found  it  apparently  hardy,  with 
canes  very  large  and  strong,  large,  rough,  wTith  dark  glossy  green  foliage 
and  no  rust  or  other  disease  during  the  four  years  it  has  fruited;  fruit 
large,  abundant,  firm,  dark  red,  with  fine  bloom. 

KERR’S  WHITE.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  from  the  Michigan 
experiment  station  in  1892  as  having  been  on  trial  for  over  three  years, 
and  proved  to  be  a large,  second  early  variety  of  moderate  vigor,  and  pro- 
ductiveness with  light  yellow  pubescent  fruit. 

KEY’S  PROLIFIC.  See  Johnson’s  Sweet. 

'KIMBALL.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  by  Joseph  H.  Bourn  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  to  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1885,  as  a promising 
new  variety,  earlier  than  the  Souhegan.  He  writes  later  that  it  was  found 
by  him  growing  as  a chance  seedling  on  the  farm  of  James  Kimball,  near 
Providence,  but  that  it  was  never  introduced,  and  had  apparently 
disappeared. 

KING.  See  Jackson’s  May  King  and  Thompson’s  King. 

KIRTLAND.  [Red,  Indceus.]  {Cincinnati  Red.)  Discovered  by  Dr. 
J.  A.  Warder  some  time  prior  to  1858,  growing  in  the  garden  of  Professor 

A.  J.  Kirtland,  M.  D.,  the  distinguished  naturalist  and  pomologist  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  Although  Professor  Kirtland  believed  he  had  obtained  it  some- 
where else,  it  was  not  recognized  as  any  known  variety,  and  was  there- 
fore given  his  name.  It  seems  to  have  been  named  and  introduced  by  H. 

B.  Lum,  a nurseryman  who  purchased  Prof.  Kirtland’s  place.  A figure 
and  description  are  published  in  the  report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1866.  The  canes  are  vigorous,  upright,  light  yellow,  not 
much  branched,  clothed  with  few,  rather  weak  whitish  spines,  sucker 
numerously;  season  very  early  and  rather  short,  ripening  before  the  Purple 
Cane  or  the  Davison;  fruit  of  medium  size,  about  the  same  as  the 
Philadelphia  or  smaller;  firmer  than  that  variety,  not  very  juicy,  nor  of 
high  flavor,  grains  small,  light  crimson,  with  a slight  bloom,  separating 
freely  from  the  core.  The  variety  is  uniformly  hardy  at  the  east,  and 
often  also  at  the  west,  but  is  liable  to  injury  by  the  sun  at  the  south.  Its 
season,  though  early,  is  comparatively  short.  Rejected  from  the  Michigan 
fruit  catalogue  in  1888. 

KXEYETT’S  ANTWERP.  See  Red  Antwerp. 

KNEVETT’S  GIANT.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Introduced  from  England  by 
Marshall  P.  Wilder  in  1843,  and  at  one  time  quite  extensively  cultivated 
for  market,  but  now  hard  to  find.  It  was  an  excellent  variety,  much  like 
the  Red  Antwerp,  but  rather  more  hardy.  Described  as  large,  conical, 
deep  red,  early,  of  excellent  quality  and  flavor,  and  an  abundant  bearer. 

KIRE1GH.  [Red.]  Recorded  in  the  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1880  as 
firm,  nearly  equal  to  the  Herstine  in  size,  and  more  hardy;  larger  than 
the  Turner  and  more  productive. 

LADY  ANNE.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

LARGE  FRUITED  MONTHLY.  See  Rivers’  Large  Fruited 
Monthly. 

LARGE  FRUITED  RASPBERRY.  See  Red  Antwerp. 

LATE  CANE.  See  Double  Bearing. 


38 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


LINDLEY.  [Red.]  Originated  by  Joseph  B.  Lindley  of  Newark,  N. 
J.,  early  in  the  “ sixties.”  Said  to  be  a hybrid  between  the  Fastolff  and 
the  native  red,  and  said  at  the  time  of  its  introduction  to  be  the  largest  of 
the  native  varieties.  It  is  described  as  tall,  vigorous  and  branching,  too 
much  inclined  to  sucker,  not  fully  hardy,  with  numerous  stout,  greenish 
spines;  fruit  medium  to  large,  conical,  but  not  sharply  so,  crimson,  rather 
soft,  juicy,  sweet  and  good,  adhering  slightly  to  the  core,  with  rather  large, 
compact  grains.  The  correct  spelling  of  this  name  may  be  “ Lindsley.” 
Parry,  for,  example,  speaks  of  “ Lindsley’ s Fcistolff  Seedling”  as  unproduct- 
ive with  him  in  New  Jersey. 

LINTON.  [Red.]  Mentioned  by  William  Parry,  of  N.  J.,  in  1870, 
among  the  varieties  that  failed  with  him. 

LITTLE’S  PROLIFIC.  [Red.]  A chance  seedling  sent  out  in  1883 
by  Joseph  Little,  of  Granton,  Ontario,  who  writes  that  it  is  no  longer  cul- 
tivated. It  was  described  by  T.  T.  Lyon  as  having  slender,  branching 
canes  without  spines,  bearing  an  early  and  abundant  crop  of  medium  sized, 
roundish  fruit,  moderately  firm,  juicy  and  sprightly,  of  a light  purplish 
red  color. 

LOGAN.  The  following  is  from  Garden  and  Forest , 1894,  p.  30:  Pro- 
fessor E.  J.  Wickson,  of  Berkely,  California,  is  sending  out  plants  of  what 
is  called  the  Logan  Berry,  which  appears  to  be  a cross  between  the  culti- 
vated red  raspberry  and  a variety  of  the  Californian  wild  black  berry.  It 
was  raised  from  seed  by  Judge  J.  H.  Logan,  at  Santa  Cruz,  in  1884,  and 
bears  fruit  of  striking  characterists.  The  berry  is  sometimes  an  inch  and 
a quarter  long,  shaped  like  a black  berry,  colored  like  a dark  red  raspberry 
and  combines  the  flavor  of  the  two.  On  the  experiment  grounds  of  the 
University  station  it  has  fruited  for  three  years.  It  is  hard  and  ships  well 
and  has  been  successfully  marketed  in  quantity.  The  foliage  seems  rust 
proof,  and  no  other  diseases  have  been  noticed  on  the  plants. 

LORD  BEACONSFIELD.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at 
Agassiz,  B.  C. 

LOST  RUBIES.  [Red.]  Said  by  A.  M.  Purdy  to  have  been  found 
growing  in  a bed  of  Naomi  on  his  place  at  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  and  sent  to 
Charles  A.  Green  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  by  whom  it  was  introduced.  It  is 
claimed  by  Mr.  Purdy  and  some  others  that  it  is  the  Naomi,  but  most 
reports  indicate  the  contrary.  It  was  also  at  one  time  regarded  as  a 
synonym  for  the  Cuthbert,  but  the  variety  now  growm  under  that  name 
is  clearly  distinct  from  the  Cuthbert.  It  is  a rather  small,  round,  dark  red 
variety,  several  days  earlier  than  the  Cuthbert.  The  Ohio  experiment 
station  in  1885  made  the  following  report:  “ Lost  Rubies. — Under  the 

name  of  Naomi  this  variety  was  once  favorably  known.  The  plants  are 
quite  hardy  and  productive,  but  the  fruit  is  quite  soft  and  crumbles 
badly,  hence  does  not  sell  well  in  market.  In  quality,  however,  it  is 
excellent,  and  is  very  superior  for  canning  purposes.  There  are  many  better 
varieties,  and  it  is  for  that  reason  discarded  by  nearly  all  growers.” 

LOTT  A.  [Black  Cap.]  (Brackett  No.  101.)  Reported  to  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society  in  1887  by  G.  C.  Brackett,  of  Lawrence,  Kansas, 
now  secretary  of  that  society,  as  a large,  new,  glossy  black,  vigorous,  hardy 
variety,  very  firm,  sweet  and  juicy.  It  originated  on  Mr.  Brackett’s  place 
as  a chance  seedling  and  is  supposed  to  be  a cross  between  his  No.  20  and 
the  Gregg,  as  these  were  the  only  varieties  on  the  premises.  Mr.  Brackett 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


39 


states  that  it  begins  to  ripen  a week  before  the  Gregg  and  continues  in 
bearing  about  a week  longer  than  that  variety.  He  is  growing  it  for 
market  but  has  not  yet  introduced  it.  Reports  from  the  various  stations 
and  private  growers  who  have  it  on  trial  are  very  favorable.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania station  reports  it  as  vigorous  and  thorny  with  the  largest  fruit  of  any 
black  cap  on  trial. 

LOUDON.  [Red.]  Originated  by  Frank  W.  Loudon  of  Janesville, 
Wis.  and  reported  by  Mathew  Crawford  of  Ohio  in  1893  as  having  been 
fruited  by  him  for  three  years  and  found  to  be  the  best  of  all  red  varieties, 
of  large  size,  productive,  and  of  good  color  and  quality.  Mr.  Loudon  writes 
under  date  of  February  28,  1894:  “ The  Loudon  is  a seedling  of  the  Turner 
crossed  with  the  Cuthbert,  now  ten  years  from  seed,  and  has  fruited  eight 
seasons.  Will  have  two  and  one-lialf  acres  to  fruit  the  coming  season.  It 
is  as  large  as  the  Cuthbert,  quality  about  the  same,  firm,  never  drops  from 
the  stem,  yields  enormously  here,  and  is  very  hardy,  the  canes  (which  I 
have  just  examined)  being  entirely  uninjured,  while  the  Turner  along  side 
of  them  has  about  one  quarter  of  the  wood  killed.  The  winter  has  been 
very  severe  for  about  two  months,  the  mercury  having  dropped  several 
times  to — 28°.  I have  also  20  unnamed  seedling  red  raspberries,  six  of 
them  exceeding  the  Cuthbert  in  size  and  productiveness.” 

E.  S.  Carman,  of  New  Jersey,  reports  it  after  one  year’s  fruiting  as 
likely  to  supersede  the  Cuthbert,  being  more  vigorous,  apparently  perfectly 
hardy,  practically  thornless;  fruit  averaging  larger  than  that  of  Cuthbert, 
drupes  larger  and  firmer,  adhering  well  to  the  stem,  never  crumbling, 
bright  red,  becoming  darker  when  dead  ripe,  roundish  conical,  but  some- 
what variable  in  shape,  commencing  to  ripen  with  the  Cuthbert  and  hold- 
ing out  longer.  It  is  now  owned  by  Charles  A.  Green  of  Rochester,  N. 
Y.,  who  will  introduce  it  in  the  fall  of  1894.  ( Rural  New  Yorker , 1894, 

p.  274.) 

LOYETT.  [Black  Cap.]  Found  among  a lot  of  wild  seedlings  trans- 
planted from  the  fence  rows  on  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Ezra  Wood  of  Ohio. 
They  were  planted  by  a previous  owner,  and  this  plant . was  recognized  by 
Mr.  Wood  as  especially  valuable  about  1875.  Some  years  later  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  a neighbor,  Mr.  C.  C.  Cornett,  vice  president  of  the  state  horti- 
cultural society,  it  was  propagated  and  the  stock  sold  in  1888  to  Mr.  Lovett 
of  New  Jersey  for  $1,000.  It  is  nearly  thornless  but  has  otherwise  the 
general  characteristics  in  bush  and  fruit  of  the  Souhegan,  Palmer  and 
others  of  that  class. 

LUM’S  EVERBEARING.  [Black  Cap.]  (Lum’s  Fall  Bearing.)  A 
variety  much  like  the  Ohio  Everbearing  but  nearly  thornless,  originated 
by  H.  B.  Lum  of  Sandusky,  Ohio,  about  1860.  Admitted  to  the  Michigan 
fruit  catalogue  in  1878  and  rejected  in  1883.  Described  as  of  medium  size 
round,  black,  of  good  quality,  rather  soft  and  of  little  market  value. 

LUM’S  YELLOW  CANADA.  [Black  Cap.]  An  everbearing  variety 
about  which  little  is  known. 

MACOMBER.  There  is  no  variety  properly  of  this  name,  though  it  has 
been  temporarily  applied,  with  numbers  or  letters  appended,  to  seedlings 
originated  by  J.  T.  Macomber,  Adams,  Yt.,  and  L.  M.  Macoinber,  North 
Ferrisburgh,  Yt.  Mr.  J.  T.  Macomber  appended  numbers  to  his  seedlings 
when  sent  out  for  trial,  while  his  brother  L.  M.  Macomber  designated  his 
varieties  by  letters.  See  Champlain  and  Vermont, 


40 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


MACtXDI  BONUM.  [Yellow,  Idceus.']  A light  yellow  variety  orig- 
inating in  England  prior  to  1865. 

MAMMOTH  CLUSTER.  See  McCormick. 

3IARLB0R0.  [Red,  Idcens  x strigosus .]  The  originator.  Mr.  A.  J. 
Caywood,  of  Marlboro,  X.  Y.,  stated  as  follows  in  1881:  “Fifteen  years  ago 
I crossed  the  [English]  Globe  with  the  Hudson  River  Antwerp  and  pro- 
duced a large,  fine  flavored  and  hardy  variety,  but  the  berries  were  some- 
times imperfect.  I crossed  this  with  the  Highland  Hardy,  or  Native,  and 
produced  the  Marlboro.” 

The  variety  was  introduced  to  the  public  in  the  fall  of  1884  by  an  asso- 
ciation of  some  ten  or  twelve  nurseymen  who  purchased  a portion  of  Mr. 
Caywood’s  stock  of  plants.  “ That  method  of  introducing  new  fruits,” 
says  one  of  these  gentlemen,  “ was  a failure,  as  there  were  more  plants 
than  could  be  sold  at  the  high  price  asked.”  In  1885  the  Marlboro  was 
added  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  and  has 
gained  slowly  in  popularity  since.  It  is  quite  hardy,  but  appears  to  be 
more  sensitive  to  unfavorable  soil  than  the  Cuthbert  and  many  other  varie- 
ties, so  that  complaints  are  quite  frequent  that  it  lacks  productiveness.  In 
the  south  it  is  subject  to  injury  from  the  hot  suns,  a defect  attributed  to 
the  foreign  blood  it  contains.  The  season  is  early,  but  a long  one,  as  it 
commences  to  ripen  before  the  Turner  and  continues  in  bearing  nearly  as 
long  as  the  Cuthbert.  The  plant  is  of  medium  vigor,  stocky,  sparingly 
branched,  and  has  but  few  suckers.  The  color  of  the  fruit  is  of  a peculiar 
light  red  or  pink,  quite  showy.  It  is  of  good  size,  round,  of  only  fair 
quality  and  sufficiently  firm  for  market. 

■ II ARY.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

MAY  KING.  See  Jackson’s  May  King. 

McCRACKEN,  [Black  Cap. ] Originated  by  William  McCracken,  of 
Sunnydale,  Kansas,  and  distributed  by  him  under  the  name  of  Kansas. 
Another  and  much  better  known  variety,  however,  is  grown  under  that 
name. 

MELLOTT  S FAY0R1TE.  See  Muskingum. 

MENDOCINO.  A Pacific  coast  variety  said  to  have  originated  in 
Mendocino  county,  Cal.  It  is  said  to  be  a fine  sort  bearing  large  fruit, 
which  is  very  sweet.  Luther  Burbank,  of  Santa  Rosa,  Cal.,  has  produced 
some  interesting  seedlings  and  hybrids  from  it. 

MeCORMICK.  [Blackcap.]  ( Mammoth , Cluster , Collinsville  Miami , 
Large  Miami , Improved  Miami , etc. ) Charles  Downing  described  this  vari- 
ety with  the  above  synonyms  in  1869  as  the  largest  and  best  black  cap  he  had 
yet  seen;  the  canes  stronger,  with  fewer  spines,  the  fruit  larger  and  deeper 
in  color  than  the  ordinary  black  cap,  with  more  bloom,  juice  and  sweet- 
ness. This  variety  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Old  or  Small 
Miami,  and  to  have  originated  or  become  first  known  at  Collinsville,  Ind. 
It  is  not  mentioned  by  Warder  in  1861,  the  Miami  described  by  him  being 
evidently  the  old  variety.  The  new  variety  was  very  slow,  however,  in 
becoming  known  until  taken  up  and  advertised  by  A.  M.  Purdy  about  1867 
and  named  by  him  Mammoth  Cluster.  From  that  time  until  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Gregg  it  was  the  most  valuable  and  best  known  of  all  the  black 
cap  varieties  in  cultivation.  It  ripens  fully  a week  later  than  the  Doo- 
little, the  “ old  ” Miami  ripening  about  with  that  variety.  Its  color  is 
somewhat  bluish,  flavor  milder  or  less  sprightly  than  that  of  the  Old 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


41 


Miami  and  the  ordinary  black  caps,  and  therefore  considered  by  some  infer- 
ior, but  generally  regarded  as  very  good. 

MEREDITH  QUEEN.  [Yellow,  strigosus.]  Discovered  growing  wild 
in  the  town  of  Meredith,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1880,  by  E.  J. 
Brownell,  of  Franklin,  now  of  Delphi,  that  state,  who  sent  out  plants  for 
trial  in  1883  and  offered  them  for  sale  two  years  later,  but  has  now  discon- 
tinued its  cultivation.  It  is  figured  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker  for  1884, 
p.  797.  T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Michigan,  reports  it  as  later  than  the  Cuthbert 
with  a short  season,  and  wanting  in  vigor,  size  of  fruit,  productiveness, 
firmness  and  quality.  Color,  a beautiful  pale  orange  with  a trace  of  crim- 
son. The  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  experiment  station  reports  in  1893:  Fruit  med- 
ium in  size,  reddish  salmon  color,  juicy,  moderately  firm,  good;  season  late; 
not  very  productive.  It  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  strictly  wild, 
yellow  strigosus  known  to  have  been  introduced  into  cultivation. 

MERKEL.  [Purple  Cap.]  Reported  to  Popular  Gardening  in  1888 
by  Mr.  John  Rupp,  who  stated  that  it  was  a red  variety  with  the  habit  of 
the  black  cap,  and  producing  no  suckers. 

MIAMI.  [Black  Cap.]  (Old  Miami,  Small  Miami.)  An  old  variety 
said  by  Downing  to  have  been  originally  found  growing  along  the  Miami 
River  in  Ohio.  It  ripens  about  with  the  Doolittle,  some  reports  saying  a 
little  earlier,  some  a little  later.  Size  medium,  no  larger  than  the  Doo- 
little, if  as  large;  color  black,  but  of  a distinct  brownish  red  cast;  quality 
excellent,  being  juicy  and  tender,  but  not  especially  sweet.  Plant  exceed- 
ingly vigorous  and  productive. 

MICHIGAN.  [Red.]  ( Michigan  Early.)  Introduced  about  1883  by 
Wm.  Parry,  of  N.  J.,  but  supposed  to  have  been  originated  in  Michigan.  Wm. 
Parry,  Jr.,  writes  that  he  thinks  the  first  plants  came  from  Tennessee,  but 
is  not  certain.  Season  medium;  plant  lacking  in  vigor  and  productive- 
ness; fruit  rather  small  and  of  inferior  quality,  moderately  firm  and  quite 
hardy;  form  roundish  conical;  color  dark  red. 

MILLER’S  DAILY.  [Black  Cap.]  (Miller's  Daily  Bearing.) 
Originated,  according  to  E.  Y.  Teas,  of  Indiana,  about  1858.  W.  B.  Lipsey, 
of  Marion,  Ind.,  stated  that  he  received  it  in  1870  from  a friend  by  the 
name  of  Isaac  Miller,  in  the  southern  part  of  Ohio.  Mr.  Lipsey  found  it 
the  best  of  a dozen  black  caps  on  trial.  It  is  best  known  in  Ohio. 

MILLER’S  FAVORITE.  [Red.]  On  trial  at  the  Michigan  Agricult- 
ural College  in  1887. 

MILLER’S  WOODLAND.  [Red.]  On  trial  at  the  New  York  and 
Michigan  experiment  stations  since  about  1885.  Suckers  freely.  Canes 
with  few  spines,  moderately  vigorous,  slender,  hardy,  of  the  strigosus 
type.  Fruit  bright  crimson,  medium  size,  not  juicy,  firm,  good  quality; 
mid-season  to  late.  It  does  not  rank  high,  either  in  productiveness  or  as 
a late  berry. 

MINNESOTA.  [Black  Cap.]  Said  by  F.  R.  Elliott  in  1883  to  be  of 
no  special  value. 

MILLS  NO.  I.  [Black  Cap. ] Prof.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  Geneva,  N. 
Y.  experiment  station  reported  for  1893  the  growth  very  vigorous,  slightly 
injured  at  the  tips  by  the  winter.  Fruit  large,  firm,  seedy,  moderately 
juicy,  sweet  and  of  good  flavor  and  quality.  Ranks  fifth  on  the  list  for 
0 


42 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


productiveness  for  1893  and  second  only  to  Mills  No.  15,  in  the  amount 
of  fruit  produced  late  in  the  season. 

MILLS  NO.  7.  [Black  Cap.]  Prof.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  New  York 
experiment  station  reported  for  1893:  “ Growth  very  vigorous;  tips  of 

canes  slighlty  injured  by  winter.  Fruit  large  to  very  large,  moderately 
juicy,  sweet,  good  in  flavor  and  quality.  The  most  productive  black  cap 
on  the  station  grounds  in  1893,  and  in  the  whole  raspberry  plantation 
exceeded  only  by  the  Shaffer  and  the  Columbian.  First  fruit  picked  July 
10,  last  picking  August  1.  Four-fifths  of  the  crop  was  picked  within  the 
six  days  from  July  14  to  July  19,  inclusive.  It  seems  to  be  worthy  of 
extended  trial.  So  far  as  tested  here  it  has  proved  to  be  a desirable  aqui- 
sition  to  the  black  raspberry  list  on  account  of  its  very  large  size,  fine 
appearance,  good  quality  and  productiveness.  It  appears  to  be  as  hardy 
as  the  Shaffer.” 

MILLS  NO.  15.  [Black  Cap.]  Prof.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  experiment 
station  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  reported  in  1893:  “From  Chas.  Mills,  Fairmount, 
N.  Y.  Growth  very  vigorous,  canes  injured  by  winter  twice  as  much  as 
those  of  Mills  No.  7;  fruit  medium  to  large,  smaller  than  in  that  variety; 
firm,  fine  flavored,  juicy,  sweet,  very  good  to  best  in  quality.  In  pro- 
ductiveness it  ranked  second  on  the  list  in  1893,  and  in  yield  of  late 
fruit  it  stood  first.” 

Mr.  Mills  writes  that  this  has  a gray  bloom  like  the  Gregg.  All  of  his 
seedlings  were  grown  from  the  seed  of  the  Gregg  which  had  been  grown 
near  the  Tyler.  The  above  three  varieties  are  selections  from  two  hundred 
plants  raised  from  seed  sown  in  1884.  All  three  were  sent  for  trial  to  the 
Geneva  station  in  1891. 

MOHLER.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  by  D.  M.  Mohler,  New  Paris, 
Ohio,  from  seed  of  the  Eureka,  planted  by  him  in  the  fall  of  1885.  Mr. 
Mohler  states  that  it  differs  from  its  parent  in  being  more  stocky  and 
upright  and  inclined  to  have  but  one  or  two  canes  in  a hill;  fruit  firmer, 
averages  larger,  and  has  a longer  season.  It  seems  that  before  the  intro- 
duction of  this  variety  the  name  Mohler  was  for  a short  time  applied  to  the 
Eureka,  which  may  account  for  the  supposition  in  the  minds  of  some  that 
the  two  varieties  are  identical. 

MRS.  WILDER.  [Yellow,  Idceus.~]  Recorded  by  Elliott  in  1865,  as  a 
seedling  of  Col.  Wilder,  which  it  closely  resembles. 

MONTCLAIR.  [Red,  strigosus .]  A supposed  seedling  of  the  Phila- 
delphia which  originated  by  accident  on  the  grounds  of  Messrs.  E.  & J.  C. 
Williams,  Montclair,  N.  J.,  and  was  discovered  in  1872.  It  was  figured  in 
the  Rural  New  Yorker , October  12,  1878,  and  introduced  by  Messrs. 
Williams  to  the  public  in  the  following  year,  being  admitted  to  the  Mich- 
igan fruit  catalogue  in  that  year,  and  into  the  catalogue  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  four  years  later.  It  never  became  popular,  however, 
and  was  dropped  from  the  Michigan  catalogue  in  1888.  It  is  described  as 
much  like  the  Philadelphia  in  season,  hardiness,  plant  and  fruit,  but  an 
improvement  in  several  respects  upon  that  variety,  being  more  vigorous, 
even  more  productive,  fruit  larger,  of  the  same  color  and  texture,  being 
rather  soft,  more  conical  than  that  variety,  finer  grained,  and  of  more 
sprightly,  aromatic  flavor,  but  not  equal  in  quality  to  the  foreign  varieties. 
The  canes  are  of  a light  red  color  with  numerous  slender,  purplish  spines 
at  the  base  and  sucker  only  moderately.  The  leaves  are  thick,  roundish 
and  crumpled. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


43 


MOTE’S  EVERBEARING.  [Purple  Cap.]  Recorded  by  Downing 
in  1869  as  a new  variety  raised  by  L.  S.  Mote  of  West  Milton,  Ohio,  and 
described  as  somewhat  like  the  Catawissa;  canes  brownish,  branching; 
spines  sharp  and  slender;  numerous  at  the  base,  but  few  above,  fruit  of 
medium  size,  roundish  obtuse,  dark  red  with  a bloom;  grains  quite 
large,  rather  firm,  juicy,  sub-acid  and  separating  freely  from  the  core. 

MRS.  WOOD.  [Purple  Cap.]  Described  by  Downing  in  1869  as 
originated  by  Mrs.  Ruben  Wood,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  supposed  to 
be  a cross  between  a black  cap  and  a purple  cane.  Canes  very  strong, 
much  branched  and  productive;  fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  obtuse, 
purplish  red  with  a bloom,  moderately  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid, 
separating  freely  from  the  core,  ripening  late.  F.  R.  Elliott  in  1883  con- 
sidered it  the  best  of  the  native  red  or  hybrid  varieties,  and  larger  than 
any  other  hybrid  sort.  It  is  figured  in  the  Horticulturist,  1867,  p.  226. 

MURIEL.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  P.  C. 

MUSKINGUM.  [ Purple  Cap. ] ( Shaffer's  Sister,  Melott's  Favorite. ) 

Originated  in  the  orchard  of  Mrs.  Simeon  Ellis  of  Coshocton  Co.,  central 
Ohio,  near  the  Muskingum  river,  some  fifteen  years  ago.  It  closely 
resembles  the  Shaffer,  but  the  plants  are  smaller  and  more  compact,  and 
the  fruit  somewhat  smaller  but  firmer.  It  was  named  and  introduced  by 
Mr.  James  Madison  of  Chili,  Ohio.  W.  J.  Green,  of  the  Ohio  experiment 
station  writes  that  the  variety  on  trial  at  that  station  in  1885  under  the 
name  of  Shaffer’s  Sister,  and  afterwards  named  Melott’s  Favorite,  proved 
to  be  the  Muskingum.  Mr.  A.  Melott,  of  Nashville,  Ohio,  distributed 
some  of  the  plants  in  1886,  which  account  for  one  of  the  synonyms. 

MYSTERY.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  from  the  Minnesta  experiment 
station  in  1892,  as  an  everbearing  black  cap  from  Kentucky,  of  medium 
size,  firmness,  quality  and  vigor,  ripening  late,  not  at  all  productive,  and 
bearing  in  Minnesota  no  autumn  crop. 

NAOMI.  [Red.]  By  many  authorities  this  variety  has  been  regarded 
as  the  Franconia.  The  Lost  Rubies,  Cutlibert,  and  Fastolff  have  also  been 
recorded  as  its  synonyms,  so  that  much  confusion  exists  in  regard  to  it. 
Charles  Dowing  said  in  1869  that  it  so  closely  resembled  Franconia  that  he 
could  see  no  difference,  though  it  was  said  to  be  a seedling,  more  hardy, 
with  smaller  grains,  etc.  It  -was  figured  in  the  Horticulturist  for  Sep- 
tember, 1866.  F.  R.  Elliott  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  stated  in  1866  that  he  had 
observed  it  for  about  twelve  years  and  that  it  originated  in  that  county  in 
the  garden  of  Mrs.  George  Wood.  He  described  it  as  hardy,  productive, 
roundish  or  obtusely  conical,  with  long  hairs  and  large  grains,  bright  red, 
firm,  rich,  sprightly;  canes  strong  and  branching,  brown,  smooth  or  having 
only  a few  small  spines.  This  description  certainly  agrees  very  closely 
with  that  of  the  Franconia,  but  Mr.  Elliott  regards  them  as  distinct  though 
very  similar,  the  Naomi  being  the  more  hardy. 

NARRAGANSETT.  [Red.]  Originated  by  John  F.  Jolls  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  prior  to  1870,  who  reported  it  as  large,  productive  and  a long 
keeper.  It  is  described  by  T.  T.  Lyon  as  conical,  bright  scarlet,  and  of 
fine  flavor. 

NEMAHA.  £ Black  Cap.]  Originated  by  Ex-Gov.  Robert  W.  Furnas 
of  Brown ville,  Neb.,  and  introduced  by  Green’s  Nursery  Company  of  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  about  ten  years  ago.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a seedling  of  the 
Gregg,  which  it  much  resembles  in  plant  and  fruit,  being  however  more 


44 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


hardy.  It  is  not  quite  as  large  as  that  variety,  possibly  a little  later,  while 
it  seems  to  be  blacker  and  of  a little  better  quality.  As  a market  variety,  it 
is  rapidly  coming  into  favor.  It  may  be  added  that  many  of  the  plants 
originally  sent  out  for  Nemaha  were  spurious,  leaving  for  a time  some  con- 
fusion in  regard  to  this  variety  in  the  public  mind.  Since  writing  the 
above,  Mr.  Furnas  has  sent  the  following:  “ Somewhere  near  thirty  years 

ago  I found  growing  wild  in  the  bluff  land  bordering  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Missouri  river,  in  Nemaha  county,  Nebraska,  a bunch  or  small  patch  of 
black  cap  raspberries,  fifty  or  more,  where  it  had  self  propagated  from  tips 
as  they  grew  for  several  years.  The  berries  were  then  ripe.  Both  the 
plant  and  berry  attracted  my  attention.  The  next  spring  I lifted  a lot  of 
the  younger  plants  and  transplanted  them  into  my  garden  where  I gave 
them  care  and  attention,  which  increased  the  size  of  the  berry  and  the 
vigor  of  the  plant  as  well.  Some  years  after  I sent  out  a few  of  the  plants 
to  each  of  half  a dozen  prominent  small  fruit  gowers  in  different  parts  of 
the  Eastern  states,  to  test.  I have  made  no  effort  to  push  it  into  promi- 
nence. It  seems  to  have  told  its  own  story.” 

NEWARK.  On  trial  in  1892  at  the  Oklahoma  experiment  station. 

NEW7  ROCHELLE.  [Purple  Cap.]  A seedling,  probably  of  theCata- 
wissa,  originated  by  S.  P.  Carpenter  of  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  and  appar- 
ently introduced  by  E.  W.  Carpenter  of  Rye,  that  state.  It  closely 
resembles  the  Shaffer,  but  is  less  vigorous,  earlier  and  smaller.  As  the 
plant  propagates  only  from  the  tips  it  is  supposed  to  be  a hybrid.  It  is 
hardy  against  cold,  but  subject  to  injury  in  the  south.  The  fruit  ripens 
early  and  through  a long  season,  is  of  good  size,  roundish  conical,  dull 
purple  or  brownish  red,  with  a dense  whitish  gray  bloom,  a rich  sub-acid 
flavor,  rather  juicy  and  soft.  Varieties  of  this  class  are  less  seedy  than  the 
black  caps.  The  New  Rochelle,  though  quite  extensively  tested  during  the 
past  few  years,  does  not  seem  likely  to  become  generally  popular,  the  only 
favorable  reports  coming  from  Southern  California. 

NIAGARA.  [Red.]  A new  variety  on  trial  at  several  of  the  stations 
for  the  past  few  years  which  has  many  good  qualities,  being  of  good  flavor 
and  texture,  and  apparently  vigorous  and  productive,  but  too  dark  in  color. 

NORTHFIELD.  [Black  Cap.]  Sent  out  for  trial  a few  years  ago  by 
M.  T.  Thompson,  of  Rio  Vista,  Va.  The  plant  proved  to  be  fairly  vigor- 
ous, healthy  and  productive,  but  the  fruit  was  too  small  to  be  of  any 
special  value,  and  it  was  never  introduced.  It  is  also  spelled  Norfield. 

NORTH  RIVER  ANTW  ERP.  See  Hudson  River  Antwerp. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  FILLBASKET.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Described 
by  Elliott  in  1865  as  a new  foreign  [English]  variety,  with  vigorous  canes, 
clothed  with  numerous,  rather  strong,  crimson  spines;  fruit  rather  glob- 
ular, or  obtusely  conical,  deep  red  and  of  pleasant  flavor.  Mr.  Fuller  two 
years  later  called  it  a good  market  variety,  but  not  superior  to  the  Fran- 
conia or  North  River  [Hudson  River]  Antwerp. 

NORWTALK.  [Red,  Idoeus .]  Introduced  in  1879  by  Mallory  & 
t)owns  of  South  Norwalk,  Ct.,  after  having  been  grown  by  them  for  some 
years  for  market.  Its  fruit  is  said  to  closely  resemble  that  of  the  Red 
Antwerp,  but  to  be  less  downy. 

NORWOOD.  [Purple  Cap.]  ( Norwood's  Prolific.)  From  Mass. 
Admitted  to  the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue  in  1878,  but  rejected  ten  years 
later.  Described  by  T.  T.  Lyon  as  of  medium  size,  round,  purplish  and  of 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


45 


good  quality.  Thomas  Meehan,  of  Philadelphia,  described  it  in  1875, 
after  fruiting  it  one  season,  as  evidently  a hybrid,  rooting  at  the  tips,  but 
destitute  of  suckers;  fruit  similar  in  color  to  the  Philadelphia;  plant  vig- 
orous and  not  injured  by  the  sun. 

NOTTINGHAM  SCARLET.  [Red,  Idceus.]  An  old  English  variety 
introduced  before  1850  by  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  who  considered  it  the  rich- 
est in  flavor  of  any  of  the  older  varieties.  It  was  of  medium  size,  red, 
obtusely  conical  and  apparently  productive. 

OCTOBER  RED.  See  Pour  Seasons  Red. 

OCTOBER  YELLOW.  See  Four  Seasons  Yellow. 

OHIO.  [Black  Cap.]  One  of  the  very  best  market  varieties,  and  now 
grown  by  the  hundreds  of  acres  in  western  New  York  and  elsewhere  for 
evaporating  purposes,  and  for  use  in  the  fresh  state.  It  is  said  on  good 
authority  to  produce  more  pounds  of  dry  material  per  bushel  than  any 
other  variety,  a fact  attributed  mainly  to  its  seediness.  Its  canes  are 
remarkably  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive,  with  few  spines,  and  clothed 
with  a thick  white  pubescence.  The  fruit  ripens  in  mid  season;  size 
medium,  firm  and  of  good  quality.  There  is  complaint,  however,  of  its 
turning  an  unattractive,  reddish  brown  appearance  in  dry  weather.  This 
variety  first  attracted  general  attention  some  ten  years  ago,  but  it  is  evi- 
dently an  old  sort  of  obscure  origin.  A.  M.  Purdy  in  1885  stated  that  it 
was  the  Old  Miami,  which  it  certainly  closely  resembles.  He  stated  that  a 
Mr.  Yan  Du  sen,  of  Palmyra,  grew  the  variety  twenty  or  twenty-five  years 
ago,  from  whom  at  that  time  Mr.  Purdy  obtained  plants  which  proved  to 
be  the  same  as  the  Miami  obtained  afterwards  from  Ohio.  Mr.  Van  Dusen 
said  he  obtained  his  plants  from  Ohio  and  gave  them  the  name  “ Ohio.” 
Another  account  gives  “ Chapman  ” as  the  original  name  of  the  Ohio.  For 
an  account  of  this  see  that  variety.  For  an  explanation  of  the  name 
“ Alden,”  which  occasionally  appears  as  a synonym  of  Ohio,  see  that  name. 
The  name  Ohio  was  also  applied  in  1844  in  Wm.  Kenrick’s  “New  Ameri- 
can Orchardist  ” to  the  variety  since  known  as  the  Ohio  Everbearing,  so 
that  Downing  in  1845  gave  Ohio  as  a synonym  of  that  variety. 

OHIO  EVERBEARING.  ( Ohio  Everlasting , Ohio  Monthly , Every 
Day.?)  This  variety,  though  it  has  never  been  regarded  as  of  any  great 
value,  seems  to  have  been  the  first  black  cap  named  and  introduced  into 
cultivation.  This  fact  appears  to  have  been  due  to  its  habit  of  fruiting  in 
autumn  upon  the  current  year’s  canes,  as  well  as  upon  the  older  canes  at 
the  usual  season.  This  peculiarity  was  long  considered  as  rendering  a 
raspberry  of  special  value  for  the  family  garden,  and  existed  in  many  of 
the  red  varieties  grown  at  an  early  date.  The  same  feature  would  natu- 
rally attract  attention  therefore  if  found  in  any  of  the  wild  varieties  of  the 
black  raspberry.  The  Ohio  Everbearing  is  said  to  have  been  in  cultiva- 
tion as  far  back  as  1832,  though  under  various  names,  and  it  is  possible 
that  prior  to  1860  any  autumnal  bearing  black  cap  may  at  times  have  been 
given  this  name.  Downing  stated  in  1845  that  it  had  then  been  cultivated 
for  some  time  by  a Quaker  settlement  in  Ohio,  and  that  it  was  made  known 
to  eastern  growers  by  Nicholas  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  J.  A. 
Warder  stated  in  1861  that  there  were  several  sorts  of  this  fruit  and  that 
the  same  plantation  varied  in  its  bearing  habits  in  different  years  and  that 
soil  and  treatment  greatly  affected  the  crop  and  its  season  of  bearing. 
He  had  known  them  to  give  a fine  crop  in  September  and  fail  to  show  a 


46 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


single  summer  blossom  in  the  following  year.  He  bad  also  seen  planta- 
tions on  the  other  hand  which  produced  no  autumn  fruit.  He  described  it 
as  large,  gray-black  and  rather  early. 

OHIO  MONTHLY.  See  Ohio  Everbearing. 

OLATHE.  [Eed,  strigosus .]  ( Stayman’s  No.  5.)  Originated  by  J. 

Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  from  seed  of  the  Reliance  planted  by 
him  in  1884  being  the  only  one  of  a large  number  of  the  resulting  seedlings 
worth  growing.  It  has  been  on  trial  at  several  of  the  experiment  stations 
but  is  not  yet  introduced  to  the  public.  Mr.  Stayman  describes  it  as  large, 
firm,  hardy  and  productive,  of  bright  red  color  and  good  quality,  ripening 
later  than  the  Crimson  Beauty.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  New  York  experiment 
station  at  Geneva  says:  “ Canes  rather  slender,  vigorous,  upright,  dark  red, 
of  the  strigosus  type;  fruit  large,  firm,  juicy,  of  good  quality  and  color, 
ripening  among  the  latest,  and  productive.”  Mr.  C.  E.  Hunn  while  at  the 
same  station  described  the  color  of  the  fruit  as  “ dark  red,”  instead  of 
“ bright  red,”  as  given  above  by  Mr.  Stayman.  This  is  a point  upon  which 
different  observers  frequently  and  very  naturally  make  apparently  con- 
flicting statements,  since  the  line  is  arbitrary  and  often  difficult  to  draw. 

OLDER.  [Black  Cap.]  Mr.  L.  K.  Ballard  of  Warren,  111.,  writes: 
“ The  Older  is  a chance  seedling  which  came  up  in  the  garden  of  a Mr. 
Older  of  Independence,  Iowa,  and  was  first  noticed  by  him  about  1872. 
He  saw  that  it  was  valuable  and  propagated  it,  giving  the  plants  freely  to 
his  friends  and  his  neighbors.  In  1876  a friend  of  his,  a Mr.  Burser  of 
Warren,  Iowa,  obtained  some  of  the  plants.  About  this  time  Mr.  Older 
died,  without  having  advertised  the  plants  for  sale  or  having  given  it  a name, 
and  Mr.  Burser  thereupon  named  the  new  variety  ‘Older’  in  his  honor. 
Mr.  Burser  was,  however,  not  a fruit  man  and  had  only  a small  garden  and 
gave  away  all  the  plants  as  fast  as  they  multiplied.  I saw  the  variety  in 
bearing  the  first  year  it  fruited  in  his  garden  and  told  him  that  if  he  would 
save  me  a dozen  plants  I would  give  him  two  dollars.  He  did  so.  At  that 
time,  1880,  I had  no  thought  of  introducing  the  variety  but  finally  did  so 
in  1882,  and  since  then  have  been  unable  to  supply  the  demand  for  the 
plants.” 

Its  claimed  superiority  over  other  varieties  consists  in  its  hardiness, 
ability  to  withstand  drouth,  productiveness,  large  size,  absence  of  bloom, 
and  ability  to  remain  long  in  good  condition  on  the  vines  after  ripening. 
The  fruit  is  said  to  ripen  with  the  Ohio,  to  be  firm,  and  of  excellent  quality. 
The  Pennsylvania  experiment  station  reported  in  1893:  “Canes  vigorous, 
light  purple  and  thorny;  fruit  large,  round,  purple  to  black,  quite  soft, 
slightly  acid,  and  in  flavor  cannot  be  considered  excellent.  Season  late 
and  short.” 

ONTARIO.  [Black  Cap.]  Found  in  1866  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Lord  on  his 
grounds  near  Fairport,  Monroe  county,  N.  Y.,  and  by  him  introduced  to 
the  public  in  1872.  He  claimed  it  to  be  vigorous  and  hardy,  a week  earlier 
than  Doolittle,  with  a long  season,  productive,  firm,  large  and  sweet. 
Charles  Downing  considered  it  vigorous  and  productive,  firmer  than  other 
sorts,  and  with  more  bloom.  J.  J.  Thomas  spoke  of  it  as  large  grained, 
rather  light  in  color  for  a black  cap;  or  of  a dark  purplish  brown  and 
slightly  hoary.  T.  T.  Lyon  describes  it  as  medium  to  large  with  a thick 
bluish  bloom,  not  very  acid,  and  of  excellent  quality. 

ORANGE.  [Yellow,  Idceus.']  (Brinckle’s  Orange.)  Originated  by 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


47 


Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia,  a noted  originator  of  improved  varie- 
ties, and  first  president  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  He  obtained 
it  from  seed  of  the  Dyack,  planted  July  13,  1843,  which  vegetated  the  fol- 
lowing spring,  and  first  fruited  in  1845.  It  is  still  the  standard  of  excellence 
as  regards  quality,  and  is  planted  as  a family  variety  wherever  it  will 
thrive.  It  is  very  susceptible,  both  to  heat  and  to  cold,  so  that  the  area  of 
its  successful  cultivation  is  quite  limited,  though  apparently  more  extended 
than  that  of  the  Red  Antwerp.  It  now  bears  commendatory  stars  for  thir- 
teen states  and  provinces  in  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society.  A figure  and  description  may  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1866.  The  canes  are  of  medium 
growth,  light  gray,  with  white  prickles,  leaf  irregular,  corrugated;  fruit 
conical,  bright  orange  (or  of  a beautiful  buff  color  according  to  one  descrip- 
tion) and  of  exquisite  flavor.  Its  season  is  rather  early  and  short,  though 
the  yield  is  abundant.  The  fruit  has  the  valuable  peculiarity  of  adhering 
well  to  the  stem  after  being  fully  ripe.  Though  remarkably  handsome,  it 
is  not  firm  enough  for  market. 

ORANGE  CANADA.  See  Arnold’s  Orange. 

ORANGE  KING.  See  Arnold’s  Orange. 

OREGON.  [ Ritbus  leucodermis .]  Reported  in  1877,  by  Henry  Miller 
of  Portland,  Oregon,  as  a valuable  variety  for  that  state.  A writer  in 
Pjirdy’s  Fruit  Recorder , in  1872,  described  the  wild  Oregon  Black  Cap 
as  the  poorest  bearer  and  poorest  in  flavor  of  any  variety  he  had  tried. 
F.  W.  Miller  of  Portland,  Oregon,  writes:  “ The  Oregon  Black  Cap  rasp- 

berry referred  to  is  native — grows  wild  over  Oregon  and  Washington.  It 
is  not  very  good  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains — too  hot  for  it.  In  this 
valley  (Willamette)  it  is  considered  one  of  the  best  of  the  raspberries.  It 
is  not  as  dry  as  other  black  caps;  larger  than  Gregg.” 

OZARK.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  a few  years  ago  just  west  of  Spring- 
field,  Mo.,  where  it  is  said  to  be  as  good  as  the  Hopkins. 

OSCEOLA.  [Red,  strigosus .]  Originated  in  Osceola  county,  in  North- 
western Iowa,  and  reported  by  the  late  L.  G.  Ireland  of  Sibley,  in  1881,  as 
a rather  soft  and  extremely  hardy  variety. 

PALLUAU.  See  Belle  de  Palluau. 

PALMER.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Palmer's  No.  l,Acme.)  Originated  by  F. 
R.  Palmer  of  Mansfield,  Ohio;  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1882;  first  offered 
for  sale  in  the  fall  of  1888.  Mr.  Palmer  writes  that  after  growing  raspberry 
seedlings  for  twenty-five  years  this  is  the  only  one  he  considers  worthy  of 
introduction.  It  has  been  widely  tested  and  reports  have  been  so  uniformly 
favorable,  that  it  is  now  displacing  in  many  localities  the  Souhegan  and 
other  early  sorts.  The  choice  between  several  varieties  of  its  season  is  very 
close  but  appears  to  be  in  favor  of  the  Palmer  on  the  score  of  hardiness, 
productiveness  and  vigor.  It  is  claimed  to  be  larger  and  better  than  the 
Souhegan,  but  this  may  be  doubted.  As  grown  here,  at  Ann  Arbor,  the 
fruit  is  medium  to  small,  round,  firm,  glossy,  black  and  handsome.  The 
canes  are  vigorous  and  upright,  very  spiny,  especially  towards  the  base, 
only  moderately  large,  with  the  fruiting  branches  very  small  and  slender. 
The  fruit  begins  to  ripen  before  the  Souhegan  and  is  entirely  gone  before 
the  Gregg  ripens.  Mr.  Palmer  writes  that  he  supposes  this  variety  to  be 
a cross  between  the  Gregg  and  the  Tyler.  It  was  first  grown  by  him  as  the 
No.  1,  then  sent  for  trial  to  the  Indiana  experiment  station  under  the  name 


48 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


of  “Acme,”  but  was  renamed  “ Palmer”  before  being  offered  to  the  public 
in  1888. 

PARNELL.  [Red.]  The  following  discussion  took  place  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1881: 

“Norman  J.  Colman:  I suspect  it  to  be  an  old  variety  that  has  been 

overlooked.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  has  large  conical 
fruit  which  sells  well. 

“ Geo.  W.  Trowbridge:  It  is  a Cincinnati  variety.  I can  endorse  all  the 

Colonel  has  said.  It  never  winter-kills,  but  sometimes  kills  in  spring,  and 
needs  protection.  It  is  a beautiful  berry  of  good  flavor. 

“ E.  P.  Roe:  I have  wondered  why  it  was  not  more  popular. 

“J.  A.  Warder:  We  consider  it  about  the  tenderest  variety  we  have  near 

Cincinnati.” 

T.  T.  Lyon  wrote  in  1888:  “A  new  early  variety,  which  has  proved 

hardy  at  South  Haven,  Michigan,  but  the  foliage  burns  before  the  fruit 
all  ripens.  It  is  said  to  be  at  least  partly  of  Idceus  parentage.  It  is 
vigorous  and  productive,  fully  of  medium  size,  long,  ovate  conical,  rather 
firm,  bright  red,  turning  dark  when  fully  ripe,  with  a slight  bloom,  and 
with  a peculiar,  pleasant,  rich,  spicy  flavor.”  A few  years  later  it  was 
reported  by  him  as  wanting  in  vigor. 

PARRY  NOS.  1 and  2.  [Red.]  These  originated  with  the  late  Judge 
Wm.  Parry  of  Parry,  N.  J.,  but  were  never  considered  by  him  worth 
naming  and  introducing.  No.  1 is  described  as  of  rank  growth,  datk 
foliage,  fairly  productive,  early,  soft  and  of  good  flavor.  No.  2 was  later, 
less  vigorous,  but  sometimes  more  productive,  with  a long  season  and 
large,  firm  fruit.  It  was  regarded  at  the  New  York  experiment  station  in 
1891  as  promising. 

PATRICIAN.  [Red,  Idceus.']  A temporary  name  applied  by  E.  P. 
Roe  in  1881  to  a variety  imported  by  Mr.  Downing  from  France  but  the 
name  of  which  had  been  lost.  Mr.  Roe  described  it  as  very  showy  and 
promising,  but  nothing  further  is  known  regarding  it. 

PATTERSON.  [Red,  Idceus.]  (General  Patterson.)  A seedling  of  the 
Col.  Wilder  raised  by  Dr.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia  and  named  in  honor  of 
Gen.  Robert  Patterson  of  Pennsylvania,  in  recognition  of  the  interest 
taken  by  him  in  horticultural  affairs.  It  is  described  as  having  vigorous 
canes  clothed  with  red  spines,  and  bearing  large,  round,  crimson  fruit. 

PERFECTION.  [Red.]  Originated  by  F.  W.  Loudon  of  Janesville, 
Wis.,  and  said  to  be  a cross  between  the  Cuthbert  and  the  Turner.  It  is 
described  as  large,  roundish,  elongated,  dark  crimson,  with  a bloom,  rather 
soft,  tart  and  juicy,  but  pleasant. 

PENNSYLVANIA.  [Red,  strigosus.]  W.  R.  Prince  states  in  his 
Pomological  Manual  (1882)  that  he  obtained  it  from  London  under  the 
name  Rubus  pennsylvanicus , but  that  he  had  since  found  it  wild  in  the 
woods  of  Maine.  It  is  described  by  him  as  dark  red,  of  inferior  flavor, 
but  productive. 

PEARL.  [Red.]  Described  by  Fuller  in  1867  as  a light  red  variety 
of  good  quality,  dwarf  and  hardy,  but  not  very  productive.  By  some  it 
has  been  considered  a synonym  of  the  Brandywine.  This  idea  may  have 
come  from  the  fact  that  Thomas,  in  his  “Fruit  Culturist”  (1885),  gives 
Susqueco  (a  synonym  of  Brandywine),  as  the  synonym  of  Pearl.  He  there 
states  that  the  canes  of  the  Pearl  are  low  and  dwarf  like  those  of  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


49 


Brandywine,  but  that  the  foliage  starts  a week  later.  Wm.  Parry,  in  1870, 
described  the  Pearl  as  of  medium  size,  a handsome  bright  red,  firm,  the 
canes  dwarf  and  with  thick  leaves.  He  describes  Susqueco  as  much  like 
it,  and  perhaps  a seedling  of  it,  but  more  vigorous,  the  leaves  starting  a 
week  earlier  and  the  fruit  larger  and  selling  for  double  the  price  in  the 
Philadelphia  market. 

PERPETUAL  BEARING.  See  Double  Bearing. 

PHILADELPHIA.  [Red,  strigosus.']  A writer  in  the  Magazine  of 
Horticulture , 1863,  p.  460,  describes  it  as  a native  variety  found  growing  in 
a wood  within  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  In  the  following 
year  a writer  in  the  Gardener's  Monthly  stated  that  the  variety  had  been 
about  26  years  working  itself  into  public  notice  and  was  likely  to  become 
the  leading  variety  in  cultivation.  In  the  American  Agriculturist  for 
1866,  p.  323,  this  variety  is  figured  and  described.  It  is  there  stated  that 
the  original  plant  was  found  wild  near  Philadelphia  some  twenty  odd  years 
before.  The  writer  regarded  it  as  probably  a marked  variety  of  our  com- 
mon strigosus,  which  seems  quite  likely,  though  some  have  considered  it 
an  American  seedling  of  European  parentage,  while  many  have  supposed 
from  the  color  of  its  fruit  and  the  fewness  of  its  suckers  that  it  belonged  to 
the  hybrid  or  “ purple  cane  ” group.  E.  P.  Roe  found  that  it  did  not  root 
as  readily  from  the  tips  as  other  purple  cane  varieties.  The  above 
account  also  contains  the  statement  that  the  variety  was  then  very  largely 
grown  for  market  in  New  Jersey  and  not  extensively  elsewhere.  Still,  it  is 
known  that  in  Southwestern  Michigan  this  variety  and  the  Doolittle  had 
become  so  extensively  planted  at  that  time  as  to  overstock  the  Chicago 
market,  resulting  in  a more  restricted  area  being  planted  for  a number  of 
years  thereafter.  These  two  varieties  were  well  adapted  to  be  grown 
together  for  market,  as  the  Philadelphia  began  to  ripen  just  as  the  season 
of  the  Doolittle  was  nearly  over.  As  early  as  1882,  a native  red  variety, 
possibly  the  one  we  are  now  considering,  was  in  common  cultivation  in 
Delaware.  The  popularity  which  the  Philadelphia  so  long  enjoyed  was 
due  chiefly  to  its  extreme  hardiness.  All  of  the  true  red  varieties  culti- 
vated to  any  extent  up  to  that  time  (for  the  Catawissa  and  Purple  Cane  can 
hardly  be  called  red  varieties)  had  belonged  to  the  European  species, 
Eubus  Idceus , which  was  adapted  to  only  a small  part  of  this  country. 
The  Philadelphia  proved  adapted  to  a wide  range  of  situations,  both  north 
and  south,  and  although  other  native  red  varieties  have  been  introduced 
since  then  which  have  proved  still  more  hardy,  none  have  done  more  to  bring 
the  red  raspberry  into  general  cultivation  as  a market  crop.  Wm.  Saund- 
ers, of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington,  wrote 
in  1866  that,  out  of  the  sixteen  varieties  left  uncovered  the  previous  win- 
ter, the  Philadelphia  was  the  only  one  that  produced  a fair  crop.  It  was 
reported  at  an  early  day  as  one  of  the  few  varieties  that  succeeded  in 
Georgia.  There  have  been  good  reports  from  all  parts  of  the  west,  though 
in  some  localities  it  has  been  injured.  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  has  reported 
unfavorably.  At  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  it  has  usually  withstood  the  win- 
ters, but  has  sometimes  been  injured,  and  about  once  in  ten  years  it  is 
killed  to  the  ground.  Another  Wisconsin  point  reports  three  full  crops  in 
five  years  and  a partial  crop  the  fourth  season.  In  the  severe  climate  of 
Central  Ohio  it  is  killed  to  the  ground  in  hard  winters.  From  Ontario  it 
is  generally  reported  as  hardy  and  prolific  In  Connecticut  it  is  often  dam- 
aged. Its  disappearance  from  cultivation  for  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years 
7 


50 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


has  been  due  to  the  development  of  the  Cuthbert  and  other  hardy  native 
varieties  possessing  larger  size,  better  color  and  greater  firmness,  or  other 
desirable  features  which  the  Philadelphia  lacked. 

The  Philadelphia  may  be  described  as  follows:  Canes  moderately  vigor- 
ous, with  few  suckers,  smooth  and  purple;  leaves  firm,  adapted  to  sandy 
soil  and  hot  weather;  fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  dull  red  or  purple,  with 
large  grains,  rather  soft  and  of  moderate  quality;  season  medium;  very 
productive. 

PILATE.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Recorded  by  Fuller  in  1867  as  a much 
extolled  foreign  variety,  no  better  than  many  of  our  older  sorts.  Down- 
ing described  it  as  a French  sort,  large,  crimson,  conical,  with  a slight 
bloom. 

PIONEER.  [Black  Cap.]  {Progress.)  Originated  on  the  farm  of 
Jacob  Muhl,  of  Hammonton,  N.  J.,  and  apparently  grown  by  him  for 
market  for  some  time  before  being  offered  to  the  public  about  1889.  In 
that  year  the  J.  T.  Lovett  Co.  offered  it  under  the  name  of  “ Progress,” 
but  the  older  name  is  preferred,  though  both  names  are  often  used 
together.  The  variety  is  much  like  the  Souhegan,  but  later  and  more 
vigorous. 

POMONA.  [Red.]  Introduced  by  Wm.  Parry  of  the  Pomona  nursery, 
Parry,  N.  J.,  about  1887,  but  since  then  discarded  by  him.  Said  to  be 
large,  productive,  of  good  quality,  but  soft.  Recommended  by  some  as 
the  best  early  variety  for  home  use.  Mr.  C.  E.  Hunn,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
reported  it  in  1891  as  larger  than  Cuthbert  but  less  productive.  Mr.  S. 
A.  Beach  reported  it  two  years  later  as  exceeded  in  yield  by  the  Cuthbert 
only,  and  considered  a promising  variety. 

PRIDE  OF  KENT.  [Red,  Idceus.']  Originated  a short  time  ago  by 
Mr.  Fallstaff,  of  Kent,  England;  imported  about  1887  by  Mr.  Henry 
King,  of  Jefferson  county,  Colorado,  and  introduced  to  public  notice  in 
1892  by  R.  S.  Edwards,  of  Highland,  that  state.  Its  canes  are  stout, 
often  six  or  seven  feet  high,  yellowish,  covered  with  short  prickles,  leaves 
deep  green,  toned  with  red  upon  the  margin,  fruit  firm,  bright  red  and  of 
excellent  quality.  Season  long,  continuing  until  frost;  yield  large. 
(Bailey’s  Annals  of  Horticulture,  1892.)  The  N.  Y.  experiment  station 
at  Geneva  reports  in  1893:  Canes  strong  and  vigorous,  of  the  Idceus  type, 
but  not  injured  last  winter,  though  the  temperature  fell  to  six  degrees 
below  zero;  fruit  large  to  very  large,  very  soft  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

PRIDE  OF  THE  HUDSON.  [Red,  Idceus.]  A chance  seedling 
originating  in  the  garden  of  T.  H.  Roe,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  about  1872, 
and  introduced  to  public  notice  by  E.  P.  Roe,  of  Cornwall,  who  discovered 
it.  The  garden  where  it  was  found  was  an  old  one  and  contained  many 
varieties  of  raspberries  under  cultivation.  The  new  sort  is  described  as 
vigorous,  some  of  the  canes  reaching  fourteen  feet  in  height;  spines  few; 
leaves  large,  thick  and  deeply  corrugated;  fruit  large,  of  fine  appearance 
and  excellent  flavor,  but  too  soft  for  market.  Mr.  J.  T.  Lovett  states  that 
in  northern  New  Jersy  it  loses  its  leaves,  as  do  all  the  Antwerp  varieties 
there,  which  so  enfeebles  it  that  it  winter  kills  to  the  ground.  Reports 
from  all  other  localities  speak  of  it  as  tender.  One  writer  states  that  it 
will  not  stand  well  in  dry  spots,  and  that  it  is  quite  freaky  in  every 
way.  Mr.  Roe  quickly  discontinued  its  sale. 

PRIDE  OF  THE  WEST.  [Black  Cap.]  Reported  by  T.  T.  Lyon 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


51 


in  1892  as  having  been  grown  by  him  for  over  three  years,  and  found  to  be 
very  large,  grayish  black,  moderately  vigorous  and  productive,  and  of 
fair  quality. 

PRIMUS.  A hybrid  of  Rnbus  ur sinus  crossed  with  the  Siberian  rasp- 
berry, Rubus  craicegifolious.  Produced  by  Luther  Burbank,  of  Santa 
Rosa,  Cal.,  who  says  that  it  ripens  there  with  the  early  strawberries,  and 
in  appearance  and  characteristics  resembles  the  blackberries  more  than 
the  raspberries.  It  has  not  yet  been  introduced.  Now  owned  by  John 
Lewis  Childs,  Floral  Park,  N.  Y. 

PRINCE’S  GLOBOSE.  [Red.]  Originated  by  W.  R.  Prince,  Flushing, 
N.Y.,  and  described  by  Charles  Downing  in  1869  as  having  straight,  upright, 
branching  canes,  clothed  with  numerous  spines,  which  are  long  and  stout; 
fruit  large,  nearly  globular,  or  very  obtusely  conical;  grains  very  large, 
dull  red,  with  deep  bloom,  flesh  coarse,  rather  dry  and  crumbly. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES.  [Red,  Idcvus.~\  An  English  variety  described 
by  Downing,  in  1868,  as  having  strong,  nearly  upright  canes,  with  purplish 
spines;  fruit  large,  conical,  somewhat  obtuse,  grains  small,  rather  compact, 
regular,  quite  hairy,  crimson;  flesh  moderately  firm,  sweet  and  very  good, 
separating  freely  from  the  core. 

PROGRESS.  See  Pioneer. 

PROLIFIC  RED.  [ Idceus. ] Described  by  W.  R.  Prince,  in  1832,  as 
dwarf,  slender,  with  numerous  small  spines;  fruit  of  good  size  and  quality; 
usually  a second  crop  in  August. 

PROSSER.  See  Burlington. 

PURPLE  CANE.  [Purple  Cap.]  (English  Brown,  erroneously ; Cane 
Stock?;  American  Red  Cane,  of  Charles  Downing;  Red  Cane,  of  some; 
Common  Red,  in  part.  For  additional  synonyms  see  below. ) The  synonymy 
of  this  variety  is  quite  confusing,  and  it  is  possible  that  I have  not  been 
entirely  successful  in  reducing  it.  The  name  chosen  is  the  one  adopted  by 
Dr.  Warder,  and  appears  to  be  the  one  by  which  the  variety  was  best  or 
most  widely  known.  It  is  a name,  however,  somewhat  liable  to  error  from 
the  fact  that  the  prominence  of  this  variety  for  a long  time  caused  its 
name  to  be  applied  to  the  whole  class  of  which  it  was  a type  (the  same 
group  or  class  of  varieties  which  in  our  day  are  considered  hybrids  and 
often  known  as  the  “ Shaffer  group  ” ).  In  1861  Dr.  J.  A.  Warder  described 
this  variety  under  the  name  Purple  Cane,  and  said  that  it  was  known  by 
Charles  Downing  as  the  Am.  Red  Cane.  In  1869,  however,  Downing 
appears  to  have  adopted  the  name  Purple  Cane.  Dr.  Warder  said  that  its 
origin  was  unknown,  but  that  it  had  been  cultivated  for  half  a century  or 
more  near  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere.  He  added  that  it  used 
to  be  called  English,  a term  formerly  given  to  every  kind  of  fruit  that  was 
good  and  not  found  wild.  The  name  English  Brown  had  also  been  applied 
to  it  by  some.  W.  R.  Prince,  of  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  wrote  in  1847  that  this 
variety  was  then  extensively  cultivated  for  market  under  the  name  Common 
Red,  furnishing  nineteen-twentieths  of  all  the  New  York  supply;  it  was 
different  from  the  wild  strigosus.  He  had  seen  this  “Common  Red”  wild, 
however,  in  the  Catskills.  Its  shoots  resembled  the  black  cap.  It  was 
called  English  Red  in  some  catalogues,  and  was  generally  so  called,  he 
says,  until  he  exposed  the  error  some  fifteen  years  before. 

About  1819,  Gen.  John  Armstrong,  in  a series  of  articles  on  agriculture, 
afterwards  published  in  book  form,  stated  that  the  raspberry  which  on  the 


52 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


whole  was  the  best  for  the  main  crop  was  the  cane  stock.  This  I have 
regarded  was  probably  the  Purple  Cane.  The  only  other  varieties  men- 
tioned by  him  are  the  Antwerps.  In  1863,  at  a meeting  of  the  American 
Institute,  J.  G.  Bergen,  of  New  Jersey,  discussing  the  Bed  Cane,  said  it 
used  to  be  largely  grown  there,  but  that  it  gave  way  to  better  market  sorts. 
He  added  that  it  would  not  spread  like  some  other  kinds.  Mr.  J.  A.  Don- 
aldson of  St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  in  the  same  connection  gives  its  descrip- 
tion as  follows:  Fruit  rather  small,  compared  with  the  Antwerp,  too  soft 

for  market,  but  for  home  use  better  than  the  Antwerp,  Franconia  or  Fast- 
olff;  canes  red,  covered  with  bloom,  rooting  at  the  tips,  hardy  and 
productive. 

Charles  Downing,  in  1869,  wrote:  “Purple  cane  ( Purple  Prolific , 

Huntsville , English  Purple,  English  Red,  Red  Prolife,  Allen,  errone- 
ously). Native,  spines  rather  long,  stiff  and  moderately  numerous;  fruit 
of  medium  size,  oblate,  purplish  maroon,  with  a slight  bloom,  soft,  juicy 
and  rich.”  In  1867  the  Purple  Cane  had  largely  disappeared  from  the 
east,  being  displaced  along  the  Hudson  by  the  Hudson  River  Antwerp, 
and  in  New  Jersey  by  the  Philadelphia.  It  was  still,  however,  considered 
the  most  popular  variety  in  the  west.  Mr.  Hathaway  of  Michigan,  stated 
in  1871,  that  he  regarded  it  as  the  best  of  the  red'  varieties  except  the 
Philadelphia.  It  was  a week  earlier  than  that  variety,  but  soft.  The 
canes  were  fine,  elastic  and  not  easily  broken,  propagated  by  both  suckers 
and  tips.  He  considered  the  variety  to  be  a hybrid  between  occidentalis 
and  strigosus.  In  the  same  year  W.  C.  Flagg  of  Illinois,  stated  that  it 
was  one  of  the  best  and  hardiest  varieties,  but  soft.  J.  J.  Thomas 
recorded  it  in  1885  as  rather  small,  dull  red,  soft,  sweet  and  good;  canes 
strong  and  recurved.  E.  P.  Boe  said:  The  old  Purple  Cane  “ almost 

took  care  of  itself  in  our  home  garden  for  forty  years  or  more,  and  its  soft, 
small  berries,  would  melt  in  one’s  mouth.  Its  canes  were  smooth,  and  its 
fruit  of  a dusky  red  color.  In  other  respects  it  resembled  the  black 
cap.” 

PURPLE  PROLIFIC.  See  Purple  Cap. 

QUEEN  MARGUERITE.  [Bed.]  On  trial  at  the  Michigan  Agricult- 
ural College  and  elsewhere  about  1885  and  reported  as  a very  good  red 
variety. 

QUEEN  OF  THE  MARKET.  See  Cuthbert. 

QUEEN  OF  THE  WEST.  [Black  Cap.]  . B.  F.  Smith  of  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  writes:  It  is  a Douglas  county  seedling  and  ripens  a few  days 

later  thon  the  Kansas  or  the  Souhegan.  It  is  larger  and  more  productive 
than  the  Souhegan  or  the  Old  Miami.  Gregg  is  a little  larger  but  not  so 
sure  a cropper.  It  will  fruit  on  my  grounds  the  first  time  this  year.  The 
man  with  whom  it  originated  moved  to  Colorado  some  four  or  five  years 
ago. 

QUINBY’S  FAVORITE.  See  Cuthbert. 

RANCOCAS.  [Bed.]  Wm.  H.  Moon  of  Morrisville,  Pa.,  introduced 
it  to  the  public  in  1884.  It  is  large  and  somewhat  later  than  the  Hansell, 
but  still  early,  as  its  large  crop  all  ripens  in  a very  short  time.  The 
canes  are  stout,  branching,  smooth  and  red.  The  fruit  is  borne  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches  where  it  is  easily  picked.  It  is  large,  soft,  coarse  grained, 
somewhat  liable  to  crumble,  and  its  dark  purplish  color  renders  it  unat- 
tractive in  market.  Its  musky  flavor  is  also  an  objection  with  some. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


58 


Reports  in  regard  to  its  vigor  and  productiveness  are  conflicting,  but  it 
does  not  seem  destined  to  become  popular.  From  a letter  and  circular 
just  received  from  Mr.  Moon  it  appears  that  the  Rancocas  originated  as  a 
chance  seedling  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Hansell  in  1877,  and  received  its 
name  from  the  place  of  its  origin  on  the  Rancocas  creek,  near  a town  of 
the  same  name.  See  remarks  under  Hansell. 

RANSOM’S  EVERBEARING.  [Black  Cap.]  Sent  out  by  Stark  Bros., 
Louisiana,  Mo.,  in  1890. 

RED  ANTWERP.  [ Idcens .]  (True  Red  Antwerp,  Large  Red  Ant- 
werp, Improved  Antwerp,  Old  Red  Antwerp,  of  Elliott  1865;  New  Red 
Antwerp,  of  Downing,  1845;  Howland’s  Red  Antwerp,  Knevett’ s Antwerp, 
Burley,  Framboisier  d Gros  Fruit  [Large  Fruited  Raspberry]. ) This  old 
variety,  which  has  been  in  cultivation  for  upwards  of  a century  and  prob- 
ably longer,  derived  its  name  from  Antwerp  City,  in  Belgium,  though  the 
variety  itself  is  said  to  have  come  from  the  island  of  Malta.  Ever  since 
its  introduction  it  has  been  the  best  known  variety  in  cultivation,  both  in 
Europe  and  in  the  United  States,  and  the  standard  of  excellence  as  to 
quality.  From  it  have  been  derived  many  if  not  most  of  the  varieties  of 
its  species  found  in  our  gardens.  Its  name  has  been  so  long  and  promi- 
nently before  the  public  that  it  has  not  only  accumulated  a formidable 
array  of  synonyms  but,  what  is  more  troublesome,  many  other  sorts  have 
been  called  by  its  name.  In  fact,  for  a long  time  in  the  early  history  of 
the  cultivation  of  this  fruit  in  the  United  States  (up  to  about  1850)  almost 
any  red  raspberry  was  likely  to  be  called  an  Antwerp — even  as  now  in 
many  markets  all  cultivated  blackberries  are  called  “ Lawtons.”  This  was, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  although  the  Antwerp  was  everywhere  upon 
the  tongue  and  in  the  press  it  was  never  in  this  country  anywhere  exten- 
sively grown  for  market,  except  possibly  for  a short  time,  around  New  York 
and  Boston. 

In  1845,  what  appears  from  A.  J.  Downing’s  figure  and  description  to 
have  been  the  common  wild  red  raspberry,  had  come  to  be  almost  univer- 
sally known  in  the  United  States  by  the  name  of  common  Red  Antwerp, 
and  Downing  found  it  necessary  to  carefully  distinguish  the  two  kinds,  and 
style  the  proper  variety  the  “ new  ” or  “ true  ” Red  Antwerp.  Whether 
the  small,  poor  berry  vras  cultivated  or  not  he  does  not  state,  though  we 
may  consider  it  entirely  probable  that  it  was,  though  it  has  come  down  to 
us  with  no  other  name  than  the  one  above  given. 

For  a time  the  Hudson  River  Antwerp,  so  largely  cultivated  for  the  New 
York  market,  obscured  somewhat  the  identity  of  the  true  variety.  Its 
more  conical  form,  and  the  smaller  size  and  gray  color  of  its  canes,  however, 
enable  it  to  be  readily  distinguished. 

The  Red  Antwerp  may  be  described  as  follows:  Canes  tall,  fairly  vigor- 
ous, not  inclined  to  branch,  yellowish  green,  turning  pale  brown  in  autumn, 
with  numerous  strong,  brown  or  reddish  bristles  below,  but  the  upper 
parts,  especially  the  fruiting  branches,  nearly  smooth;  leaves  large  and 
plaited;  fruit  large,  with  large  grains;  obtusely  conical;  dark  red  with  a 
thick  bloom;  moderately  firm,  with  a brisk  vinous  flavor.  The  variety  is 
comparatively  hardy  for  one  of  its  class,  though  generally  requiring  winter 
protection  to  ensure  a full  crop.  Its  season  is  medium  (early  for  a foreign 
sort)  and  it  yields  a large  crop  where  it  succeeds.  An  illustration  of  the 
Red  Antwerp  may  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  1866. 


54 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


RED  CANADA.  See  Arnold’s  Red. 

RED  CANE.  [Red,  Iclcens. ?]  A favorite  market  variety  at  one  time  in 
the  vicinity  of  Hartford,  Ct.  It  was  introduced  there  without  name  but 
from  the  partial  description  given  it  seems  to  have  been  possibly  the  Red, 
or  more  probably  the  Hudson  River,  Antwerp.  See  also  Purple  Cane  and 
English  Red  Cane. 

RED  CLUSTER.  Described  by  T.  T.  Lyon  in  1893  as  late,  of  medium 
size,  red,  roundish  conical,  of  good  quality  and  moderately  productive. 
At  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  it  is  vigorous,  moderately  hardy, 
with  large  rugose  leaves. 

RED  DOUBLE  REARING.  See  Double  Bearing. 

RED  THORNLESS.  See  Turner. 

REEDER.  [Red.]  Originated  about  1875  as  a chance  seedling  in  a 
plantation  of  other  kinds  by  a Mr.  Reeder  near  Stevensville,  Berrien 
county,  Mich.,  and  disseminated  by  him  and  the  late  W.  A.  Brown.  It 
appears  never  to  have  been  grown,  except  for  trial,  outside  of  its  original 
home,  and  although  it  evidently  has  some  good  points,  it  is  no  doubt 
permanently  superseded.  Mr.  W.  A.  Smith  of  Benton  Harbor  writes: 
“ Some  twelve  or  fourteen  years  ago  my  friend  Mr.  W,  A.  Brown  of 
Stevensville  sent  me  some  four  or  five  hundred  plants  of  the  Reeder, 
recommending  them  highly.  I set  them  out  and  gave  them  good  care, 
but  soon  found  that  the  fruit  was  utterly  worthless,  soft,  dark  colored,  very 
downy,  and  poor  in  quality.  Pickers  refused  to  pick  them,  so  I took  them 
out  and  burned  them  up.  They  never  have  had  any  reputation  and  have 
never  been  cultivated.  R.  Morrill  of  the  same  place  writes:  “It  did  not 

give  satisfaction  here  and  has  been  discarded  many  years.” 

The  following  description  is  taken  from  the  reports  of  T.  T.  Lyon:  “ Plant 
somewhat  lacking  in  vigor;  canes  slender,  green,  or  purplish  green,  bear- 
ing few  slender  spines;  suckers  sparingly;  quite  tender,  being  less  hardy 
than  the  Cuthbert  or  the  Gregg;  fruit  rather  large,  round,  bright  red 
(one  report  says  ‘rather  dark,  but  not  objectionably  so’)  only  moderately 
firm,  with  large,  channeled  pips;  of  good  quality,  being  of  a mild,  rich  sub- 
acid. Season  medium,  after  the  Hansell  and  before  the  Cuthbert.  Pro- 
ductiveness rather  low.  Promising  for  home  use  and  possibly  for  market. 

RED  PEARL.  [Red,  sirigosns .]  Recorded  by  Charles  Downing  in 
1869,  as  of  medium  size,  roundish  conical,  light  red,  moderately  firm,, 
scarcely  good. 

RED  PROLIFIC.  See  Purple  Cane. 

RED.  QUEEN.  [Red,  sh'igosus .]  Reported  by  J.  S.  Collins  of 
Moorestown,  N.  J.,  in  1877  as  a promising  seedling  of  the  Philadelphia. 

RELIANCE.  [Red,  strigosus .]  A descendant  (said  to  be  several 
generations  removed)  from  the  Philadelphia,  originated  by  O.  L.  Felton 
of  Merchantville,  N.  J.,  and  apparently  first  exhibited  at  the  Centennial 
Exposition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876.  It  gained  considerable  popularity  for 
a time  and  while  it  seems  to  have  been  an  improvement  upon  the  Philadel- 
phia, in  size  at  least,  it  was  too  much  like  that  variety  to  compete  with 
other  sorts,  so  that  it  is  now  practically  superseded.  The  following  opin- 
ions may  be  given: 

T.  T.  Lyon:  “A  slight  improvement  upon  the  Philadelphia,  firmer  and 

rather  better.  It  is  very  hardy  but  rather  small,  of  high  flavor  but  dark 
color.” 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


55 


Ohio  Experiment  Station,  1888:  “Although  not  new  this  variety  is  but 

little  known,  and  not  so  well  appreciated  as  it  deserves.  Its  hardiness, 
productiveness  and  size  of  fruit  place  it  among  the  foremost  in  point  of 
profit  as  a market  variety.  The  berries  have  the  past  season  shown  more 
tendency  to  crumble  than  formerly,  which  detracts  greatly  from  their 
appearance  in  the  basket.” 

Georgia  Experiment  Station,  1891:  “Very  hardy  and  productive.” 

Alabama  Experiment  Station,  1890:  “Neither  vigorous,  prolific  nor 

hardy;  dies  badly.  Fruit  very  large,  dark  and  soft.” 

General  description:  Plant  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  medium  to 

large,  roundish  oblong,  nearly  globular,  dark  red,  grains  large,  quite  firm, 
«weet  and  sprightly  but  not  of  high  flavor,  separating  freely  from  the  core; 
season  medium,  ripening  a little  before  the  Cuthbert. 

RILEYS’  EARLY.  Recorded  as  follows,  by  Charles  Downing,  in 
1869:  From  N.  J.;  said  to  be  of  medium  size,  good  flavor  and  quite  early. 

REX.  [Black  Cap.]  Produced  from  a seed  of  the  Gregg  sown  by  the 
late  John  TV  Perry,  of  Covington,  Miami  county,  Ohio,  in  1884  or  1885. 
His  son,  TV.  L.  Perry,  writes  that  he  has  two  acres  of  it  in  bearing.  In 
1889  he  sent  plants  for  trial  to  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station,  where  he  says 
it  failed  to  develop  sufficient  merit  to  be  recommended  in  place  of  the 
Gregg.  In  his  own  locality,  which  is  an  unfavorable  one  for  raspberries, 
he  considers  it  as  good  as  the  Gregg,  but  destitute  of  sufficient  special 
merit  to  warrant  him  in  introducing  it. 

RIVERS’  LARGE  FRUITED  MONTHLY.  [Red,  Idceus.]  Imported 
from  the  Continent  to  England  in  1847  by  Thomas  Rivers,  and  into  the 
United  States  a few  years  later.  Patrick  Barry  stated  that  he  saw  it  in 
Mr.  Rivers’  nursery  in  1848,  and  described  it  as  a large  red  fruit,  with 
rather  slender  canes,  which  in  favorable  seasons  fruited  from  August  to 
November.  Mr.  F.  R.  Elliott  added  in  1865  that  the  canes  were  thickly 
covered  with  dark  purple  spines,  and  that  the  fruit  was  only  of  medium 
size.  Dr.  Warder  stated  that  it  was  unproductive  in  this  country  under 
ordinary  treatment,  and  also  tender,  though  that  was  immaterial  in  a per- 
petual raspberry  which  was  expected  to  fruit  chiefly  on  the  current  year’s 
canes. 

RIVERS’  YELLOW.  [Yellow,  Idceus .]  ( Large  Orange .)  Originated 
apparently  by  Thomas  Rivers,  of  England,  and  described  by  Charles 
Downing,  1869,  as  having  strong,  branching  canes,  clothed  with  few  stout, 
greenish  spines;  fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish  conical,  pale  reddish 
orange  to  deep  orange;  grains  large,  flesh  soft,  juicy,  sub-acid  but  not  rich, 
separating  freely  from  the  core.  At  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  the 
plant  is  even  more  tender  than  that  of  the  Y^ellow  Antwerp,  which  it  much 
resembles. 

ROGERS’  VICTORIA.  See  Victoria. 

ROYAL  CHURCH.  # [Red.]  Charles  A.  Green,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
who  introduced  this  variety  in  1893,  writes  that  it  originated  nearly  ten 
years  ago  as  a chance  seedling,  near  where  Philadelphia,  Herstine  and 
other  varieties  had  been  growing,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Royal  Church,  of 
Harrisonville,  Meigs  county,  Ohio.  It  may  be  described  as  follows:  Canes 
vigorous,  equal  to  the  Cuthbert,  clothed  with  numerous  small,  reddish 
prickles,  generally  hardy;  foliage  of  the  same  reddish  or  purple  color  and 
finely  corrugated;  fruit  ripens  earlier  than  the  Cuthbert,  but  has  a long 


56 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


season,  rather  large,  roundish,  dark  crimson,  moderately  firm,  with  largo 
grains  and  a large  core  which  holds  the  berry  well,  of  good  quality,  but 
somewhat  disposed  to  crumble.  Figured  in  the  report  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1892.  A few  reports  may  be  given: 

Mr.  Crawford,  Ohio:  “It  is  a good  thing,  but  not  very  prolific.” 

Prof.  L.  R.  Taft,  Michigan:  “Am  well  pleased  with  it.  It  is  hardy  to 

the  tips,  and  more  vigorous  than  Marlboro,  if  not  than  Cuthbert.” 

W.  O.  Aldrich,  Ohio:  “ A little  too  dark  in  color,  but  lighter  than  tho 

Philadelphia.” 

S.  A.  Beach,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  1893:  “Canes  somewhat  injured  last 

winter,  but  productiveness  this  season  second  on  the  list,  ranking  next  to 
the  Cuthbert.  Quality  very  good.  Fruit  ripened  this  season  from  July 
11  to  August  12,  with  good  pickings  from  July  17  to  August  3.  We  con- 
sider it  worthy  of  trial  for  the  home  garden  at  least. 

RUBY.  [Red,  Idceus  x strigosus.?~\  One  of  the  seedlings  originated  by 
D.  W.  Herstine,  of  Philadelphia  from  seed  of  the  Allen  grown  near  the 
Philadelphia,  and  named  in  1870  by  a visiting  committee  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Fruit  Growers’  Society.  It  is  described  as  productive,  large,  dark 
crimson,  sub-acid,  and  of  excellent  quality.  See  remarks  under 
Herstine. 

RUNDELL.  [Black  Cap.]  A “ yellow  cap”  closely  resembling 
Beebe’s  Golden,  originated  by  Chas.  Rundell,  of  New  Buffalo,  Mich.,  who 
says:  “ I first  saw  it  some  time  in  July,  1888,  while  mowing  weeds  where, 
since  1876,  I had  a few  Mammoth  Cluster  black  caps  growing.  A few 
berries  were  on  it  when  first  seen.”  He  is  still  cultivating  the  variety,  and 
has  sent  it  out  for  trial.  It  has  met  with  small  favor  on  account  of  its 
color. 

RUSSELL’S  RED.  [ Idceus J]  A seedling  of  the  white  Ant- 
werp, fertilized,  it  is  supposed,  by  the  Red  Cane  of  Hartford  and  vicinity, 
and  fruited  for  several  years  prior  to  1859,  when  it  was  exhibited  by  Dr. 
Russell  at  an  exhibition  at  Hartford.  It  was  said  to  be  hardy  and  vigorous, 
with  a long  fruiting  season,  and  flavor  equal  to  any  except  the  Antwerp, 
being  a little  brisker  than  that  variety. 

SAINT  LOUIS.  [Red.]  Recorded  by  A.  S.  Fuller  in  1867,  on  the 
authority  of  Colman's  Rural  World , as  the  best  hardy  raspberry  yet 
tested  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  a free,  vigorous  grower  and  very 
productive,  with  large,  sweet,  bright  red  fruit.  In  1866  Norman  J.  Col- 
man  reported  it  as  an  excellent  variety,  quite  extensively  grown  about  St. 
Louis,  but  likely  to  be  superseded  by  the  more  vigorous  Philadelphia. 

SALZER’S  EVERBEARING  RED.  [Hyb.]  Origin  Illinois.  Intro- 
duced by  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Co.,  Lacrosse,  Wis.,  1891,  who  state  that 
it  is  a cross  between  Shaffer  and  Marlboro. 

SARAH.  [Purple  Cap.]  Originated  by  Prof.  William  Saunders,  of 
London,  Ont.,  from  seed  of  the  Shaffer,  and  described  and  figured  by  John 
Craig  in  the  report  of  the  experimental  farms  of  Canada  for  1893,  p.  16. 
Said  to  be  a moderate  grower,  suckering  freely  and  propagating  only  that 
way;  fruit  large,  round,  drupes  large,  deep  garnet,  firm,  very  juicy,  pleas- 
antly acid  and  exceptionally  rich.  Its  main  crop  does  not  ripen  until  after 
the  Cuthbert. 

SAUNDERS.  [ Idceus  x strigosus .?]  A large  red  variety  of  excellent 
flavor,  originated  by  D.  W.  Herstine,  of  Philadelphia,  from  seed  of  the 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


57 


Allen,  fertilized,  it  is  supposed,  by  the  Philadelphia,  which  grew  near.  It 
was  named  in  July,  1870,  by  a visiting  committee  from  the  Pennsylvania 
Pruit  Growers’  Society,  in  honor  of  Wm,  Saunders,  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  It  is  described  as  ripening  later  than  the 
Herstine,  with  less  vigorous  canes,  darker  colored  and  more  globular  fruit, 
and  hardiness  about  the  equal  to  that  variety.  See  remarks  under 
Herstine. 

SAUNDERS’  HYBRID.  (No.  53.? ) A hybrid  between  Philadelphia 
and  Mammoth  Cluster  produced  by  Wm.  Saunders,  of  London,  Ont.  It 
was  sent  out  in  1880  by  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers’  Association.  It  is 
said  to  be  very  productive,  large,  dark  red,  and  to  propagate  from  the  tips 
only. 

SAUNDERS’  NO.  60.  A purplish  black  variety,  extremely  hardy,  but 
of  inferior  quality,  produced  by  W m.  Saunders,  of  London,  Ontario. 

SCARLET.  Plants  sent  out  under  this  name  by  Mr.  Carpenter  of  New 
York,  proved  to  be  the  two  “ Allen  ” varieties.  (Chas.  Downing,  1867.) 

SCARLET  OEM.  [Red.]  A seedling  of  the  Crimson  Beauty  origi- 
nated by  Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  in  1876.  He  says  it 
needs  some  other  variety  as  a fertilizer  in  order  to  produce  a full  crop. 
Hale  Bros.,  of  Connecticut,  considered  it  quite  promising  at  one  time  and 
reported  it  in  1888  as  vigorous  and  productive  and  four  days  earlier  than 
any  other  variety.  It  has  generally  been  discarded  by  the  few  who  have 
tried  it,  apparently  on  account  of  its  unproductiveness — doubtless  owing 
to  the  defect  above  mentioned.  It  is  described  as  firm,  medium  to  large, 
round,  bright  red,  but  of  low  quality. 

SEMPER  FIDELIS.  [Red,  Idceus .]  Recorded  by  Charles  Downing 
in  1869  as  an  English  variety  with  strong,  upright  canes  covered  with  stiff, 
purplish  spines;  fruit  large,  conical,  somewhat  irregular,  dull  red  with  a 
thick  bloom,  grains  of  medium  size,  compact,  flesh  firm,  not  very  juicy, 
good. 

SENECA.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  to  notice  by  Doolittle  & Wright 
of  Waterloo  (near  Seneca)  N.  Y.,  in  1867.  It  possessed  some  good  quali- 
ties and  has  been  grown  to  a considerable  extent  for  market.  Its  season 
was  a few  days  later  than  the  Doolittle  and  the  canes  more  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive but  very  thorny.  Its  size  was  only  medium;  its  quality  firm  and 
excellent  but  perhaps  not  superior  to  the  Doolittle,  and  its  color  rather  too 
dull.  It  was  added  for  trial  to  the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  about  1879  but  was  dropped  in  1883. 

SHAFFER.  [Purple  Cap.]  (Shaffer's  Colossal.)  A chance  seedling, 
an  isolated  plant  of  which  was  found  fruiting  in  the  garden  of  a man 
by  the  name  of  Geo.  Shaffer  two  miles  north  of  Scotsville,  Monroe  county, 
N.  Y.,  by  Chas.  A.  Green,  the  nurseryman,  in  1878.  The  plant  was  then 
about  nine  years  old;  no  other  raspberry  was  growing  near  except 
black  caps.  Its  remarkable  vigor  and  productiveness,  and  the  large  size  of 
its  fruit,  which  was  the  largest  he  had  ever  seen,  induced  Mr.  Green  to 
propagate  and  offer  it  for  sale.  It  at  once  became  very  popular  as  a market 
and  family  variety,  being  considered  especially  valuable  for  canning  and 
fine  for  drying  also.  It  may  be  described  as  follows:  Canes  of  the  largest 
size,  upright,  sparingly  branched,  with  a deep  purple  bloom,  clothed  with 
rather  numerous,  stout  prickles,  destitute  of  suckers,  rooting  readily  at  the 
8 


58 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


tips,  when  artificially  layered,  but  rarely  otherwise;  generally  hardy,  very 
productive,  season  medium,  fruit  of  the  largest  size,  round,  purplish,  turn- 
ing to  dark  brown  when  fully  ripe,  pubescent,  quite  soft,  flavor  quite  acid, 
and  considered  superior  by  many.  The  following  testimony  may  be  given: 

Ohio  Experiment  Station,  1885:  “ It  seems  to  do  well  everywhere  and 
examples  are  numerous  where  the  fruit  has  been  sold  for  higher  prices 
when  customers  became  aware  of  its  excellence.” 

Indiana  Experiment  Station,  1885:  “This  is  by  far  the  largest  raspberry, 
both  in  cane  and  fruit  that  we  have  ever  seen;  not  as  hardy  as  some,  but 
a great  bearer  of  most  too  dark  colored,  rather  acid,  not  very  firm  fruit. 
Ripens  soon  after  the  Gregg.” 

Chas.  W.  Garfield,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.:  “It  is  a great  success  on  my 
sandy  and  gravelly  soil,  but  not  much  esteemed  on  the  clay  hills  a few 
miles  distant.” 

Prof.  L.  R.  Taft,  Michigan  Agricultural  College:  “Always  winter  kills 

some,  but  bears  well.” 

A.  A.  Crozier,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.:  “Needs  good  care  or  it  is  less  pro- 
ductive than  black  caps.  Not  popular  in  market.” 

John  Wragg,  Waukee,  Iowa:  “ Shaffer  is  the  best  raspberry  we  have.” 

Missouri  Hort.  Report,  1890:  “Kills  nearly  every  winter  in  Northern 
Missouri  but  very  popular  in  some  parts  of  the  state.” 

Virginia  Experiment  Station,  1892:  “Always  winter  kills,  but  bears  well 
on  the  new  shoots  from  the  base  of  the  cane.” 

North  Carolina  Experiment  Station,  1898:  “ The  most  hardy  variety  we 
have.” 

Wellington  Boulter,  Picton,  Ont.:  “The  Shaffer  is  not  good  for  canning 
at  the  factory ; it  goes  all  to  pieces  like  the  Cuthbert  and  requires  too  much 
sugar.” 

SHAFFER’S  COLOSSAL.  See  Shaffer. 

SHAFFER’S  SISTER.  See  Muskingum. 

SHARPE.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

SHORT  JOINTED  CANE.  [Red,  strigosus .]  Recorded  by  W.  R. 
Prince,  in  1832  (Pom.  Man.,  pt.  II.,  p.  168). 

SIBERIAN.  See  Double  Bearing. 

SILVER  QUEEN.  [Yellow,  Idceus.~\  Placed  on  trial  at  the  New  York 
experiment  station  and  elsewhere  in  1885  by  R.  Johnson  of  Shortsville, 
N.  Y.,  by  whom  it  was  named,  and  who  obtained  it  from  L.  M.  Macomber, 
of  North  Ferrisburgh,  Vt.,  under  the  name  “Silver  Skin.”  He  now  writes 
that  its  cultivation  has  been  given  up  as  it  proved  unproductive,  though  of 
beautiful  color  and  flavor.  In  1893  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  above  station 
reported  it  as  rather  tender;  fruit  of  a clear,  pale  yellow,  medium  to  large, 
very  soft,  juicy,  nearly  sweet,  of  delicate  flavor,  very  good  to  best. 

SINTON’S  THORNLESS.  [Black  Cap.]  Recorded  by  Fuller  in  1867 
as  similar  to  Doolittle,  but  a week  earlier. 

SIR  JOHN.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

SKOWHEGAN.  Charles  Downing’s  spelling  of  Souhegan,  which  see. 
Through  some  apparent  oversight  Mr.  Downing  used  the  name  of  a village 
in  Maine  instead  of  that  of  the  river  in  New  Hampshire,  near  which  it 
originated,  by  which  to  designate  this  variety. 

SMITH’S  GIANT.  [Black  Cap.]  A.  M.  Smith  of  St.  Catharines, 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


59 


Ont.,  writes:  “It  is  a seedling,  either  of  the  Gregg  or  of  Shaffer’s  Colossal. 
I sowed  seeds  of  both,  but  am  not  sure  which  one  it  is  from.  Grown  in 
1888.  I have  tested  it  four  or  five  years  and  think  it  superior  to  the  Gregg 
in  hardiness,  fully  equal  in  quality  and  productiveness.  I have  not  yet 
disseminated  it  much,  only  sending  it  out  to  a few  places  for  trial.” 

SMITH'S  IRONCLAD.  [Black  Cap.]  B.  F.  Smith  of  Lawrence, Kan- 
sas, writes:  “ Smith’s  Ironclad  came  into  notice  here  some  twenty  years 

ago.  A gardener,  now  dead,  by  the  name  of  Smith,  bought  a bill  of  trees 
and  other  things  from  an  agent  and  among  the  roots  of  the  trees  he  found 
a single  raspberry  plant  which  he  planted  and  increased  until  he  accumu- 
lated a considerable  stock  from  which  he  sold  to  his  neighbors.  It  proved 
to  be  as  hardy,  or  more  so,  than  the  Doolittle,  and  they  called  it  Smith’s 
Ironclad.  It  was  never  introduced  as  new  fruits  are  now.  In  fact,  I do 
not  think  it  was  a new  sort  as  I am  not  able  to  note  any  difference  between 
it  and  the  ; Old  Miami.’  ” 

It  is  still  cultivated’in  Kansas,  but  is  losing  popularity.  It  appears  in 
the  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  under  the  name  of 
“ Smith,”  starred  for  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  In  the  Kansas  fruit  list  for 
1889  the  name  appears  under  the  three  forms  of  “Ironclad,”  “Smith,”  and 
“ Smith’s  Ironclad.” 

SMITH’S  NO.  2.  [Black  Cap.]  B.  F.  Smith  of  Lawrence,  Kansas, 
writes : “ They  have  a very  promising  seedling  black  cap  at  the  Geneva 
experiment  station  that  I sent  them  for  trial  five  years  ago.  Through  the 
carelessness  of  some  laborers  I lost  the  stock  of  it  entirely.  A neighbor 
of  mine  was  back  at  New  York  last  year  and  saw  it  growing  at  the  station 
and  says  it  is  a fine  variety.  I found  it  growing  as  a chance  seedling 
under  an  apple  tree.” 

A report  from  the  above  station  in  1893  stated  that  only  one  plant  of 
this  variety  remained.  The  fruit  was  of  medium  size,  firm,  juicy,  sweet 
and  good. 

SMITH’S  PROLIFIC.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  about  ten  years  ago 
as  a chance  seedling  in  a strawberry  patch  on  the  grounds  of  Ezra  G. 
Smith,  of  Manchester,  New  York.  It  was  introduced  by  him  in  1890, 
after  a promising  trial  at  the  Geneva  experiment  station,  and  at  once 
gained  quite  a favorable  reputation  among  eastern  growers,  being  distin- 
guished for  vigor,  productiveness  and  other  good  qualities.  Recently, 
however,  it  has  not  done  so  well.  Mr.  Smith  writes  that  for  the  last  two 
years  it  has  not  made  the  growth  that  it  formerly  did.  A report  from  the 
Geneva  station  in  1893,  states  that  in  the  previous  winter  the  canes  were 
damaged  at  least  thirty  per  cent  by  the  cold,  while  other  black  raspberries 
in  the  same  patch  remained  uninjured.  In  1891  it  ranked  second  in 
productiveness  among  the  black  cap  varieties  bn  trial,  while  in  1893  it  had 
dropped  to  the  thirteenth. 

The  Pennsylvania  experiment  station  reported  in  1893:  Canes  stout, 

clusters  large,  berries  of  medium  size,  drupes  small,  black,  sweet  and  good. 

SMITHS’  PURPLE.  [Purple  Cap.]  Originated  by  B.  F.  Smith  of 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  who  sent  it  for  trial  to  the  experiment  station  at  Gen- 
eva, New  York  in  1891,  from  which  station  Prof.  S.  A.  Beech  reported 
that  it  had  all  the  characteristics  of  the  black  cap  except  the  color  of  its 
fruit.  This  was  of  medium  size,  good  quality,  and  had  the  black  rasp- 
berry flavor. 


60 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


SOUCHETTI.  [White,  Idceus.~\  {White  Transparent.)  Originated 
by  Mr.  Souchett,  a nurseryman  near  Paris,  about  1865,  and  imported  from 
him  by  Marshall  P.  Wilder  of  Boston,  Mass.,  with  whom  it  was  a favorite, 
and  who  distributed  many  plants.  Robt.  Manning  of  Boston,  considers 
it  the  best  of  its  class,  being  more  productive  than  White  Antwerp  and  of 
very  good  quality,  but  too  soft  for  market.  It  is  said  to  be  less  hardy  than 
Brinckle’s  Orange.  It  is  described  by  Charles  Downing  as  having  vigorous 
canes,  clothed  with  scattering,  slender,  greenish  spines;  fruit  rather  large, 
conical,  somewhat  elongated,  grains  of  medium  size,  compact,  pale  creamy 
yellow;  flesh  rather  soft,  moderately  juicy,  mild  and  sweet  but  not  rich; 
separating  freely  from  the  core. 

SOUHEGAN.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  by  the  Hale  Bros.,  of  South 
Glastonbury,  Ct.,  in  1881,  in  which  year  Mr.  J.  H.  Hale  wrote  as  follows: 
“ Souhegan  is  the  proper  spelling,  derived  from  a small  river  of  that  name 
near  which  the  variety  originated  [the  Souhegan  drains  the  southern  part 
of  Hillsboro  County,  N.  H.]  It  originated  in  1871  from  seed  of  the  Doo- 
little by  Mr.  J.  A.  Carleton  of  Hillsboro  county,  N.  H.  Three  years  ago 
Mr.  Carleton  wrote  us  that  he  had  a new  raspberry  that  would  produce 
four  times  as  much  as  any  other  variety,  and  offered  to  pay  our  expenses 
to  New  Hampshire  if  not  found  as  represented.  We  therefore  went,  pur- 
chased the  stock,  and  now  have  about  an  acre  in  cultivation.” 

Mr.  Carleton,  writing  from  North  Lyndeborough,  Hillsboro  county, 
February  6,  1894,  says:  “ The  Souhegan  is  a seedling  from  a variety  sent 

from  Ellwanger  & Barry  sometime  in  the  fifties.  In  1869  my  wife  found 
a few  seedlings  from  the  old  plant  which  I transplanted,  and  when  they 
came  into  bearing  they  were  a surprise  to  all  who  saw  them.  From  one 
plant,  with  two  canes,  I obtained  fifty  new  plants  the  year  it  was  set,  and 
the  next  season  picked  ten  quarts  of  berries  from  the  two  canes.” 

The  increase  in  popularity  of  the  Souhegan  was  rapid  from  the  start. 
The  Gregg  had  been  introduced  as  a market  berry  only  a few  years  before, 
leaving  an  important  place  to  be  filled  by  an  early  variety,  which  was 
quickly  occupied  by  the  Souhegan,  which  thus  displaced  the  old  and  unre- 
liable Davison.  Until  now  the  Souhegan  has  remained  on  the  whole  the 
leading  early  variety,  though  its  place  is  being  disputed  by  nearly  a score 
of  other  sorts  very  similar  in  season  and  character,  some  of  which  have 
already  superseded  it  in  certain  localities.  Among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Palmer  and  Tyler.  The  latter  so  closely  resembles  the  Sou- 
hegan that  it  is  often  sold  for  that  variety,  and  is  sometimes  considered  a 
synonym  of  it.  It  had,  however,  a separate  origin. 

The  season  of  the  Souhegan  is  about  three  days  in  advance  of  the 
Doolittle,  varying  somewhat  according  to  circumstances,  and  it  matures 
its  whole  crop  in  a comparatively  short  time,  a desirable  feature  when  later 
and  larger  varieties  are  coming  on.  The  canes  of  the  Souhegan  are  fairly 
vigorous,  and  the  fruit  of  good  size  and  color  for  market.  It  has  proved 
to  be  of  sufficient  hardiness  for  most  localities,  being  more  hardy  than  the 
Gregg  and  some  other  kinds,  but  surpassed  in  this  particular  by  the  old 
Doolittle  and  the  Ohio,  and  by  some  of  the  newer  western  sorts. 

SOUTHERN  SEEDLING.  See  Turner. 

SOUTHERN  THORNLESS.  See  Turner. 

SPANISH  BLACK.  [Black  Cap.]  Grown  and  sold  by  Henry 
Geisler  of  Waltervliet,  Michigan,  who  says  that  it  is  popular  in  his  vicinity 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


61 


and  a week  earlier  than  other  varieties.  It  ie  reported  that  this  is  the 
Gregg  renamed. 

SPRY’S  EARLY.  [Black  Cap.]  A chance  seedling  found  and 
brought  into  cultivation  by  John  Spry  of  Ft.  Atkinson,  Wis.,  about  1884, 
and  sent  out  by  Coe  & Converse  of  the  same  place  in  1888.  They  report 
that  it  still  does  well  with  them.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  New  York  experi- 
ment station  at  Geneva,  described  it  in  1893  as  a vigorous  variety,  with 
fruit  of  medium  size,  good  black  color,  firm,  juicy,  nearly  sweet,  of  very 
good  flavor  and  quality. 

SPRINGFIELD.  [Black  Cap.]  A chance  seedling  originating  about 
1880  on  the  grounds  of  J.  W.  Adams  and  Co.,  of  Springfield,  Mass.  After 
about  two  dozen  plants  were  produced  from  the  original  hill  the  variety 
was  considered  worthless  and  the  plants  were  all  given  to  Mr.  Chandler 
living  a few  miles  distant.  He  soon  increased  the  stock  to  an  eighth  of 
an  acre,  when  it  appeared  so  promising  that  Adams  and  Co.  arranged  to 
offer  the  variety  for  sale.  Hale  Bros,  of  So.  Glastonbury,  Ct.,  soon 
purchased  some  of  the  plants. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Adams  writes  that  the  variety  does  remarkably  well  with  him, 
being  quite  hardy,  healthy,  vigorous  and  very  productive,  though  not  equal- 
ing the  Tyler.  Its  canes  are  thornless  and  the  quality  of  the  fruit  excellent. 
From  outside  of  New  England  have  come  but  few  favorable  reports.  The 
canes  are  slender  and  somewhat  lacking  in  vigor,  requiring  good  treatment 
in  order  to  be  productive.  Its  season,  and  in  fact  its  other  characters,  are 
very  much  like  those  of  the  Davison  and  like  that  variety  it  is  passing  out 
of  cultivation. 

STAYMAN’S  NO.  1.  [Purple Cap.]  A seedling  of  Shaffer  originated 
by  Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  in  1884  and  sent  for  trial  to 
the  editor  of  the  American  Farmer  and  Horticulturist,  Rio  Yista,  Va., 
who,  after  one  year’s  trial,  states  that  it  is  the  most  beautiful  large  berry 
he  ever  saw,  resembling  the  Marlboro,  but  later.  Mr.  Stayman  adds  that  it 
is  firm  and  of  good  quality,  and  propagates  from  the  tips. 

STAYMAN’S  NO.  5.  See  Olathe. 

ST(EVER.  [Red,  strigosus .]  ( American  Red.)  The  typical  wild 

red  raspberry.  Downing  in  1869  records  American  Red  (with  the 
synonym  Stoever)  as  the  common  red  raspberry  of  the  middle  states,  a 
week  earlier  than  the  Antweps,  inferior  in  size  and  flavor,  and  having 
narrow  leaves.  In  the  Michigan  Farmer  for  1860  mention  is  made  of 
Stoever  as  a new  variety  discovered  in  Vermont  and  taken  to  Philadelphia. 
It  is  described  as  of  a rich  crimson  color  and  apparently  hardy.  There  is 
no  evidence  at  hand  however  to  show  that  it  was  anything  more  than  the 
wild  species. 

SUMMIT.  [Black  Cap.]  Charles  Downing  records  it  in  1869  as  an 
American  yellow  cap,  raised  by  O.  T.  Hobbs  of  Randolph,  Pa.  Canes 
strong  and  branching,  spines  stout  and  numerous;  fruit  large  for 
its  class,  roundish  oblate,  orange,  with  pink  at  the  base  of  most  of  the 
grains,  which  are  rather  small  and  compact,  firmer  in  texture  and  richer 
In  flavor  than  the  ordinary  yellow  cap. 

SUPERB.  [Red,  strigosus .]  {Churchman's  Superb.)  Originated  by 
John  Churchman,  of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  and  supposed  by  him  to  be  a seed- 
ling of  Philadelphia.  Introduced  to  notice  in  1883  at  the  same  time  as  the 
Hansell,  with  which  it  begins  to  ripen,  though  it  has  a much  longer  sea- 


62 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


son.  The  berry  is  much  larger  than  that  variety,  often  fully  seven-eighths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  according  to  Mr.  T.  T.  Lyon,  who  adds  that  it  is 
high  flavored,  like  most  other  strigosus  varieties,  but  with  the  pips  or 
grains  so  loosely  put  together  that  it  is  difficult  to  pick  the  berries  without 
their  crumbling.  It  is  also  too  dark  in  color,  he  says,  to  suit  the  popular 
taste.  It  is  generally  recorded  as  hardy,  though  tender  in  the  west,  and 
liable  to  die  back  in  the  south.  It  appears  to  be  productive  in  most  locali- 
ties, but  it  lacks  vigor,  and  suckers  sparingly,  though  more,  according  to 
J.  J.  Thomas,  than  the  Montclair,  which  it  resembles.  It  is  figured  in  the 
Gardener's  Monthly , 1881,  page  256.  At  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  it  has  not  been 
productive. 

SUPERLATIVE.  [Red,  Idceus.  ] Introduced  in  1892  by  Ellwanger  & 
Barry,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  who  obtained  it  from  England.  Fruit  large 
and  handsome,  but  crumbly.  It  is  figured  in  Orchard  and  Garden , 1892, 
page  81. 

SURPRISE.  [Black  Cap.]  Found  wild  and  introduced  by  George 
Husman,  of  Bluffton,  Mo.,  about  1865,  and  described  as  having  stiff, 
upright  canes  with  few,  stout  spines;  fruit  large,  with  deep  bloom,  few 
seeds,  and  more  conical  than  any  other  black  cap.  Season  medium  to  late. 
See  Elsie. 

SURPRISE.  [Red.]  T.  T.  Lyon  wrote,  in  1885:  “ Surprise  comes  to 
us  without  a history,  and  during  a two  years’  trial  has  developed  some  use- 
ful qualities.  Plant  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  large  to  very  large, 
roundish,  slightly  conical,  dark  red  with  a slight  bloom;  texture  rather 
soft;  flavor  sprightly,  pleasant  acid;  rather  dark  in  color,  but  promising 
even  for  market.”  Four  years  later,  upon  further  trial,  he  adds  that  the 
season  is  late,  plant  tender  and  fruit  crumbly  and  of  low  quality.  The 
variety  is  said  to  be  a chance  seedling  of  the  Franconia,  originating  in 
Montgomery  county,  N.  Y.,  prior  to  1881.  F.  R.  Elliott  considered  it  in 
1883  of  no  special  value. 

SURPRISE  D’AUTOMNE.  [White,  Idceus.]  An  everbearing  for- 
eign sort  of  fine  flavor,  reported  by  M.  B.  Bateman,  of  Painesville,  Ohio. 
( Country  Gentleman , 1873,  p.  182). 

SURREY.  [Black  Cap.]  Introduced  and  controlled  by  the  Cleveland 
Nursery  Co.,  formerly  of  Ohio,  now  of  Rio  Yista,  Va.  The  Virginia 
experiment  station  reported  in  1892  that  the  variety  was  vigorous  and 
promising;  fruit  with  a light  bloom,  larger  than  any  other  kind  on  trial. 
The  Michigan  experiment  station  reported  in  the  same  year  that  the  plants 
were  somewhat  lacking  in  vigor,  and  unproductive.  Season,  second  early; 
fruit  firm,  of  medium  size,  somewhat  resembling  the  Gregg  in  form  and 
color. 

SUSQUECO.  See  Brandywine. 

SWEET  HOME.  [Black  Cap.]  A seedling  of  Lum’s  Everbearing, 
originated  in  Illinois  and  introduced  about  1880.  Mr.  Tyler  McWhorter, 
of  Aledo,  111.,  considered  it  better  than  the  Mammoth  Cluster,  being  larger, 
firmer  and  more  stocky.  Others  find  it  of  medium  size  and  lacking  in 
vigor  and  productiveness.  Reports  as  to  season  are  conflicting. 

SWEET  YELLOW  ANTWERP.  [Yellow,  Idceus.]  Recorded  by 
Charles  Downing  in  1869  as  an  old  English  variety  with  slender  canes, 
light  yellow  fruit  of  medium  size,  obtusely  conical,  with  small  grains,  soft 
and  juicy. 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


63 


TALCOTT.  [Bed.]  Sent  out  for  trial  by  Hale  Bros.,  of  South  Glas- 
tonbury, Ct.,  in  1883,  and  stated  in  the  Michigan  reports  to  be  in  every 
way  like  the  Turner,  except  in  form,  which  was  ovate  instead  of  roundish 
conical.  It  seemed,  however,  an  improvement  in  productiveness.  Plants 
lacking  in  vigor,  fruit  small  and  very  early. 

TALL  BED  CANE.  [Red,  strigosus .]  Canes  with  numerous  fine 
prickles;  productive;  fruit  round,  dropping  too  easily  when  ripe.  (W.  R. 
Prince,  Pom.  Man.,  pt.  II,  1832,  p.  168.) 

THOMAS.  [Black  Cap.]  ( Thomas'  Seedling.)  On  trial  at  the 
Indiana  experiment  station  in  1886.  Originated  by  S.  Thomas,  of  Mar- 
ion, Ind.,  and  but  little  known. 

THOMPSON’S  EARLY  PRIDE.  [Red.]  Sent  out  in  1888  by  the 
Cleveland  Nursery  Co.  of  East  Rockport,  Ohio  (now  of  Rio  Yista,  Va). 
The  New  York  experiment  station  at  Geneva  reports:  “ Canes  upright, 

vigorous,  of  the  strigosus  type..  This  season  (1893),  it  ripened  sixteen 
per  cent  of  its  crop  prior  to  July  13,  being  exceded  in  this  respect  by  but 
three  varieties  on  the  list.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  firm  and  moderately 
juicy,  good  in  flavor  and  quality.  Canes  upright,  bristly,  vigorous  and 
hardy.  This  season  it  \vas  unproductive,  ranking  23d  as  to  yield.  It 
ranked  fifth  in  1891,  and  was  called  productive  in  1889. 

E.  S.  Goff,  of  the  Wisconsin  experiment  station,  reported  in  1891,  that, 
as  compared  with  Thompson’s  Early  Prolific,  it  had  more  numerous  short 
prickles,  and  was  less  vigorous  and  productive.  A report  from  the  Ala- 
bama station  in  1890  called  it  hardy,  vigorous  and  promising,  about  like 
Thompson’s  Early  Prolific.  The  Hatch  experiment  station,  of  Mass., 
reported  in  the  same  year  its  standing  as  follows,  perfection  being  one: 
“Productiveness  5,  quality  7,  earliness  2,  size  5,  per  cent  of  winter  killing  6.” 

THOMPSON’S  EARLY  PROLIFIC.  [Red.]  A chance  seedling 
sent  out  in  1888  by  the  Cleveland  Nursery  Company,  of  East  Rockport, 
Ohio  (now  of  Rio  Yista,  Ya. ).  S.  A.  Beach,  of  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station, 
at  Geneva,  reports  as  follows:  “Canes  of  the  strigosus  type,  somewhat 

slender,  nearly  free  from  prickles,  bright  dark  red,  upright,  vigorous;  fruit 
paler  than  in  Early  Pride,  more  juicy,  of  medium  size,  firm  and  of  good 
quality.  This  season,  1893,  while  other  varieties  ripened  from  13  to  40 
per  cent  of  their  crop  prior  to  July  13,  this  ripened  but  five  per  cent,  and 
29  per  cent  after  the  24th,  being  therefore  classed  for  this  season  with  the 
late  varieties.  In  yield  it  ranked  19th.  The  canes  were  injured  by  the 
past  winter  about  as  much  as  those  of  the  Shaffer.” 

The  Ohio  experiment  station  reported  in  1891 : “ Moderately  productive, 

not  vigorous,  fruit  of  medium  size,  bright  crimson  and  quite  firm.  Com- 
mences to  ripen  soon  after  the  middle  of  the  strawberry  season,  and 
gives  good  picking  from  the  start.  Altogether  it  was  the  most  satisfactory 
red  sort  that  has  been  tested  here.”  W.  O.  Aldrich,  of  Columbus,  Ohio, 
reported  about  the  same  time  that  it  was  hardy,  fairly  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive, but  no  earlier  than  the  Turner.  John  Craig,  of  the  Central 
experimental  farm,  Ottawa,  Canada,  reported  in  1892  that  its  earliness 
seemed  to  be  its  principal  good  point.  It  was  hardy  but  not  productive; 
fruit  of  medium  size,  round,  bright  red,  and  attractive.  E.  P.  Powell,  of 
Clinton,  N.  Y.,  reports  it  the  first  to  ripen,  but  small.  T.  T.  Lyon,  of 
Michigan,  reported  it  in  1893  as  a good  early  variety. 

THOMPSON’S  KING.  [Red.]  ( Early  King.)  Sent  out  by  the 
Cleveland  Nursery  Company  of  Rio  Yista,  Ya.,  in  1892,  and  described  as 


64 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL.  COLLEGE. 


follows  by  H.  E.  Yandeman  in  U.  S.  Agricultural  Report  for  that  year, 
page  265:  Medium  in  size,  round,  light  crimson,  drupes  large,  few,  suture 
plainly  marked,  moderately  firm,  juicy,  sub-acid  and  good.  A seedling  of 
Thompson  [probably  Thompson’s  Early  Prolific],  ripening  about  the  same 
time  but  larger  and  more  productive. 

THUNDERER.  [Red,  Idceus.~\  F.  R.  Elliot  recorded  this  in  his  West- 
ern Fruit  Book  in  1865  as  a new  variety  lately  introduced  from  England 
resembling  the  Franconia. 

THWACK.  [Red.]  Introduced  by  Prof.  Watson  Foster  of  Louisiana, 
Mo.,  who  said  in  1877:  “The  plants  were  furnished  me  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Wil- 

son who  lived  about  ten  miles  from  Brandon,  N.  Y.  He  was  a student  of 
mine  twenty-five  years  ago  at  Dixon,  111.  His  statement  was  that  this  new 
sort  was  a cross  between  the  Herstine  and  Brandywine.  The  fruit  resem- 
bles in  shape  the  Brandywine,  but  is  firmer,  while  its  size  averages  larger 
than  either  of  its  parents.  It  is  less  acid  than  the  Herstine  but  hardly  as 
sweet  as  Brandywine.  It  resembles  the  Herstine  in  its  stocky  canes,  which 
however  are  without  thorns.  The  leaf  is  more  crumpled  than  that  of  the 
Brandywine,  but  less  so  than  that  of  Herstine.  Its  hardiness  has  not  been 
excelled.  I think  it  was  in  the  winter  of  1873  that  Thwack,  Herstine  and 
Brandywine  all  stood  unprotected  upon  the  same  northern  exposure.  The 
Thwack  came  out  uninjured,  while  the  others  were  killed  to  the  ground. 
Its  fruiting  season  is  longer  than  that  of  any  other  variety  and  its  yield 
very  large,  being  three  times  that  of  Mammoth  Cluster  on  my  grounds.” 

Mr.  N.  Ohmer  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  visited  Prof.  Foster’s  grounds  about 
the  time  of  its  introduction,  saw  the  original  patch  and  purchased  a quan- 
tity of  the  plants.  He  asked  Prof.  Foster  why  he  had  given  the  variety 
such  an  odd  name.  He  said  because  it  “knocked  them  all,”  meaning  that 
it  was  the  best  variety  all  things  considered  then  known.  Mr.  Ohmer 
regarded  it  as  of  rather  poor  quality,  but  an  excellent  market  sort,  being 
large,  productive,  light  red  and  very  firm.  It  suckers  profusely.  Frank 
Ford  & Son  of  Ohio  consider  it  the  best  early  market  variety  except  the 
Win  ant.  It  was  dropped  from  the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue  in  1888,  but  is 
still  popular  farther  west. 

TRUSTY.  On  trial  at  the  experimental  farm  at  Agassiz,  B.  C. 

TURNER.  [Red.]  ( Red  Thornless,  Southern  Thornless,  Southern  Seed- 
ling, Baldwin's  Choice. ) Originated  about  sixty  years  ago,  by  Professor 
J.  B.  Turner  of  Jacksonville,  111.,  and  generally  said  to  have  been  discov- 
ered growing  wild  or  to  have  been  originated  by  him  from  the  wild  species. 
It  has  the  appearance  of  being  a native  variety  and  is  generally  so  consid- 
ered, but  Professor  Turner  states  in  a letter  published  in  E.  P..  Roe’s  book 
on  Small  Fruits,  that  no  wild  red  raspberries  were  known  to  grow  anywhere 
near  his  place,  where  this  originated.  He  said  he  obtained  from  the  east 
some  plants  called  the  Red  Antwerp,  which  proved  tender  and  which  he 
attempted  to  improve  in  hardiness  by  raising  seedlings.  A large  number 
of  seedlings  were  grown,  but  as  they  appeared  to  be  of  no  value  they  were 
neglected.  Among  them  there  finally  appeared  this  one,  which  seemed 
valuable  and  was  propagated,  and  afterwards  became  known  as  the  Turner. 
At  a meeting  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1881,  E.  P.  Roe  said 
he  had  seen  fruiting  in  Georgia,  under  the  name  “ Southern  Thornless,”  a 
variety  which  seemed  to  be  the  same  as  the  Turner.  Norman  J.  Colman 
said,  at  the  same  time:  “I  procured  this  berry  under  the  name  4 Southern 
Thornless  ’ or  ‘ Southern  Seedling,’  and  cultivated  it  two  or  three  years 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


65 


before  I got  the  Turner,  which  proved  to  be  the  same.  I think  it  was 
first  known  as  the  ‘ Southern  Seedling,’  and  got  its  present  name  from 
Professor  Turner  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  who  first  called  attention  to  its 
merits.”  J.  T.  Lovett  added  that  the  Turner  was  the  same  as  Baldwin’s 
Choice,  which  he  obtained,  he  thought,  from  Ohio.  George  W.  Trowbridge 
of  Ohio  said:  “A.  J.  Markey,  living  near  Cincinnati,  had  been  supplying 

that  market  for  several  years  with  a very  choice  quality  of  red  raspberries, 
the  name  of  which  he  had  concealed.  A committee  from  the  Cincinnati 
Horticultural  Society  visited  his  plantation  and  immediately  recognized 
the  variety  as  the  Turner.  He  then  stated  that  he  obtained  the  plants 
from  Illinois,  under  the  name  Baldwin’s  Choice.  This  name  seems  to 
have  originated  with  Isaac  Baldwin  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  who  is  known 
to  have  sold  Turner  plants. 

The  Turner  became  widely  popular  and  was  perhaps  the  leading  red  vari- 
ety during  the  ten  years  following  its  admission  to  the  catalogue  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1877.  Since  then  the  Cuthbert  and  other 
well  known  varieties  have  become  known  and  its  usefulness  has  become 
restricted.  Its  chief  merit  is  its  hardiness,  in  which  respect  it  is  probably 
not  surpassed  by  any  other  variety  in  cultivation.  It  is  adapted  to  the 
extreme  north  as  well  as  to  the  extreme  south,  as  a few  quotations  will 
show: 

J.  T.  Lovett,  N.  J.,  1892:  “The  hardiest  of  all  early  varieties  and 

immensely  productive;  fruit  large,  of  bright  crimson  color  and  honied 
sweetness,  but  soft.  It  suckers  immoderately.” 

E.  P.  Roe,  N.  Y.,  1881:  “The  most  vigorous  of  twenty-five  varieties, 

except  the  Cuthbert.” 

J.  H.  Hale,  Ct.,  1880:  “Productive,  of  good  color,  rich  and  sweet,  but  not 
as  firm  as  the  Brandywine;  never  winter  kills.” 

T.  T.  Lyon,  Michigan,  1889:  “On  strong,  rich  soil,  and  especially  where 
superior  hardiness  is  requisite,  it  may  fairly  be  accorded  the  leading  posi- 
tion among  the  varieties  of  its  class.” 

Ohio  Experiment  Station,  1885:  “Turner  grown  in  hedgerows  is  small, 

soft  and  almost  worthless  for  market.  The  best  plan  is  hill  culture,  setting 
the  plants  five  feet  each  way,  and  allowing  only  three  to  four  canes  to  the 
hill.  This  method  insures  good  crops,  while  the  fruit  is  much  improved  in 
size  and  firmness.” 

In  1888  the  same  station  reports:  “Among  the  red  varieties  the  Turner 

is  still  the  standard  for  earliness  and  productiveness.  It  may  not  show 
the  first  ripe  berries,  but  it  will  yield  a good  picking  at  an  earlier  date  than 
any  other  red  sort  so  far  tested,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  High- 
land Hardy.  If  the  bushes  are  closely  pruned  in  the  spring  the  fruit  is 
sufficiently  firm  for  a near  market.  Gives  great  profit  than  any  other 
variety.  Blights  lately.” 

Indiana  Experiment  Station,  1885:  “A  hardy,  strong,  healthy  grower, 

ripening  early,  berry  of  medium  size,  good  flavor  but  not  firm.  First  class 
for  home  use.” 

Experiment  Farm,  Brandon,  Manitoba,  1892:  “Turner  is  the  hardiest  of 
all.  It  is  not  benefited  by  winter  protection.” 

John  Saul,  Washington,  D.  C.,  about  1880:  “Turner  is  a strong  grower 

and  a profuse  bearer,  with  a long  season,  hardy,  and  the  most  valuable  of 
all,  though  the  Cuthbert  does  well.” 

Alabama  Experiment  Station,  1890:  “Turner  is  the  most  hardy  and 

9 


66 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


reliable  out  of  more  than  thirty  varieties  tested  during  the  last  five  years. 
It  is  vigorous  and  prolific  and  is  never  injured  by  the  sun  or  cold.  Too 
many  suckers  is  its  only  fault.  Fruit  purplish  red,  of  medium  size.”  The 
following  year  it  is  added  that  it  remains  in  bearing  from  three  to  five 
weeks,  and  is  perfectly  satisfactory.  Cuthbert  was  less  prolific  but  nearly 
as  good. 

TWICE  BEARING.  [Red.]  A.  J.  Downing  wrote,  in  1845:  “The 
‘ Twice  Bearing,’  known  in  some  American  gardens,  is  distinct  from  the 
Double  Bearing,  and  is  a small,  inferior  fruit  which  bears  sparingly.” 

TYLER.  [Black  Cap.]  Originated  with  Nathan  Tyler,  of  Auburn,  N. 
Y.  Mr.  J.  E.  Burr,  of  that  place,  writing  in  the  Indiana  Farmer  about 
twelve  years  ago,  said:  “Among  all  the  new  candidates  for  public  favor 

this  raspberry  is,  I think,  one  of  the  most  valuable  that  has  yet  been 
introduced.  It  has  been  quietly  planted  and  grown  here  for  a number  of 
years  past.  One  fruit  grower  has  several  acres  of  it  in  bearing,  claiming 
that  it  is  by  far  the  most  profitable  sort  he  can  raise,  and  several  others 
have  planted  it  almost  exclusively  for  the  past  year  or  two.  In  the  Auburn 
market  it  commands  an  average  of  three  cents  per  quart  more  than  the 
other  varieties  on  account  of  its  quality  and  handsome  appearance.  I think 
it  is  by  far  the  best  berry  of  its  season,  and  effectually  displaces  the 
Davison  and  the  Doolittle.  It  is  a strong,  vigorous  plant  and  enormously 
productive,  being  as  large  as  the  McCormick  and  of  a handsome  jet  black, 
there  being  scarcely  a trace  of  bloom  on  it,  while  the  seeds  are  small  and 
few  in  number.  Though  exceedingly  firm  the  berry  is  not  dry  or  hard  but 
juicy  and  of  fine  quality. 

Since  its  introduction,  the  Tyler  has  shared  a place  with  the  Souhegan 
as  an  early  market  variety.  The  latter,  however,  though  introduced  at 
nearly  the  same  time,  has  had  much  the  larger  share  of  public  attention, 
doubtlessly  owing  to  the  more  systematic  and  thorough  way  in  which  it 
was  brought  into  notice.  The  two  varieties  have  been  considered  by  many 
to  be  identical  and  have  been  sometimes  sold  under  the  same  name.  The 
Tyler,  however,  appears  to  be  a little  the  later  and  the  more  vigorous. 

VERMONT.  [Yellow,  Idceus.']  A seedling  of  the  Champlain,  said  to 
be  vigorous  and  hardy.  Originated  by  L.  M.  Macomber  of  North  Ferris- 
burgh,  Yt.  S.  A.  Beach  of  the  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  experiment  station,  says 
that  it  resembles  the  Idceus  in  its  canes,  foliage,  and  numerous  prickles, 
and  is  a delicious  amateur  fruit,  of  beautiful  pale  yellow,  dusted  with  white 
down,  of  large  size,  productive,  very  soft,  pulpy,  juicy  and  of  the  best 
quality. 

VICE  PRESIDENT  COPE.  See  Cope. 

VICE  PRESIDENT  FRENCH.  See  French. 

VICTORIA.  [Red,  Idceus .]  ( Roger's  Victoria.)  Recorded  by  A.  J. 
Downing  in  1845,  as  a new  English  seedling  of  high  repute,  said  to  resem- 
ble and  fully  equal  the  Red  Antwerp,  and  in  addition  to  be  everbearing, 
fruiting  from  July  to  December,  on  its  long  side  branches.  Charles  Down- 
ing added  in  1869  that  it  was  rather  dwarf  and  delicate,  fruit  rather  large, 
dark  red  and  good.  At  the  New  York  experiment  station,  at  Geneva,  in 
1884,  it  ripened  with  the  Brandywine,  Fastolff  and  Fontenoy,  bearing  for  83 
days,  giving  a good  yield.  In  bulletin  21  of  the  Hatch  experiment  station, 
(Mass.)  Samuel  T.  Maynard  apparently  refers  to  this  variety  under  the 
name  “ Victor,”  and  says  it  was  the  tenderest  of  twelve  varieties  on  trial 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


67 


and  the  lowest  in  yield;  season  medium,  ripening  with  Brandywine;  fruit 
firm  but  of  poor  quality.  Cornell’s  Victoria,  another  English  variety, 
is  not  known  in  the  United  States. 

VIRGINIA.  [Black  Cap.]  The  Cleveland  Nursery  Company, formerly 
of  Ohio,  now  of  Rio  Vista,  Va.,  who  control  this  variety,  have  not  yet 
offered  it  for  sale.  The  following  report  is  from  T.  T.  Lyon,  to  whom  it 
was  sent  for  trial:  “Fruit  large,  jet  black,  round,  conical,  moderately  firm, 
and  of  excellent  quality.  Holds  out  well  at  the  end  of  the  season.” 

VIRGINIA.  [Red,  strigoeus. ] (W.  R.  Prince,  Pom.  Man.,  pt.  II, 

1882,  p.  167.) 

WADE.  [Black  Cap.]  John  Wade  of  Veedersburg,  Fountain  county, 
Ind.,  the  originator  of  this  variety,  writes  as  follows:  “ This  variety  is  one 
of  sixteen  plants  found  in  the  spring  of  1884,  under  a grape  trellis,  where 
the  birds  had  dropped  the  seed  the  summer  before.  After  transplanting 
the  small  plants  and  giving  them  cultivation  for  two  years  one  out  of  the 
sixteen  proved  to  be  superior  in  yield  and  hardiness  to  any  variety  that  I 
had  as  yet  seen.  I then  began  to  propagate  from  this  one,  and  from  300 
hills  the  third  year  from  planting  I obtained  242  gallons.  The  berries  are 
about  the  size  of  the  McCormick,  of  fine  flavor,  only  about  three  days  later 
than  the  Souhegan  and  give  pickings  of  good  size  until  the  Gregg  is  about 
gone.”  The  stock  is  now  controlled  by  Albertson  & Hobbs,  Bridgeport, 
Ind.,  and  was  first  offered  by  them  in  1892. 

WALKER.  [Red,  Idcvus .]  Fruit  large,  round,  firm,  deep  crimson,  of 
second  quality;  spines  red.  Originated  by  W.  D.  Brinckle  of  Philadelphia 
and  placed  on  the  promising  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in 
1854,  but  never  largely  introduced.  Named  probably  in  honor  of  Samuel 
Walker  of  Boston,  vice  president  of  the  above  society  for  Massachusetts 
in  1852.  The  variety  is  described  as  large,  solid  and  firm,  of  a deep  crim- 
son, adhering  firmly  to  the  stem  and  keeping  a long  time  upon  the  plant 
in  good  condition. 

WAURIGAN.  Mentioned  by  William  Parry  of  New  Jersey  in  1871  as 
one  of  the  kinds  that  had  failed  with  him. 

WATERLOO.  Mention ed  among  the  varieties  planted  for  trial  at  the 
Mississippi  Agricultural  College  in  1888. 

WELCH.  [Red.]  Appears  to  have  been  sent  out  from  New  Jersey  in 
the  spring  of  1883.  T.  T.  Lyon  reports  it  early,  medium  to  large,  roundish 
oblong,  bright  red,  of  good  quality,  rather  acid,  productive,  but  lacking  in 
vigor.  Mr.  Farnsworth  of  Ohio  reported  unfavorably  in  1886.  The  Ala- 
bama experiment  station  reports  it  lacking  in  vigor,  productiveness  and 
hardiness;  fruit  dark  red,  large,  firm  and  good. 

WESTCHESTER.  [Black  Cap.]  A chance  seedling  originated  in 
1861  in  the  garden  of  Leve  J.  Mabie,  Tarrytown,  West  Chester  county,  N. 
Y.  It  was  advertised  quite  extensively  by  the  originator  some  years  later 
as  a valuable  sort,  earlier  than  Doolittle,  but  seems  to  have  received  little 
commendation  aside  from  the  report  of  a committee  which  visited  the 
original  plantation. 

WESTERN  TRIUMPH.  See  Gregg. 

WETHER  REE.  [Purple  Cap.]  T.  T.  Lyon  reported  in  1883  that  it 
was  little  known,  though  not  new.  It  was  similar  to  Ganargua  and 


68 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Shaffer,  but  too  small,  not  fruitful,  and  very  late.  It  seems  to  have  orig- 
inated in  New  Jersey,  and  to  have  been  introduced  in  1880. 

WHITE  ANTWERP.  See  Yellow  Antwerp. 

WHITE  CAP.  See  American  White. 

WHITE  MOUNTAIN.  [Red.]  Tender,  late,  unproductive,  rather  soft 
and  of  poor  quality.  (S.  T.  Maynard,  Hatch  experiment  station,  Bulletin 
21,  1893,  p.  10.) 

WHITE  TRANSPARENT.  See  Souchetti. 

WILDER.  See  Col.  Wilder  and  Mrs.  Wilder. 

WILLIAMS’  PERSE  YERING.  [Red,  Mams.]  An  old  English 
variety  quoted  from  Johnson  in  Gardener’s  “ Farmer’s  Dictionary,”  N.  Y., 
1846. 

WILMINGTON.  [Red,  strigosus .]  See  Brandywine. 

WILMOT’S  EARLY  RED.  [ Idceus .]  Elliott  recorded  this  in 
1865  as  an  early,  small,  roundish,  English  variety,  then  superseded.  See 
Note  IY. 

WINANT.  [Red,  strigosus. ] Introduced  by  Frank  Ford  & Son,  of 
Ravenna,  Ohio,  who  write  that  it  considerably  resembles  the  Thwack, 
being  early,  of  bright  scarlet  color,  very  firm,  and  of  fairly  good  quality. 
The  canes  are  more  vigorous  than  those  of  the  Thwack,  and  have  more  of 
a bluish  tint.  The  fruit  is  a little  larger  and  of  better  quality.  They 
regard  it  as  the  best  early  variety  in  cultivation,  and  think  that  it  came 
originally  from  New  Jersey.  It  appeared  in  the  Michigan  fruit  catalogue 
when  first  published  in  1878,  but  was  rejected  in  1883. 

WINONA.  [Black  Cap.]  First  offered  for  sale  in  1890  by  B.  B. 
Scarff,  of  New  Carlisle,  Ohio,  though  tested  for  seven  years  previous. 
Said  to  be  vigorous  and  hardy,  and  to  ripen  with  the  Palmer.  The  fruit 
is  said  to  be  of  good  size  and  firm,  but  to  have  too  much  gray  bloom.  It 
was  reported  from  the  N.  Y.  experiment  station,  at  Geneva,  in  1893  as 
ripening  in  mid  season,  the  fruit  being  large,  juicy,  firm,  sweet  and  good. 

WONDER.  [Black  Cap.]  An  everbearing  variety  originated  a few 
years  ago  by  J.  H.  Robbins  of  Arcadia,  Ind.  Fruit  soft  and  of  good 
quality  but  plants  not  very  vigorous  nor  productive. 

WOODSIDE.  [Black  Cap.]  A New  Jersey  variety  described  by  Ful- 
ler, previous  to  1869,  as  having  light  crimson,  or  dark  scarlet  canes  with 
few  scattering  spines,  fruit  large  and  globular  with  little  bloom,  sweet, 
juicy  and  good. 

WOODWARD.  [Red,  Idceus . ] One  of  the  smallest  of  Brinckle’s 
seedlings,  though  larger  than  our  wild  species.  Fruit  round  to  roundish 
ovate,  crimson,  ripening  early. 

WOODWARD’S  RED  GLOBE.  [Idceus.]  A large,  red,  roundish, 
conical,  English  variety  recorded  by  Elliott  in  1865  as  no  longer  considered 
valuable  in  the  United  States. 

YELLOW  ANTWERP.  [Idceus.]  {White  Antwerp,  Double  Bearing 
Yellow.)  An  old  foreign  variety  of  unknown  origin,  cultivated  in  the 
United  States  for  more  than  fifty  years.  Fruit  pale  yellow,  large,  nearly 
conical,  very  soft,  flavor  sweet  and  good.  Canes  tender  but  fairly  vigorous 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


69 


and  productive,  light  yellow,  with  many  spines,  sometimes  fruiting  for 
months  on  successive  suckers.  Season  usually  about  with  Cuthbert  but 
shorter. 

Robert  Manning  wrote  in  1838  that  the  White  Antwerp  should  not  be 
grown  with  the  red,  as  the  latter,  being  more  vigorous,  would  eventually 
choke  the  former.  See  also  Sweet  Yellow  Antwerp. 

YELLOW  CANADA.  See  Arnold’s  Yellow.  The  white  or  yellow 
cap  seems  also  to  have  Yellow  Canada  as  one  of  its  names. 

YELLOW  CAP.  See  American  White. 

YELLOW  CHILI.  [ Idceus.  ] Recorded  by  A.  S.  Fuller  in  1867  as  simi- 
lar to  the  Yellow  Antwerp  but  of  deeper  yellow. 

YELLOW  CUTHBERT.  See  Golden  Queen. 

YELLOW  DOUBLE  BEARING.  See  Yellow  Antwerp. 

YELLOW  PEARL.  [Black  Cap.]  Recorded  by  Charles  Downing  in 
1869  as  a variety  of  Yellow  Cap  of  superior  vigor  and  productiveness  which 
often  produced  a fall  crop.  Fruit  darker  than  the  ordinary  yellow  cap 
with  a slight  bloom  and  more  sprightly  flavor. 

YOSEMITE.  [Black  Cap.?]  Mentioned  by  William  Parry  of  New 
Jersey  in  1871. 


SELECT  LIST. 


The  following  raspberries  are  regarded  as  the  most  reliable  or  promising 
for  general  cultivation  in  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  and  adjacent 
regions  having  a similar  climate: 

BLACK  CAPS. 

Gregg.  Somewhat  tender  in  winter  and  rather  more  subject  to  anthrac- 
nose  than  some  other  kinds,  but  still  the  standard  for  general  cultivation 
owing  to  its  great  vigor  and  the  uniformly  large  size  of  its  fruit. 

Nemaha.  Growirig  in  popularity  as  a substitute  for  Gregg,. being  much 
like  that  variety,  but  more  hardy. 

Palmer.  Taking  the  place  of  Souhegan  and  other  first  early  sorts,  on 
account  of  its  more  uniform  vigor  and  productiveness. 

Ohio,  Hilborn,  Kansas  and  Conrath  are  perhaps  the  best  of  the  second 
early  sorts,  the  latter  a new  Michigan  variety. 

PURPLE  CAPS. 

Shaffer.  Enormously  productive,  vigorous  and  hardy.  Too  tart  for 
some  tastes,  but  prized  by  many,  especially  for  canning.  Generally 
unpopular  in  market  on  account  of  its  color.  Columbian  is  a promising 
new  variety  of  much  the  same  character. 

RED  VARIETIES. 

Cuthbert.  The  standard  sort  for  general  cultivation,  being  vigorous, 
productive,  of  good  size  and  color,  firm  and  of  good  flavor.  It  sometimes 
winter  kills  on  damp  soils  where  the  growth  is  excessive,  but  is  generally 
hardy.  Loudon,  a new  variety  to  be  introduced  this  season,  is  said  to  be 
much  like  it,  but  superior  in  several  respects. 

No  very  satisfactory  early  varieties  are  known  of  this  class.  The 
Turner  is  a reliable  sort  for  family  use,  but  too  soft  for  market.  Thwack 
has  valuable  market  qualities,  but  is  lacking  in  flavor.  Marlboro  is  fairly 
satisfactory  if  given  good  culture.  Hansell  is  probably  the  most  popular 
early  variety. 


SEEDLINGS. 


The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  persons  and  institutions 
engaged  in  the  improvement  of  raspberries,  having  varieties  not  yet 
named,  and  not  included  in  the  foregoing  catalogue: 

Brown,  Jeremiah,  Battle  Creek,  Mich.  [1884.]  A chance  seedling 
black  cap  discovered  on  his  farm  in  1865,  said  to  be  better  than  Doolittle. 

Burbank,  Luther,  Santa  Rosa,  Cal.  [1894.]  Numerous  crossed  and 
hybrid  raspberries,  some  of  great  promise.  Issues  catalogues  of  his  new 
varieties  of  fruits  and  flowers. 

Carman,  E.  S.,  River  Edge,  N.  J.  Various  seedlings  and  hybrids, 
including  a hybrid  between  a raspberry  and  a blackberry. 

Carpenter,  Chas.,  Kelley’s  Island,  Ohio.  Sent  out  a seedling  for  trial 
in  1886. 

Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada.  [1894.]  Numerous 
crosses  and  seedlings  have  been  and  are  being  tested,  some  of  which 
have  proved  valuable.  Many  of  these  are  the  production  of  the  director, 
Prof.  Wm,  Saunders.  John  Craig,  the  horticulturist  states:  “Of  the 

many  crosses  between  strigosus  and  occidentalis  fruited  at  the  experi- 
mental farm  nearly  all  have  been  purple.” 

Crawford,  M.,  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio.  [1894.]  Several  seedlings  on 
trial,  originated  elsewhere,  including  three  “ purple  caps.” 

Emmitt,  J.  C.,  Lawrence,  Kansas.  [1894.]  A promising  purple  cap,  of 
which  he  has  an  acre  in  bearing. 

Ganzhorn,  Jacob,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  [1894.]  A seedling  black  cap. 

Griesa,  A.  H.,  Lawrence,  Kansas.  [1894.]  Grew  several  hundred  seed- 
ling black  caps,  but  none  as  good  as  his  “ Kansas,”  discovered  by  chance. 
See  Cardinal. 

Hathaway,  Benjamin,  Little  Prairie  Ronde,  Mich.  [1894.]  Two 
promising  black  caps.  Has  grown  raspberry  seedlings  many  years. 

Hawkins,  J.  R.,  Mountainville,  N.  Y.  [1894.]  Has  originated  numer- 
ous raspberry  seedlings,  but  none  considered  worthy  of  propagation. 

Haynes,  J.  H.,  Delphi,  Ind.  [1894.]  Several  varieties.  A seedling  of 
Gregg,  which  originated  seven  years  ago,  is  on  trial  at  the  New  York 
experiment  station  at  Geneva,  and  may  be  named  and  introduced  in  the 
fall  of  1894. 


72 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Illinois  Experiment  Station,  Champaign,  111.  Has  crossed  and  selected 
raspberry  seedlings  on  trial  of  its  own  production. 

Loudon,  F.  W.,  Janesville,  Wis.  [1894.]  Twenty  unnamed  seedling 
red  varieties,  “six  of  them  surpassing  the  Cuthbert  in  size  and  product- 
iveness.” 

Macomber,  J.  T.,  Adams,  Vt.  [1894.]  A purple  cap  likely  soon  to  be 
introduced. 

Macomber,  L.  M.,  North  Ferrisburgh,  Yt.  Various  seedlings. 

Marvin,  D.  S.,  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  “ grew  a dozen  or  more  seedlings  of 
Gregg  crossed  with  Tyler,  in  which  were  three  amber  colored  albinos.” 

Mills,  Charles,  Fairmount,  N.  Y.  [1894.]  Seedlings  of  Gregg,  three  of 
which  are  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  catalogue. 

Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn.  [1892.]  About 
500  seedlings  of  Shaffer  fruited  that  year  for  the  first  time.  The  fruit 
closely  resembled  that  of  the  parent,  and  some  of  the  varieties  appeared 
fully  as  valuable.  Fifty  were  selected  for  further  trial. 

Missouri  Experiment  Station,  Columbia,  Mo.  [ 1891.  ] Two  thousand 
seedling  raspberries  ready  to  fruit  in  1892. 

Palmer,  F.  R.,  Mansfield,  Ohio.  [1894.]  Many  seedlings,  but  no  others 
equal  to  the  Palmer,  already  introduced.  From  the  Shaffer  he  produced  a 
thornless  variety,  of  no  special  merit.  From  the  Gregg  he  produced  plants 
similar  in  leaf  and  cane  to  the  parent,  most  of  them  late,  some  quite  large 
and  fine,  but  none  surpassing  their  parent. 

Powell,  E.  P.,  Clinton,  N.  Y.  [1893.]  “A  dozen  good  seedlings,”  includ- 
two  crosses  between  Philadelphia  and  Cuthbert. 

Salzer  (John  A.)  Seed  Company,  LaCrosse,  Wis.  [1884.]  A cross 
between  Souhegan  andEarhart,  to  be  introduced  in  the  fall  of  1893.  Canes 
said  to  be  less  vigorous  than  Souhegan,  but  very  hardy  and  productive  and 
the  fruit  larger  than  that  of  either  of  its  parents.  Origin  Illinois,  1887. 

Thornburg,  Thomas  E.,  Ashland,  Ohio.  [1894.]  A promising  yellow 
variety. 

Whitmore,  H.  B.,  Gulick,  N.  Y.,  Sent  a seedling  “ white  cap,”  to  the 
Geneva  experiment  station  in  1886. 


NOTES. 


i. 

Condensed  from  an  article  by  Thomas  Rivers  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  in  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle , 1867,  p.  516: 

About  1825  Mr.  Rivers  obtained  from  another  English  gardener  some  plants  of  the 
black  cap  raspberry.  He  raised  from  these  several  generations  of  seedlings,  not  know- 
ing apparently  that  the  species  could  be  propagated  in  any  other  way.  There  was 
little  variation  noted  in  the  seedlings  produced  until  about  1855  when,  having  obtained 
the  Ohio  Everbearing  from  America  he  noticed  among  his  other  black  cap  seedlings  a 
few  plants  having  the  vigor  and  blue  stems  of  that  variety.  When  these  young  plants 
came  into  bearing  they  also  produced  an  autumnal  crop.  These  plants  Mr.  Rivers 
believed  to  have  been  produced  by  cross  fertilization  from  the  Ohio  Everbearing  upon 
his  other  black  caps.  The  new  autumnal  bearing  seedlings  he  continued  to  perpetuate 
from  seed. 

“The  result,”  Mr.  Rivers  says,  “of  my  sowing  carefully  selected  seed  from  the  finest 
purple  berries  produced  in  autumn  is  most  curious.  I have  had  red  summer  berries, 
red  and  pink,  flesh  colored,  and  large  white  autumnal  sorts,  yellow  summer  and  yellow 
autumnal  varieties,  small  berried  black  autumnal  raspberries  of  gigantic  growth, 
making  strong  canes,  fifteen  feet  in  length,  and  some  dwarf  bushes  two  feet  in  height, 
in  short  such  a melange  as  I think  never  before  was  seen  in  a bed  of  raspberries.  It 
would  take  a long  chapter  to  describe  them  but  as  the  greater  portion  were  horticult  , 
urally  valueless  they  have  been  destroyed.  I have,  howrever,  settled  down  to  a few 
sorts  which  seem  as  if  they  would,  with  the  exception  of  a few  slight  vagaries,  prove 
constant.  One  a large  black  autumnal  variety  with  blue  canes,  ripening  in  October; 
another  with  large  black  berries  and  with  canes  not  so  blue,  ripening  in  August; 
another  with  very  large  orange  berries,  and  another  with  large  white  berries  covered 
with  a glaucous  bloom,  both  ripening  in  October.  It  is  curious  to  note  that  the  sorts 
with  pale  berries  put  forth  suckers  from  the  roots  like  the  common  kinds  of  rasp- 
berries, whereas  those  with  blue  canes  and  black  berries  put  forth  none,  yet  all  came 
from  the  same  source,  the  black  autumnal  hybrids.  From  these  four  seedlings  I raised 
in  1866  some  hundreds  of  seedlings.  They  are  now  in  the  second  year  of  their  growth 
and  are  of  much  interest.  Those  from  the  black  berried  hybrids  seem  to  adhere  to  the 
character  of  their  parents  in  having  shoots  more  or  less  purple;  still  a few  of  them^have 
white  spines  and  will  probably  give  white  or  yellow  fruit.  Those  from  the  large  orange 
variety — one  of  the  largest  raspberries  I have  ever  seen — seem  to  adhere  pretty  closely 
to  the  habit  of  their  parent,  having  white  spines.  Nearly  all  these  strange  hybrids 
seem  to  partake  of  the  character  of  the  Ohio  Everbearing  in  their  tendency  to  produce 
a more  abundant  crop  of  fruit  in  the  autumn  than  in  summer.” 

II. 

H.  J.  Seymour,  in  the  American  Garden:  “ During  the  years  1865  to  1867  I sowed 
seeds  of  black  raspberries  taken  from  a Held  in  which  they  grew  together  with  white 
and  red  ones.  Among  the  seedlings  came  up  nearly  a score  which  when  transplanted 
shot  up  much  higher  than  the  rest,  had  red  or  purple  canes  and  imperfect  berries.  But 
three  of  them  were  smaller,  very  prolific,  with  undersized  red  berries  of  pleasant  flavor. 
In  1868  I purposely  selected  berries  of  the  Miami  black  cap  from  rows  adjoining  rows 
of  Hornet,  Heretine  and  Brinckle’s  Orange,  the  seeds  of  all  of  which  1 sowed,  and 

10 


74 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


among  my  numerous  seedlings  were  many  undoubted  hybrids.  The  cross  between 
Miami  and  Brinckle’s  Orange  was  a curiosity.  The  bush  was  like  its  black  parent,  but 
much  smaller  and  weaker.  The  berries  were  white,  with  the  ends  spattered  over  with 
black.  I raised  many  seedlings  from  the  red  berries  that  these  hybrids  bore;  they  all 
seemed  to  have  the  same  characteristics  as  their  parents,  and  fully  satisfied  me  as  to 
their  being  true  hybrids.” 

III. 

From  editorial  in  Rural  New  Yorker , 1888,  p.  108: 

‘Tn  the  summer  of  1886  we  applied  pollen  of  the  raspberry  to  the  stigmas  of  black- 
berry flowers  and  vice  versa , carefullly  removing  the  anthers  before  the  flowers  were 
open  and  covering  the  flowers  operated  upon  with  tissue  paper  to  exclude  foreign 
pollen.  Some  20  seeds  formed  on  the  blackberries,  and  perhaps  twice  as  many  on  the 
raspberries.  In  many  cases  a single  drupe  would  form,  sometimes  two  or  three,  rarely 
more,  and  never  a perfect  berry.  The  seeds  were  planted  at  once,  separately  in  shallow 
boxes  but  did  not  germinate  until  the  next  spring.  Many  of  the  raspberry  seeds  then 
sprouted  and  nine  plants  lived  and  were  set  out  in  May.  The  blackberries  did  not 
sprout  at  all.  In  October,  1888,  the  following  notes  were  taken  on  the  nine  hybrid  plants. 
The  first  plant  is  three  feet  high,  much  branched,  with  light  green  canes  covered  with 
raspberry  prickles;  leaflets  large,  with  an  occasional  imperfect  five-pedate  leaf,  under 
side  of  leaf  glaucous.  Second  plant  3 34  feet  high,  without  laterals  and  nearly  without 
prickles,  scarcely  any  bloom  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf;  leaflets  large  and  much 
wrinkled  as  in  the  foreign  raspberry;  stem  purplish.  The  third  is  a puny  plant,  about 
nine  inches  high,  with  the  prickles  of  a raspberry  and  the  leaf  of  a blackberry.  The 
fourth  is  234  feet  high,  with  long  laterals,  purple  stem,  hooked  thorns  like  the  blackberry 
but  closer  together:  leaflets  small,  with  no  bloom  on  the  under  side,  resembles  a black- 
berry more  than  a raspberry.  'The  fifth  seems  to  be  a small  sickly  raspberry,  with 
slender  close  jointed  stems.  The  sixth  seems  to  be  a thornless  raspberry.  The  seventh 
has  large  wrinkled  leaflets  with  very  little  bloom  beneath,  borne  on  twTo  vigorous  stems 
234  f©©t  high;  stems  light  green  on  one  side,  light  purple  on  the  other;  prickles  many 
and  long,  but  slender  and  soft.  The  eighth  is  234  feet  high,  with  numerous  branches, 
both  these  and  the  leaves  resembling  the  blackberry;  leaves  without  bloom,  several  of 
them  pedate;  prickles  hooked,  stiff  and  numerous.  The  nineth  is  only  nine  inches 
high,  but  healthy  and  resembles  the  blackberry  except  that  the  thorns  are  crowded 
and  there  are  no  pedate  leaves.  In  general,  some  of  these  nine  plants  look  just  like  the 
blackberry,  others  just  like  the  black  or  red  raspberry,  while  two  or  three  resemble 
both  parents.  Nevertheless  all  grew  from  raspberry  seeds.” 

IV. 

Forsyth  recorded  in  1818  the  following  varieties  of  the  raspberry  then  cultivated  in 
England:  Early  White,  Double  Bearing  White,  Large  Common  White,  Large  Red, 

Large  Red  Antwerp,  Large  Yellow  Antwerp,  Smooth  Cane  Double  Bearing,  Wood- 
ward’s New  Raspberry. 

The  following  varieties  of  Rubus  Idceus  were  cultivated  in  the  garden  of  the  London 
Horticultural  Society  in  1826: 

Antwerp,  Double  Bearing  Yellow. 

Antwerp,  Late  Bearing. 

Antwerp,  Red  {Burley). 

Antwerp,  Yellow  (White  Antwerp). 

Barnet  ( Cornwall’s  Prolific,  CornwalVs 
Seedling,  CornwalVs  Red,  Large  Red). 

Cane,  Brentford. 

Cane,  Red. 

Cane,  Rough. 

Cane,  Smooth. 

Common  Red  {Old  Red , Wild  Red). 

Cornish. 

Double  Bearing  {Red  Double  Bearing, 

Perpetual  Bearing,  Siberian). 

The  American  species  were  on  trial  with 
ing  of  garden  cultivation.” 

Agricultural,  College,  Mich.,  ) 

June  25,  1894.  ) 


Double  Bearing  Red,  Williams’  {Pit- 
maston). 

Jilliard’s  Seedling. 

Lord  Exmouth’s. 

Malta,  Red. 

Old  White. 

Prolific,  Early. 

Spring  Grove. 

Superb. 

Taylor’s  Paragon  {Scarlet  Paragon). 
Wilmot’s  Early  Red. 

Woodward’s  Red  Globe. 


the  hope  that  they  might  “ become  deserv- 


BULLETIN  M2. 


JUNE,  1894. 


* 


MICHIGAN 

STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


FERTILIZER  ANALYSES. 


BY  R.  C.  KEDZIE. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICH. 
1894. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  sent  free  to  all  newspapers  in  the  State , 
and  to  such  individuals  interested  in  farming  as  may  request  them.  Address  all 
applications  to  the  Secretary , Agricultural  College , Michigan. 


Michigan  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

Postoffice  and  Telegraph  Address,  .....  Agricultural  College,  M, 

Railroad  and  Express  Address, Lansing,  Mich. 


A DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  AND,  WITH  IT,  CONTROLLED 

BY  THE  # 

INCORPORATED 


STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  FRANKLIN  WELLS,  Constantine,  President  of  the  Board,  . 

Hon.  A.  C.  GLIDDEN,  Paw  Paw, 

Hon.  HENRY  CHAMBERLAIN,  Three  Oaks 

Hon.  EDWIN  PHELPS,  Pontiac, 

Hon.  CHAS.  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids 

Hon.  CHARLES  F.  MOORE,  St.  Clair 

Hon.  JNO.  T.  RICH,  Governor  of  the  State, 

Hon.  LEWIS  O.  GORTON,  President  of  the  College,  .... 

STANDING  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  BOARD. 


term  expires  1895 
“ “ 1895 

“ “ 1897 

“ “ 1897 

“ “ 1899 

“ “ 1899 

| Ex  officio. 


The  President  of  the  Board  is  ex  officio  member  of  each  of  the  standing  committees. 


Finance, 

Farm, 

Garden, 

Buildings, 

Employees, 

Weather, 


C.  W.  Garfield,  A.  C.  Glidden. 
. C.  F.  Moore,  Edwin  Phelps. 
C.  W.  Garfield,  Edwin  Phelps. 

A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  F.  Moore. 
H.  Chamberlain,  A.  C.  Glidden, 
L.  G.  Gorton,  C.  W.  Garfield. 


Experiment, 

Veterinary, 

Institutes, 

Mechanics, 

Military, 


A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield.  | Land  Grant, 


C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain. 

Edwin  Phelps,  C.  F.  Moore. 
A.  C.  Glidden,  C.  W.  Garfield, 
L.  G.  Gorton. 

H.  Chamberlain,  C.  W.  Garfield. 
. C.  W.  Garfield,  C.  F.  Moore. 
C.  F.  Moore,  H.  Chamberlain. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 

Lewis  G.  Gorton,  M.  S Director. 

Clinton  D.  Smith,  M.  S„  . Agriculturist.  i Robert  C.  Kedzie,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  . . Chemist. 

L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S.,  . . . Horticulturist.  I Ira  H.  Butterfield,  . . Sec.  and  Treas 


ADVISORY  AND  ASSISTANT  STAFF. 


F.  B.  Mumford,  M.  8., 
A.  A.  Crozier,  M.  S., 
H.  P.  Gladden,  B.  S., 
TJ.  P.  Hedrick,  B.  S., 
W.  L.  R088MAN,  B.  8., 
H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  8., 


Assistant  in  Agriculture, 
“ “ Horticulture. 

44  44  44 

“ “ Chemistry. 


E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S., 

G.  C.  Davis,  M.  S., 
Chas.  F.  Wheeler,  B. 

H.  M.  Howe,  . 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Landon, 


Consulting  Veterinarian. 
. “ Entomologist. 

S.,  “ Botanist. 

. Assistant  to  Director. 
. . . . Librarian. 


SUB-STATIONS. 


Grayling,  Crawford  County,  80  acres  deeded. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  County,  10  acres  rented;  5 acres  deeded;  Hon.  T.  T.  Lyon,  Local  Agent. 


1 


INSPECTION  OF  COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS. 


Act  No.  26,  session  laws  of  1885,  provides  for  the  inspection  of  com- 
mercial fertilizers  in  this  State.  The  law  has  been  in  force  for  nine 
years.  It  was  designed  primarily  for  the  protection  of  farmers,  and  sec- 
ondarily to  protect  honorable  manufacturers  who  place  reliable  goods  upon 
the  market  from  the  competition  of  untrustworthy  dealers  who  seek  to 
place  fertilizers  of  inferior  quality  upon  the  market  and  sell  worthless 
stuff  for  high-priced  manures.  The  strict  enforcement  of  the  law  has 
driven  some  inferior  goods  out  of  the  market,  has  improved  the  quality  of 
many  fertilizers  by  keeping  manufacturers  up  to  the  quality  claimed  for 
their  goods,  and  in  these  several  ways  has  saved  thousands  of  dollars  to 
our  people.  Michigan  has  ceased  to  be  the  dumping-ground  for  fertilizers 
of  so  poor  quality  as  to  be  unsalable  in  other  states. 

OBJECT  OF  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS. 

In  these  analyses  attention  is  directed  exclusively  to  nitrogen,  potash 
and  phosphoric  acid,  in  form  available  for  the  plant.  These  are  not  the 
only  materials  concerned  in  raising  crops,  but  they  are  the  only  manurial 
materials  for  which  the  farmer  can  afford  to  pay  more  than  ten  dollars  a 
ton.  The  common  soil  materials,  lime,  magnesia,  silica,  alumina,  oxide  of 
iron,  etc.,  make  up  the  bulk  of  our  soils,  which  the  farmer  cannot  afford  to 
buy  at  twenty  to  thirty  dollars  a ton  to  manure  his  fields  made  up  of  the 
same  materials.  These  common  soil  materials,  aside  from  nitrogen, 
potash  and  phosphates,  do  not  enter  into  consideration  in  making  up  an 
estimate  of  the  value  of  any  fertilizer. 

COMPLAINTS  OF  DEALERS. 

A few  dealers  complain  of  the  injustice  of  paying  a license  fee  of  twenty 
dollars,  when  the  profits  of  the  sales  for  a season  may  be  little  more  than 
the  license  fee,  and  that  they  should  not  be  taxed  until  they  had  estab- 
lished a paying  business.  In  some  states  the  license  fee  is  graded  by  the 
number  of  tons  of  fertilizers  sold  during  the  year,  but  that  is  not  the  law 
in  this  State.  Our  law  was  planned  for  persons  who  carry  on  a com- 
mercial business  and  not  a huckstering  trade.  If  the  business  is  too 
email  to  justify  a license  it  is  too  small  for  this  climate.  It  would  be  mani- 
festly unfair  to  allow  a trade  to  go  forward  in  hopes  of  building  up  a paying 


4 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


trade  in  competition  with  dealers  who  have  paid  their  license  fee  and 
demand  the  protection  of  the  law. 

MANUFACTURERS  SHOULD  PROTECT  THEIR  RETAIL  DEALERS. 

By  the  proviso  to  section  3 of  the  law  a dealer  in  this  State  is  not 
required  to  take  out  a license  for  the  sale  of  any  fertilizer  if  the  man- 
ufacturer has  taken  out  a license  for  such  fertilizer.  In  this  way  the 
manufacturer  can  protect  all  his  agents  in  this  State  by  payment  of  a 
single  fee.  Otherwise  each  dealer  must  take  out  a license.  The  object 
of  the  law  is  not  merely  to  collect  a revenue,  but  to  secure  the  analy- 
sis and  certification  of  every  fertilizer  sold  in  the  State.  If,  then,  any 
manufacturer  neglects  or  refuses  to  take  out  a license  for  his  goods, 
it  would  be  a matter  of  prudence  for  all  dealers  to  refuse  his  goods, 
and  sell  only  the  fertilizers  of  such  manufacturers  as  will  protect  their 
agents  in  the  State.  If  outside  manufacturers  neglect  their  State 
agents,  then  the  law  exacts  the  fee  for  license  from  each  dealer  in  the 
State. 

One  Cleveland  party  refuses  to  pay  for  a license  on  nitrate  of  soda, 
which  is  largely  used  for  fertilizer,  because  they  did  not  manufacture 
the  material  and  sold  it  simply  as  a chemical  substance,  “ and  in  no 
State  in  the  Union  do  we  pay  a license  fee  for  selling  them.” 

A letter  addressed  to  the  person  in  charge  of  the  chemical  depart- 
ment of  the  Ohio  experiment  station  elicited  the  reply,  “ but  should  it 
be  offered  to  the  farmers  as  a ‘fertilizer’  it  would  have  to  be  regis- 
tered as  such  and  analyzed,  and  the  packages  marked  with  analysis. 
The  fact  of  its  importation  would  be  of  no  consequence;  we  consider 
merely  whether  it  is  on  the  market  as  a fertilizer  and  sold  to  farmers.” 
In  many  of  the  eastern  states  it  is  considered  as  requiring  the  same 
treatment  for  license  as  other  fertilizers.  Under  these  conditions  the 
chloride  and  sulphate  of  potassium,  nitrate  of  sodium  and  similar  com- 
mercial salts  used  for  fertilizers  will  require  a license  fee  in  this  State. 

It  may  seem  a hardship  to  the  dealer  to  require  a license  from  each 
one  for  every  brand  of  fertilizer  he  offers  for  sale.  Yet  it  is  obvious 
that  the  system  of  inspecting  and  licensing  is  necessary  to  protect  the 
farmers  from  heavy  loss.  If  a license  is  required  of  one,  it  must  be 
required  of  all. 

OBJECT  OF  INSPECTION  OF  COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS. 

The  law  does  not  prescribe  any  standard  for  the  composition  of  a com- 
mercial fertilizer,  the  manufacturer  being  free  to  make  his  own  standard, 
the  law  simply  requiring  that  the  fertilizers  offered  for  sale  shall  be  up  to 
the  standard  set  up  by  the  manufacturer.  The  license  to  sell  does  not 
certify  to  the  value  of  the  fertilizer,  but  simply  states  that  the  manufact- 
urer or  dealer  offers  for  sale  a fertilizer  for  which  a certain  content  of 
nitrogen,  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  is  claimed,  and  that  samples  of  such 
fertilizers  have  been  deposited  with  the  secretary  of  the  college  with 
affidavit  regarding  the  composition.  Analysis  is  then  made  of  each  of 
these  fertilizers,  gathered  in  the  open  market  as  far  as  possible,  and  the 
results  of  such  analysis  published  in  bulletin.  The  claimed  composition 
and  found  composition  are  arranged  in  parallel  lines,  so  that  the  real  com- 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


5 


position  can  be  compared  at  a glance  with  the  composition  claimed  for  it 
by  manufacturer.  In  this  way  the  buyer  can  see  at  once  by  this  bulletin 
whether  the  fertilizer  is  as  good  as  the  claims  made  for  it. 

WHAT  TO  LEAEN  FEOM  THE  ANALYSIS. 

The  three  most  valuable  materials  in  commercial  manures  are  potash, 
phosphoric  acid  and  available  nitrogen.  Each  of  these  has  a commercial 
value,  and  the  worth  of  any  given  quantity  in  the  market  may  be  stated 
in  dollars  and  cents.  Only  these  three  substances  are  considered  in  the 
inspection  of  commercial  fertilizers,  because  the  other  materials  are  of  too 
little  value  to  be  purchased  at  high  prices.  The  essential  value  of  these 
fertilizers  lies  in  the  potash,  phosphoric  acid  and  available  nitrogen  they 
contain.  The  law  does  not  prescribe  the  amount  of  these  substances  in 
any  fertilizer,  but  requires  the  manufacturer  or  dealer  to  certify  the  com- 
position of  the  fertilizer,  and  to  deposit  a sample  of  the  fertilizer  with  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  In  this  way  the  composi- 
tion of  the  fertilizer  as  claimed  by  the  manufacturer  is  offered  to  the  public. 
Samples  of  the  fertilizer  are  gathered  in  the  open  market,  and  analyzed, 
and  the  results  directly  compared  with  the  claims  of  the  manufacturer  in 
the  bulletin.  The  farmer  can  thus  find  in  the  bulletin,  on  lines  opposite 
each  fertilizer,  the  amount  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash  as 
claimed  by  the  manufacturer,  and  as  actually  found  by  analysis  at  this 
laboratory.  If  the  analysis  shows  more  of  any  given  substance  than  is 
claimed,  the  goods  are  better  than  claimed;  but  if  much  less  is  found  on 
analysis  than  is  claimed,  then  the  goods  are  proportionately  of  less  value 
to  the  farmer.  For  example,  an  Ohio  potato  fertilizer  was  recently  sold 
in  the  State  that  fell  short  of  the  claimed  amount  of  available  nitrogen 
by  more  than  two  per  cent,  and  of  potash  by  more  than  three  per  cent, 
and  the  fertilizer  was  not  worth  so  much  as  claimed  by  $11  a ton.  By 
consulting  the  tables  in  the  bulletin,  the  market  value  of  these  commercial 
fertilizers  can  be  estimated  on  the  basis  that  available  phosphoric  acid  is 
worth  eight  cents  a pound,  insoluble  phosphoric  acid  three  cents,  potash 
six  cents  and  ammonia  eighteen  cents.  As  there  are  20  times  100  pounds 
in  a ton,  if  we  multiply  the  value  of  a pound  by  20,  we  get  the  value  of 
one  per  cent  of  each  substance,  and  thus  obtain  a factor  for  obtaining  the 
value  of  the  material  in  a ton  from  the  percentage  given  in  the  tables  of 
the  bulletin.  One  per  cent  means  20  pounds  in  a ton,  and  if  the  material 
is  worth  eight  cents  a pound  then  each  per  cent  equals  $1.60  a ton. 

Multiply  $1.60  by  the  per  cent,  of  available  phosphoric  acid. 


<< 

.60 

it 

(i 

insoluble 

u 

u 

3.60 

u 

a 

ammonia. 

1.20 

(( 

a 

potash. 

The  sum  will  give  the  market  value  of  a ton  of  such  fertilizer.  Take 
for  example  Vegetable  Bone  fertilizer  as  found  last  year: 


Ammonia  5.76  % x $3.60= $20.74 

Available  phosphoric  acid  5.40  % X 1.60= 8.64 

Insoluble  “ “ 1.48  % X .60= . . . 89 

Potash  7.80  % X 1.20= _ 9.36» 


Market  value  per  ton $39.62 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


6 


The  law  respecting  inspection  and  licensing  commercial  fertilizers  is 
again  inserted,  because  so  many  seem  to  be  ignorant  of  its  provisions: 

[Session  Laws  of  1885,  No.  26.  J 

AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  inspection  of  commercial  fertilizers  and  to  regulate  the 

sale  thereof. 

Section  1.  The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact , That  any  person  or  persons 
who  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  in  this  state  any  commercial  fertilizer,  the  retail  price  of 
which  exceeds  ten  dollars  per  ton,  shall  affix  on  the  outside  of  every  package  containing 
such  fertilizer  a plainly  printed  certificate,  stating  the  number  of  net  pounds  therein ; 
the  name  or  trade  mark  under  which  such  article  is  sold;  the  name  of  the  manufact- 
urer; the  place  of  manufacture,  and  a chemical  analysis,  stating  the  percentage  of 
nitrogen  in  an  available  form;  of  potash  soluble  in  water,  and  of  phosphoric  acid  in 
available  form  (soluble  or  reverted)  and  the  insoluble  phosphoric  acid. 

Sec.  2.  Before  any  commercial  fertilizer  is  sold  or  offered  for  sale,  the  manufacturer, 
importer,  or  party  who  causes  it  to  be  sold  or  offered  for  sale  within  this  state,  shall  file 
with  the  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  a certified  copy  of  the  analysis 
and  certificate  referred  to  in  section  one,  and  shall  also  deposit  with  said  secretary  a 
sealed  glass  jar  containing  not  less  than  two  pounds  of  such  fertilizer,  with  an  affidavit 
that  it  is  a fair  sample  of  the  article  thus  to  be  sold  or  offered  for  sale. 

Sec.  3.  The  manufacturer,  importer,  or  agent  of  any  commercial  fertilizer,  the  retail 
price  of  which  exceeds  ten  dollars  per  ton  as  aforesaid,  shall  pay  annually  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  May,  a license  fee 
of  twenty  dollars  for  each  and  every  brand  of  fertilizer  he  offers  for  sale  in  this 
state:  Provided,  That  whenever  the  manufacturer  or  importer  shall  have  paid  this 

license  fee  his  agents  shall  not  be  required  to  do  so. 

Sec.  4.  All  such  analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers  required  by  this  act  shall  be  made 
under  the  direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  paid  for  out  of  the  funds 
arising  from  the  license  fees  provided  for  in  section  three.  At  least  one  analysis  of 
each  fertilizer  shall  be  made  annually. 

Sec.  5.  The  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  publish  in  his  annual 
report  a correct  statement  of  all  analyses  made  and  certificates  filed  in  his  office, 
together  with  a statement  of  all  moneys  received  for  license  fees,  and  expended  for 
analysis.  Any  surplus  from  license  fees  remaining  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  shall  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  experimental  fund  of  said  board. 

Sec.  6.  Any  person  or  persons  who  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  any  commercial  fertil- 
izer in  this  state  without  first  complying  with  the  provisions  of  sections  one,  two,  and 
three  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  attach  or  cause  to  be  attached  to  any  such  package  or 
fertilizer  an  analysis  stating  that  it  contains  a larger  percentage  of  any  one  or  more  of 
the  constituents  or  ingredients  named  in  section  one  of  this  act  than  it  really  does  con- 
tain shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  the 
first  offense,  and  not  less  than  three  hundred  dollars  for  every  subsequent  offense,  and 
the  offender  shall  also  be  liable  for  damages  sustained  by  the  purchaser  of  such 
fertilizer  on  account  of  such  misrepresentation. 

Sec.  7.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  by  any  duly  authorized  agent  is  hereby 
authorized  to  select  from  any  package  of  commercial  fertilizer  exposed  for  sale  in  this 
state,  a quantity,  not  exceeding  two  pounds,  for  a sample,  such  sample  to  be  used  for 
the  purposes  of  an  official  analysis  and  for  comparison  with  the  certificate  filed  with 
the  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  with  the  certificate  affixed  to  the 
package  on  sale. 

Sec.  8.  All  suits  for  the  recovery  of  fines  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be 
brought  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Approved  March  10,  1885. 

For  tlie  information  of  the  parties  concerned,  the  fertilizers  that  have 
been  licensed  for  1894  are  contained  in  the  list  of  this  bulletin;  also 
those  that  have  not  been  licensed  and  whose  sale  is  illegal  in  this  state 
are  marked  with  a star. 

The  primary  object  of  this  law  is  to  give  information  in  regard  to  the 
composition  of  commercial  fertilizers,  and  to  protect  farmers  from  impo- 
sition and  loss.  The  question  of  their  agricultural  value,  and  relation  to 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


7 


crops  and  different  kinds  of  soils  is  not  touched.  These  subjects  require 
a separate  examination  for  determining  the  relative  value  of  any  given 
fertilizer  with  reference  to  different  soils  and  crops.  The  farmer  can 
settle  for  himself  such  questions  by  trials  of  the  fertilizer  on  a small  por- 
tion of  a field  by  comparing  the  results  with  other  parts  of  the  same  field 
and  crop  on  which  no  fertilizer  has  been  applied.  The  conditions  of  crop, 
soil,  and  climate  are  thus  brought  home  to  him  more  completely  than  any 
investigation  in  other  places  and  conditions  can  furnish. 

How  the  state  may  place  before  the  farmers  the  agricultural  value  of 
the  various  fertilizers  offered  for  sale  is  a very  different  subject  from  that 
contemplated  by  this  law  for ‘the  inspection  of  such  fertilizers.  The  law 
of  inspection  offers  no  advice  whether  the  farmer  shall  buy  such  fertili- 
zers, or  depend  upon  the  home  supply.  In  case  he  determines  to  buy,  it 
affords  him  some  basis  for  calculating  the  commercial  value  of  the  differ- 
ent brands  offered  for  sale,  and  to  select  honest  goods  which  are  found  to 
be  the  same  in  the  market  as  are  claimed  by  the  seller.  He  may  also  be 
on  his  guard  not  to  buy  the  goods  which  are  not  licensed  for  sale  as  not 
worthy  of  confidence. 

With  this  brief  statement  of  the  objects  sought  by  inspection,  and  the 
results  of  analysis  of  goods  selected  in  the  open  market  as  compared  with 
the  claims  of  the  manufacturer,  this  Bulletin  is  submitted  to  the  public. 

K.  C KEDZIE, 

Agricultural  College,  ) Chemist  of  Experiment  Station. 

June  14,  1894.  j 


8 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Analysis  of  Commercial 


Manufacturer. 

Trade  Name. 

V 

Dealer  and  Locality. 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  \ 
Mich ) 

Homestead  Vegetable  Grower... 

Geo.  Hancock,  Grand  Haven  .. 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  ) 
Mich.  . . J 

Homestead  Potato  Grower 

( J.  Mulder  & Brueker.  Graaf-  ) 
( schap.  y 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  ) 
Mich y 

Banner  Dissolved  Bone 

J.  F.  Farnum,  Kalamazoo 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  > 
Mich . S 

Jarves  Celery  Grower 

Geo.  Hancock,  Grand  Haven  . . 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  > 
Mich S 

Homestead  Superphosphate 

Sieb.  Baier,  Monroe 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  l 
Mich. $ 

Homestead  Bone  Black  Fertil-  ) 
izer . y 

Geo.  Hancock,  Grand  Haven  . . 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit,  ? 
Mich y 

Jarves  Drill  Phosphate 

C.  B.  Waterloo,  Port  Huron. .. 

Michigan  Carbon  Works,  Detroit, ) 
Mich.  ... y 

Desiccated  Bone  and  Potash 

Manufacturer 

Detroit  Sanitary  Works,  Detroit,  ) 
Mich y 

Superior  Potato  Fertilizer 

Manufacturer 

Detroit  Sanitary  Works,  Detroit,  ? 
Mich y 

Clover  Leaf  Fertilizer 

Manufacturer 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

* “ B ” for  Onions 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids . . 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

* “ G ” Strawberry  Fertilizer 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

♦Turnip  Fertilizer... 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

♦Cabbage  Fertilizer 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

Lawn  Fertilizer 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

( “D”  Vegetable  and  Vine  Fer-  1 
{ tilizer y 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

H.  J.  Baker  & Bros.,  New  York 

* “ A ” Potato  Fertilizer 

Alfred  Brown,  Grand  Rapids.. 

♦Not  licensed : Sale  unlawful  if  the  retail  price  exceeds  $10  a ton.  Penalty  for  selling  or  offering  for 
sale,  a fine  of  $100.  See  section  6 of  the  law. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT 


9 


Fertilizers  in  Michigan  for  1894. 


Available 

Nitrogen. 

Estimated  as 

nh3. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 

Potash  Soluble  in  H2O. 

Available 

P2  o5. 

Insoluble 

P2  o5. 

Total 

P2  o5. 

Estimated  as 

k2  0. 

Estimated  as 
k2  S04. 

( Claimed 

} Found 

4.60  to  5.35 
6.43 

4.50  to  6.50 
7.21 

.5  to  1.50 
.38 

5 to  8 
7.59 

6.50  to  7.50 
4.25 

7.86 

5 Claimed 

( Found 

1.85  to  2.60 
2.64 

7.50  to  11.50 
9.52 

.5  to  1.50 
1.60 

8 to  13 
11.12 

3.50  to  4 

3.67 

6.79 

28  to  32 
26.56 

32  to  36 
32.81 

\ Found 

6.25 

1 

2.48 

1 

13.64 

1 

.66 

( Found 

12.77 

.87 

1.23 

5 Claimed 

1.85  to  2.40 
3.04 

7.50  to  11 

9.57 

2.75  to  3.50 
7.47 

} Found 

.79 

10.36 

4.04 

( Claimed 

} Found 

1.85  to  2.40 
2.89 

7.50  to  11.50 
10.03 

.5  to  1.50 
1.03 

8 to  13 
11.06 

1.50  to  2.00 
1.87 

3.45 

( Claimed 

( Found 

1.25  to  2 
1.31 

7.50  to  9.50 
9.02 

2 to  3 

.75 

9.50  to  12.50 
9.77 



5 Claimed 

1.25  to  2.25 
1.70 

25  to  30 
28.65 

1.50  to  2.50 
2.88 

( Found 

5.30 

t Claimed 

( Found 

4.62 

5,75 

1.76 

7.51 

4.15 

7.67 

( Claimed 

i Found 

2 to  3 
2.63 

7.91 

2.11 

8 to  10 
10.02 

2 to  3 
2.42 

4 to  6 
4.47 

( Claimed  ... 

( Found 

4.34 

5.55 

1.73 

7.38 

10.20 

1887 

j Claimed 

( Found 

2.55 

5.83 

2.40 

8.23 

12.17  | 22.51 

< Claimed 

' ... 

( Found 

4.08 

5.51 

1.85 

7.36 

10.47 

19.36 

( Claimed 

( Found 

3.45 

12.08 

.46 

12.54 

3.43 

6.34 

5 Claimed .. 

4.50  to  5 

4.59 

5 to  6 
5.25 

( Found 

2.30 

7.55 

10.84 

20.06 

i Claimed 

1 

( Found 

2.11 

5.55 

2.07 

7.62  | 

12.18 

22.53 

j Claimed 

3 to  6 
5.17 

5 to  8 
5.40 

7 to  10 
10.51 

1 Found 

1.60 

19.44 

o 


10 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Analysis  of  Commercial  Fertilizers 


Manufacturer. 

Trade  Name. 

Dealer  and  Locality. 

Swift  & Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

* Ground  Tankage 

Martin  Keift,  Grand  Haven  ... 

* Dried  Blood 

S.  M.  f shell,  .Tackson 

Swift  & Co.,  Chicago,  111. — 

Pure  Ground  Strained  Bone 

Martin  Keift,  Grand  Haven 

Swift  & Co.,  Chicago,  111 

Pure  Raw  Bone  Meal 

John  Wallace,  St.  Joseph 

Pure  Bone  Meal  

5 Stevens,  Morton  & Co.,  Ben-  ) 
( ton  Harbor.. ) 

Armour  & Co.,  Chicago,  111 

High  Grade  Bone  and  Blood 

5 Stevens,  Morton  & Co.,  Ben-  1 
l ton  Harbor ) 

Armour  & Co.,  Chicago,  111 

High  Grade  Dissolved  Bone 

( Stevens,  Morton  & Co.,  Ben-  ) 
( ton  Harbor ) 

Armour  & Co.,  Chicago,  111— 

Quick  Acting  Bone 

Manufacturer  

The  Zell  Guano  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md._. 

Zell’s  Electric  Phosphate.. 

A.  Farmington,  Holland 

The  Zell  Guano  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md... 

Zell’s  Special  Compound 

A.  Farmington,  Holland 

The  Zell  Guano  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md-. 

Zell’s  Dissolved  Bone  Phosphate 

A.  Farmington,  Holland 

The  Zell  Guano  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md... 

Zell’s  Calvert  Guana 

A.  Farmington,  Holland 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  ? 
go,  111 \ 

Prairie  Phosphate 

W.  A.  Hayes,  Rochester 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  l 
go,  111 \ 

Fine  Ground  Bone 

M.  Wolverton,  Blissfield 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  ) 
go,  111 \ 

Garden  City  Superphosphate... 

W.  A.  Hayes,  Rochester 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  } 
go,  111 \ 

Fine  Raw  Bone 

Reed,  Carlton  & Co.,  Jackson.. 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  ) 
go,  111 \ 

Challenge  Corn  Grower 

Mr.  Tinhult,  Graafschap 

* Not  licensed:  Sale  unlawful  if  the  retail  price  exceeds  $10  a ton.  Penalty  for  selling  or  offering  for 
sale  a fine  of  $100.  See  Sec.  6 of  the  law. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


11 


in  Michigan  for  1894—  Continued. 


Available 

Nitrogen. 

Estimated  as 

nh3. 

„ Phosphoric  Acid. 

Potash— Soluble  in  H2  0. 

Available 

p2o5. 

Insoluble 

P2O5. 

Total. 

P2O5. 

Estimated  as 
K2  0. 

Estimated  a& 
K2  8O4. 

Claimed 

\ Found 

9.16 

4.90 

4.31 

9.21 

5 Claimed 

Found 

16.52 

.22 

.40 

( Claimed  . 

8.74 

3.23 

26.09 

27.18 

} Found 

5.04 

5.10 

24.47 

25.64 

Found 

3.10 

3.23 

28.28 

24.88 

Found 

Claimed 

8.25 

8.31 

5.56 

5.18 

4.53 

4.73 

10.09 

9.91 

Found 

Claimed 

2.20 

4.93 

10.49 

7.18 

4.99 

6.76 

15.48 

13.94 

.09 

.09 

1 Found. 

.16 

i 

I Claimed 

3 

1.77 

9.86 

9.05 

11.44 

11.61 

21.30 

20.66 

1 Found.. 

j 

1 Claimed 

10  to  12 
12.96 

1 to  2 
1.40 

11  to  14 
14.36 

4 to  5 
3.74 

1 Found 

6.91 

i Claimed  . 

3 to  4 
2.89 

8 to  10 
9.54 

1 to  2 

.65 

9 to  12 
10.19 

4 to  5 
4.06 

1 Found 

7.51 

1 

Claimed 

13  to  16 
14.05 

1 to  2 
1.49 

14  to  18 
15.54 

Found 

{ 

Claimed 

Found 

.75  to  1.25 
.99 

9 to  11 
10.72 

1 to  2 

.79 

10  to  13 
11.51 

1.50  to  2.50 
2.10 

3.88 

{ 

Claimed 

2 to  2.50 
2.69 

6 to  8 
5.18 

3 to  4 
4.69 

9 to  12 
9.87 

Found...  ... 

{ 

Claimed 

3 to  4 
4.52 

18  to  22 
17.39 

Found. 

1 

Claimed . .. 

2.50  to  3.50 
2.40 

8 to  9 
8.83 

4 to  4.50 
4.01 

12  to  13.50 
12.34 

.54  to  1.08 
.59 

Found 

1.09 

Claimed 

4 to  5 
4.68 

22  to  24 
22.70 

Found 

1 

Claimed 

2.50  to  3.50 
2.61 

8 to  9 

4 to  4.50 
3.97 

12  to  13.50 
12.60 

.54  to  1.08 
1.96 

Found 

3.62. 

1 

12 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Analysis  of  Commercial  Fertilizers 


Manufacturer. 

Trade  Name. 

Dealer  and  Locality. 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  ) 
go,  111 S 

Potato  Grower 

M.  Wolverton,  Blissfield 

Northwestern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Chica-  ) 
go,  111 S 

Celery  Grower 

Manufacturer... 

Michigan  Phosphate  Co.,  Saginaw,  ) 
E.  S..  Mich S 

* Pure  Fine  Ground  Bone 

Manufacturer 

Michigan  Phosphate  Co.,  Saginaw,  ) 
E.  S„  Mich S 

* Rich  Harvest.^ 

Manufacturer 

Michigan  Phosphate  Co.,  Saginaw,  ) 
E.  S.,  Mich. J 

Bone  and  Meat  Phosphate 

Manufacturer 

W.  S.  Dunbar,  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

* Fish  Guano 

Manufacturer 

W.  S.  Dunbar,  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

* Meat  and  Bone 

Manufacturer 

Dunbar  & Schwartz,  Grand  Haven,  ) 
Mich... S 

Celery  Hustler  

Manufacturer.. 

Great  Eastern  Fertilizer  Co.,  New  ) 
York S 

* Great  Eastern  General  Potato  ) 
Manure ) 

Chas.  Griggs,  Rochester 

Great  Eastern  Fertilizer  Co.,  New) 
York  J 

* Great  Eastern  Corn  Phosphate. 

Gill  R.  Lovejoy,  Lenox 

Joseph  Lister,  Chicago,  Til. 

Pure  Bone  Meal... 

G.  Van  Bochove,  Kalamazoo... 

Pottstown  Iron  Co.,  Pottstown,  Pa... 

* Odorless  Phosphate 

Davis  & Co.,  Ypsilanti... 

Grand  Rapids  Glue  Co.,  Grand  Rap-  ) 
ids,  Mich ) 

Non  Plus  Ultra 

Perkins  & Hess,  Grand  Rapids 

Heller,  Hirsh  & Co.,  164  Front  St.,) 
New  York ) 

* Nitrate  of  Soda 

S.  M.  Isbell,  Jackson 

Heller,  Hirsh  & Co.,  164  Front  St., ) 
New  York... ) 

* Muriate  of  Potash 

S.  M.  Isbell,  Jackson 

James  Boland,  Jackson,  Mich 

Blackman  Fertilizer 

Manufacturer 

Mape’s  Formulae  and  Peruvian ) 
Guano  Co.,  New  York ) 

* Mape’s  Manure  for  Potatoes 

Henry  Hope,  Port  Huron 

* Not  licensed:  Sale  unlawful  if  the  retail  price  exceeds  $10  a ton.  Penalty  for  selling  or  offering  for 
sale  a fine  of  $100.  See  Sec.  6 of  the  law. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


13 


in  Michigan  for  1894.— Continued. 


Available 

Nitrogen. 

Estimated  as 

nh3. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 

Potash  Soluble  in  EC  0. 

Available 

P2  o5. 

Insoluble 
P2  o5. 

Total 

P2  o5. 

Estimated  as 
K2  0. 

Estimated  as 

k2  so4. 

3 to  4 
2.98 

7 to  9 
8.00 

4 to  5 
3 58 

1 Found 

4.79 

12.79 

1.94 

( Claimed 

3 to  4 
3.40 

7 to  9 
7.60 

4 to  5 
4.49 

\ Found 

4.C5 

11.65 

2.43 

( Claimed 

4.50  to  5.50 
5.88 

21  to  24 
23.95 

\ Found 

2 to  3 
3.01 

9 to  11 

8.92 

lto  2 
1.79 

\ Found.. 

6.24 

2.68 

3.31 

3.50  to  5 

4.17 

10  to  13 
8.84 

2 to  3 
1.44 

\ Found 

6.11 

2.73 

2.66 

( Claimed..  ... 

} Found 

7.72 

1.59 

2.36 

3.95 

.25 

.46 

( Claimed . 

\ Found 

4.05 

5.96 

4.62 

10.58 

.16 

.29 

( Claimed 

( Found 

7.43 

2.83 

.76 

3.59 

1.18 

2.09 

( Claimed 

( Fonnd 

2.70 

8.88 

.39 

9.27 

4.68 

8.65 

( Claimed  . 

( Found. 

2.23 

8.67 

.44 

9.11 

6.09 

11.26 

5 Claimed 

3.05 

4.51 

24.65 

24.11 

( Found 

( Claimed 

4.92 

8.03 

15.95 

11.85 

20.87 

19.38 

( Found 

( Claimed 

( Found 

4.25 

3.42 

7.82 

11.24 

.35 

.65 

5 Claimed 

( Found 

15.38 

( Claimed 

( Found 

49.75 

( Claimed 

( Found 

1.05 

1.07 

5.38 

2.69 

1.31 

3.36 

6.69 

6.05 

.27 

.26 

.48 

( Claimed 

(Found 4.25 

7.93 

1.39 

9.32 

7.45 

18.78 

14 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Analysis  of  Commercial  Fertilizers 


Manufacturer. 

Trade  Name. 

Dealer  and  Locality. 

Crocker  Chemical  Co..  Buffalo,  ? 
N.  Y y 

Vegetable  Bone  Superphosphate 

C.  Van  Doren,  Adrian 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ) 
N.  Y.  y 

Ammoniated  Bone  Super- ) 
phosphate  . f 

C.  P.  Coddington,  Morenci 

Oocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo, ) 
N.  Y \ 

Special  Potato  Manure 

C.  A.  Slayton,  Tecumseh 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo, ) 
N.  Y.  ...  . . . . . 3 

New  Rival  Ammoniated  Supejf-  ) 
phosphate ...  S 

Guy  KimbalJ,  Port  Huron 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ) 
N.  Y S 

Buffalo  Superphosphate  No.  2.. 

D.  B.  Kressler,  Rochester 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ? 

N.  y y 

Ammoniated  Practical  Super- } 
phosphate 3 

Roberts  & Van  son,  Niles 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ) 

n.  y y 

Ammoniated  Wheat  and  Corn  ) 
Superphosphate 3 

D.  B.  Kressler,  Rochester 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo, ) 

N.  Y....A... y 

Pure  Ground  Bone 

Guy  Kimball,  Port  Huron 

Crocker  Chemical  Co. , Buffalo, ) 

n.  y... y 

* Potato  Phospate 

Martin  & Blood,  Hudson 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ? 

N.Y y 

Ground  Bone  Meal.. 

Manufacturer 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  I 
N.  Y f 

Niagara  Phosphate 

Manufacturer 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  \ 
N.  Y f 

Lawn  Fertilizer 

Manufacturer 

Crocker  Chemical  Co.,  Buffalo,  ) 
N.  Y y 

Potato,  Hop  and  Tobacco  ) 
Phosphate 3 

Manufacturer 

(Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  0.-.- 

Potato  Fertilizer 

Jesse  Rogers,  Lenawee  Junct’n 

Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  0 

Ohio  Seed  Maker 

L.  B.  Spencer,  Holloway 

Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  0.... 

Square  Bone 

E.  W.  Spencer,  Petersburgh  ... 

* Not  licensed:  Sale  unlawful  if  the  retail  price  exceeds  $10  a ton.  Penalty  for  selling  or  offering  for 
sale  a fine  of  $100.  See  Sec.  6 of  the  law. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


in  Michigan  for  1894—  Continued. 


Available 

Nitrogen. 

Estimated  as 

nh3. 

. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 

Potash  Soluble  in  H20. 

Available 

P2  o5. 

Insoluble 

P2  o5. 

Total 

P2  o5. 

Estimated  as 

k2o. 

Estimated  as 
Ko  SO4. 

( Claimed--.. 
{ Found 

6 to  7 
6.34 

6 to  7 
5.69 

lto  2 

.91 

7 to  9 
6.60 

6 to  8 
5.77 

11  to  15 
10.67 

( Claimed 

( Found 

3.5  to  4.5 
.48 

10  to  12 
11.71 

lto  2 
1.15 

11  to  14 
12.86 

1 to  2 

.92 

2 to  3 
1.70 

5 Claimed 

l Found 

4.5  to  5.5 
4.61 

8 to  9 
6.59 

lto  2 

.98 

9 to  11 
7.47 

5.4  to  6.4 
6.02 

10  to  12 
11.13 

j Claimed 

( Found 

1.5  to  2.5 
1.78 

10  to  12 
9.41 

lto  3 
1.86 

11  to  15 

12.27 

1.6  to  3 

1.87 

3 to  5 
3.45 

( Claimed 

( Found 

11  to  13 
12.27 

lto  2 
1.95 

12  to  15 
14.22 

1.35  to  2 

1.19 

2.5  to  3.5 
2.20 

( Claimed 

( Found 

lto  2 
1.29 

8 to  10 
9.48 

lto  2 

.91 

9 to  12 
10.39 

lto  2 
1.35 

2 to  3 
2.99 

( Claimed 

( Found 

2.50  to  3.50 
2.58 

10  to  13 
10.42 

lto  2 

.88 

11  to  15 
11.30 

1.60  to  2.70 
1.96 

3 to  5 
3.82 

( Claimed . . 

3.5  to  4.5 
5.39 

1 

25 

22.96 

1 

( Found.  . 

( Claimed 

( Found 

4.42 

7.84 

.42 

8.26 

6.97 

12.89 

( Claimed  _ 

2.5  to  4 
3.18 

25  to  28 
27.05 

l Found 

( Claimed 

11.5  to  13 

12.15 

lto  3 
1.50 

12.5  to  16 

13.65 

( Found 

1 

| 

( Claimed 

( Found 

4 to  5 
4.11 

19  to  22 
23.28 

3.25  to  4.30 
3.26 

6 to  8 
6.03 

j Claimed 

( Found 

2.5  to  8.5 
3.09 

10  to  12 
10.05 

lto  2 
1.59 

11  to  14 
11.64 

3.25  to  4.30 
3.66 

6 to  8 
6.77 

j Claimed 

( Found 

4 to  5 
1.97 

8 to  10 
9.37 

1.79 

10  to  14 
11.16 

4 to  6 
2.49 

4.60 

5 Claimed 

1.5  to  2.5 
1.65 

10  to  12 
13.45 

15  to  17 
14.92 

1 Found 

1.47 

( Claimed 

3 to  4 
3.88 

6 to  10 
10.94 

20  to  25 
20.59 

( Found 

9.65 

16 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Analysis  of  Commercial  Fertilizers 


, Manufacturer. 

Trade  Name. 

Dealer  and  Locality. 

Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  0 — 

Buckeye  Ammoniated  Bone  ? 
S a per  phosphate ) 

M.  Wolverton,  Blissfield.  

Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  O.... 

Ammoniated  dissolved  Bone... 

E.  W.  Spencer,  Petersburgh  ... 

Cleveland  Dryer  Co.,  Cleveland,  O 

3 Ex.  XXX 

% 

Jesse  Rogers,  Lenawee  Junct’n 

Great  Eaetern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Rut- ) 
land,  Vt y 

Tobacco  and  Hop  Fertilizer 

E.  A.  Pomeroy  & Son,  J onesville 

Great  Eastern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Rut-  ? 
land,  Vt S 

Corn  and  Potato  Fertilizer 

E.  A.  Pomeroy  & Son,  Jonesville 

Great  Eastern  Fertilizer  Co.,  Rut-  ? 
land,  Vt y 

* Grape  and  Small  Fruit  Fer-  > 
tilizer ) 

E.  A.  Pomeroy  & Son,  J onesville 

The  Jarecki  Chemical  Co.,  San- } 
dusky,  0 y 

Lake  Erie  Fish  Guano  

Manufacturer 

The  Jarecki  Chemical  Co.,  San-  > 
dusky,  O. y 

C.  0.  D.  Phosphate 

Manufacturer 

The  Jarecki  Chemical  Co..  San- ) 
dusky,  0.._ y 

Fish  and  Potash  Tobacco  and  ) 
Potato  Food y 

Manufacturer 

Milsom  Rendering  and  Fertilizer ) 
Co.,  E.  Buffalo,  N.  Y y 

Wheat,  Oats  and  Barley  Phos-  ? 
phate y 

Manufacturer 

Milsom  Rendering  and  Fertilizer ) 
Co.,  E.  Buffalo,  N.  Y y 

Buffalo  Fertilizer 

Manufacturer 

* Not  licensed:  Sale  unlawful  if  the  retail  price  exceeds  $10  a ton.  Penalty  for  selling  or  offering  for 
sale  a fine  of  $100.  See  Sec.  6 of  the  law. 


CHEMICAL  DEPARTMENT. 


17 


in  Michigan  for  1894.— Concluded. 


Available 

Nitrogen. 

Estimated  as 
N H3. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 

Potash  Soluble  in  H2O. 

Available 

P2  05. 

Insoluble 

P 2 05. 

Total 

P2  o5. 

Estimated  as 

k2o. 

Estimated  as 
Ko  S04. 

j Claimed 

( Found 

3 to  4 
2.07 

9 to  10 
11.42 

3.33 

11  to  12 
14.75 

Ito  2 

.12 

.26 

1.5  to  2.5 
2.38 

10  to  12 
11.91 

15  to  18 
15.04 

\ Found 

3.13 

l Claimed 

13  to  15 
13.54 

2 

2.14 

15  to  17 
15.68 

\ Found 

.05 

.09 

( Claimed . .. 

| Found 

2.53 

8.60 

.51 

9.11 

6.07 

11.17 

C Claimed 

l Found 

2.07 

8.00 

.51 

8.51 

7.94 

14.68 

( Claimed 

( Found 

2.16 

8.53 

.52 

9.05 

6.46 

11.95 

( Claimed 

( Found 

2.5  to  3 
2.64 

10  to  12 
11.68 

2 to  3 
1.21 

13  to  14 
12.89 

Ito  2 
2.45 

4.53 

( Claimed 

14  to  15 
15.47 

1 

1.11 

15  to  16 
16.58 

( Found 

5 Claimed 

( Found 

2 to  3 
2.72 

6 to  7 
10.80 

1 

1.50 

7 to  8 
11.30 

3.5  to  4 

2.22 

4.10 

( Claimed 

1 Found 

1.5  to  4 
1.70 

9 to  10 
7.44 

1 to  3 
4.52 

10  to  13 
11.96 

2 to  3 
4.36 

3.70  to  5.55 
8.06 

5 Claimed 

( Found 

2.25  to  4 

2.41 

9 to  12 
7.67 

Ito  3 
3.31 

10  to  15 
10.98 

1.5  to  2.5 
1.60 

2.78  to  4.63 
2.96 

3 


HORTICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT. 


15 


Cameronian. 
Cheyenne. 
Clark’s  Seedling. 
Dutter. 

Glenfield. 

Harmon. 

Hattie  Jones. 
Hermit. 

Iowa  Beauty. 


Jones  Seedling. 
Katie. 

Magnate. 

Mystic. 

Neptune. 

No.  3 (Allen). 

No.  3 (Feicht). 
No.  6 (Cameron). 
No.  13  (Cameron). 

GROUP  IV. 


Varieties  having  little  or  no  merit: 

California.  E.  P.  Roe. 

Dayton.  Estelle. 

Dr.  Moraire.  Hyslop. 

The  strawberries  have  been  under  the  care  o 
Gladden,  who  has  carefully  noted  the  behavior 
the  material  for  this  bulletin. 


Agricultural  College,  Mich., 
August  10,  1893. 


No.  18  (Little). 
No.  42  (Little). 
No.  2 (J.  S.). 
Odessa. 

Ohio  Monarch. 

Primate. 

Southard. 

Surprise. 

Westlawn. 


Nigger. 

No.  1 -(Engle). 

No.  31  (Haynes). 

f:  my  assistant,  Mr.  H.  P. 
of  the  plants  and  prepared 

L.  R.  TAFT 


/ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS- 


630.7M58B 
BULLETIN 
99*112  1893-94 


3 0112  019626.W 


